Ukusingathwa - Iyini? ngezigaba

Isintu siye eside ayebadlula zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona ngokuthula uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni. Inguqulo yesimanje impucuko wakwenza ngokuzimisela futhi ngezindlela eziningi ngokungacabangi axhaphaze yeplanethi yethu - amaminerali, nenhlabathi, flora nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, amanzi kanye nomoya. Konke lokho ifinyelela ngoba isandla, luntfu remade ngu sihlangabezane nezidingo zombuso okhulayo emphakathini wethu technocratic. Lokhu akugcini ngokuletha umuzwa Ukuwohloka imithombo kule planethi, kodwa futhi ukuvela lenqwaba imvelo okuhluke kakhulu kwakuleli imfucuza.

Kuyini ukungcola jikelele? Aziyona inkinga kithi?

Uma lula futhi kuvame, imfucuza - kuwumphumela imisebenzi ekhaya nasezimbonini lesintu, enza umonakalo emvelweni. Lezi zihlanganisa yiziphi izinto technocratic noma izingxenye zazo elahlekile value abo futhi ayisasetshenziswa ekhaya, emsebenzini noma kunoma imuphi omunye umsebenzi womuntu. Namuhla isimo yokuthi Umhlaba unakho ngokoqobo minza emikhiqizweni yabo imfucuza, uma hhayi izinyathelo esinzulu futhi esiphuthumayo zithathwa.

Ukuze ukucabanga izinga udaba, qiniso elilodwa kuphela: kwamanye amazwe, isakhamuzi muzi ukhiqiza ngonyaka kuze kube ton of wasendlini. Amathani! Ngenhlanhla, iningi lalezi imfucuza kulo mjikelezo, kodwa kakhulu kuxazululwe on a landfill giant, okuyinto eliyimfuhlumfuhlu ne emizini eminingi kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, okungenani bangu-800 amahektha eMoscow nje kuhlelwe landfills. Futhi cishe kayishumi lemvelo - e nemihosha, loMfula imifula nemifudlana, zibe seduze kwemigwaqo.

Manje zicabange isitshalo esikhulu - Metallurgical, zendwangu, chemical - akubalulekile kangako. Ukusingathwa zokukhiqiza ezifana nayo ulinganiswa wamathani, kodwa hhayi ngoba unyaka ngosuku. Cabanga nje le ezingcolile, ukusakaza anobuthi uya ngesitshalo Metallurgical eSiberia futhi amakhemikhali isitshalo endaweni ethile e-Pakistan, ukukhiqizwa imoto eKorea nefektri imikhiqizo yephepha e China. Ukusingathwa - inkinga? Yiqiniso, futhi ibe yinto engathi sina.

Indaba imfucuza

Ngaphambi kokufika zokwenziwa imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo, esikhathini esiningi, wayengekho. Broken ngembazo, igugile aphonswe ihembe, isikebhe waminzisa ngisho ukhohliwe, igcwele castle moss yize babethatha imikhiqizo yizenzo zabantu, kodwa ungamlimazi iplanethi isicelo - organic kusetshenzwe, lo wezinto ezingaphili buthule futhi ngokuthula bashiye phansi, elinde Abavubukuli ngomdlandla.

Mhlawumbe lokuqala "wangempela" ethwala imfucuza - lokhu ingilazi, kodwa okokuqala yathela eziningi miniscule. Kodwa imfucuza yokuqala sina izimboni ekuqa- 18-19 eminyaka, nge obhekwe umshini imboni hlobo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inani labo ezikhulayo like ngendathane. Uma ekhulwini ifektri 19 ezikhishwe kuphela emkhathini amalahle imikhiqizo amandla omlilo, zezimboni imidondoshiya ekhulwini 21 batheleka imifula, amachibi kanye nezilwandle izigidi zamalitha kwemfucumfucu enobuthi kakhulu, futhi zizenza "Amathuna".

A "wamavukelambuso" intuthuko ngempela kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo imfucuza ekhaya nasezimbonini ezenzeka esikhathini yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ne ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa kabanzi petroleum nophethiloli ongahluziwe nemikhiqizo esikhathini esizayo - plastic.

Yiziphi izinhlobo imfucuza: ngezigaba

Abantu iminyaka ngeminyaka baye tikhicitwe isamba ngokweqile imfucuza ukuthi kungenziwa kalula zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu: ukudla udoti kanye imfucuza yephepha, ingilazi kanye zepulasitiki, wezokwelapha kanye steel, ukhuni iraba, enemisebe, nabanye abaningi.

Yiqiniso, bona akwenele umthelela wabo omubi kwezemvelo. Ukuze uthole lendaba ngaphezulu yonke imfucumfucu thina lihlukaniswe eziningana, kuye ngezinga zalesi sithako.

Ngakho, yini ukuchitha "okuhle", futhi yini - the "okubi"?

"Ukukhanya" imfucuza

1. Iphepha. Lezi zihlanganisa amaphephandaba amadala, izincwadi, amapheshana, izitika, iphepha kanye amakhadibhodi imikhono, omagazini ecwebezelayo nakho konke okunye. Ukucubungula udoti imfucuza yephepha uhlamvu ingenye kakhulu elula - iningi labo yiyona okuthiwa imfucuza yephepha futhi kamuva ukushintshwa ube zamaphephandaba, amaphephabhuku amakhadibhodi amabhokisi. Futhi ngisho silahlwe umgodi futhi ukhohlwe iphepha udoti kuyoba ngesikhathi esifushane (maqondana ezinye zinhlobo) ukuzobhidliza ngaphandle ukwenza okuningi umonakalo imvelo, ngaphezu kwenhlabathi namanzi imibala amakhasi asenyathelisiwe. I nzima kakhulu noqhekeko engokwemvelo iphepha ecwebezelayo, kodwa elula kakhulu - okuluhlaza futhi friable.
2. Ukudla. Zonke organic imfucuza emakhishini, izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, amapulazi yangasese, Holdings ezolimo kanye izimboni zokudla - konke okuye "belambile" womuntu. Ukudla imfucuza futhi zazisheshe zonakale, ngisho uma ucabangela ukuthi le minyaka eyishumi edlule, uma nisidla, izithako sazikhohlwa zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ngaphezulu. Vele yena efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka nemvelo - ngokwesibonelo, imithi ngokweqile zifana nokuthela ebisetshenziswa izinkomo ezikhulayo, amakhemikhali ukwandisa ukuphila eshalofini kanye nokunikeza ukudla. It linendawo ekhethekile ka-GMO NEZIVIKELAKUVUNDA. GMO, nokudla okushintshwe izakhi, kukhona impikiswano eshubile abaphikisi babo futhi abasekeli. Nezivimbelakuvunda nazo interlocks noqhekeko engokwemvelo udaba eziphilayo - ngamanani amakhulu, benza uyicime kusukela umjikelezo wemvelo yokubola nokudalwa.
3. Glass. Glass futhi amaqembu zayo ezihlukahlukene mhlawumbe uhlobo kakhulu lasendulo "lahla ezenziwe umuntu." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingabantu inert futhi musa ukukhipha ku imvelo, musa ubuthi umoya namanzi. Nokho, i-inombolo ngokwanele elikhulu ingilazi ebhubhisa izindawo zemvelo - umphakathi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane walimala kwase ushona ngaphandle izindlela ukuvikelwa ayehlakazeke izingcezu abukhali - futhi lokhu ingasaphathwa ngokuphazamisa abantu ngokwabo. Ithemu ukunwetshwa ingilazi kuyinto iminyaka engaba inkulungwane. izizukulwane zethu ezikude kuyodingeka ukunqoba imithala ekude, nezimvaba siphoselwe nokulahla udoti namuhla, usazoba njalo phansi. Glass imfucuza abuyona impikiswano kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho inani labo iyanda unyaka ngamunye.

Ukusingathwa "kobukhulu naphakathi"

1. Plastic. Inani imfucuza plastic manje nje emangalisayo - a okubaliwe okulula zinhlobo zayo Wawuthatha amakhasi ambalwa. Bekungeke ihaba ukuthi namuhla plastic ukwenza cishe konke - iphakeji zasendlini, amabhodlela, izingubo, imishini kanye izimoto, izitsha kanye yezikebhe. Ubola ingilazi epulasitiki kabili njengoba fast - iminyaka engu-500 kuphela. Kodwa ngokungafani naye, wacishe njalo adedelwa imvelo ezinobuthi. Futhi, ezinye izakhiwo plastic ukwenza kube "umbulali ephelele." Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi izilwandle zomhlaba baphola "isiqhingi" ka imisinga alethwe amabhodlela, amashubhu, izikhwama kanye nezinye "iphrofayela" zonke amatshe. Ayayona izigidi eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ulwandle izinyoni abakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezingxenye plastic ukudla, futhi ngokwemvelo ngingofayo kusukela odla umzimba. Ukusingathwa amapulasitiki ukusetshenziswa ingenye izinkinga ezimbi kakhulu kwemvelo namuhla.
2. imfucuza Metallurgical, kungakhathaliseki imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, abanye imfucuza zamakhemikhali, kanye nokwakhiwa imfucuza imoto (kuhlanganise kungekho masondo amadala ezimoto). Konke lokhu elingcolisa imvelo ngempela kakhulu (ikakhulukazi uma ukucabanga esikalini), kodwa kwamazinyo kuqhathaniswa okusheshayo - iminyaka 30-50.

Kakhulu "ezisinda" kangaka imfucuza

1. Waste equkethe mercury. thermometer Broken nezibani, ezinye amadivaysi. Sonke khumbula ukuthi ephukile mercury thermometer yaba umthombo ukungezwani isimo esiyingozi - ngokushesha izingane zixoshwe izindawo "ezingcolile", ngenkathi abadala eqoqwe ngokucophelela "namazwi" phansi ketshezi zazifakwa amabhola. I ubuthi kakhulu mercury ngokulinganayo yingozi indoda futhi inhlabathi - zonke amashumi unyaka amathani impahla ziyalahlwa, okubangela umonakalo ongalungiseki nemvelo. Yingakho mercury eyabelwe (eliphakeme) ekilasini lokuqala ingozi - ihlelwe izinto ezikhethekile yokwamukela imfucuza eliqukethe mercury iziqukathi nala makhemikhali ayingozi ezibekwe iziqukathi esivaliwe, abhalwe futhi agcinwe kuze izikhathi ezingcono, lapho kungenziwa ngokuphepha ilahlwe - ngokuba nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile isikhashana mercury kuyinto engaphumeleli neze.
2. Amabhethri. Amabhethri yasendlini, zezimboni namabhethri yezimoto aqukethe hhayi kuphela phambili, kodwa sulfuric acid, kanye leminyenti ezinobuthi, okubangela umonakalo imvelo. Omunye ibhethri abavamile, lapho efika evela kude se-TV, bese silahlwa emgwaqeni, ubuthi eziningi square metres inhlabathi. Eminyakeni yamuva, amadolobha amaningi amakhulu avele mobile iqoqo amaphuzu esetshenziswa yasendlini amabhethri nama-accumulator, okhombisa ingozi okusezingeni eliphezulu owabuzwa imfucuza ezinjalo.
3. imfucuza Radioactive. imfucuza Iningi enobungozi - nokufa nokubhujiswa e injalo elicwengekileyo. imfucuza Radioactive liningi ngokwanele ukucekela phansi zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngisho ngaphandle ukuxhumana ngqo. Yiqiniso, akekho umuntu ulahle wachitha fuel izinduku endaweni landfill - ukubekwa nokulahlwa kwendle kusukela "heavy metal" kuyinqubo esinzulu. Ukuze eliphansi kanye Lesisemkhatsini level imfucumfucu (kokuba esifushane isigamu-nokuphila), iziqukathi ahlukahlukene lapho amalunga qeda zigcwele usimende nosimende noma itiyela. Ngemva kokuphela nenxenye ukuphila, imfucuza enjalo kungaba ilahlwe kudoti njengoba abavamile. High-level imfucuza icutshungulwe ukusetshenziswa yesibili ubuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyabiza. Okugcwele ephezulu ezingeni imfucuza ukucutshungulwa "metal ezingcolile", ezingeni samanje yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, akunakwenzeka, futhi afakwa iziqukathi ekhethekile, agcinwe isikhathi eside kakhulu - isibonelo, i-uranium-234 nengxenye-ukuphila cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane!

Indlela inkinga imfucuza ezweni lanamuhla

Ekhulwini lama-21, inkinga yokungcola imfucuza ingenye ezibucayi kakhulu futhi impikiswano. Same ezahlukene isimo sengqondo kuso ohulumeni emazweni ahlukahlukene. Emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, inkinga lokucubungula kabusha imfucuza futhi kubaluleke kakhulu - the ukuhlukaniswa kwabendlu waste kulandele kwenqubo yokuvikela, amakhulu izimboni kabusha, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile iziqiwi mayelana nokulahla izinto eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezinobuthi. Eminyakeni yamuva, inqubomgomo "non-imfucuza umnotho" kwamanye amazwe - uhlelo lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha imfucuza kuyoba ulingana 100%. Kakhulu kakhulu bahamba kulo mgwaqo siye Denmark, Japan, Sweden, eScotland naseNetherlands.

Ngo amazwe yezwe yesithathu iMali kanye yenhlangano ukucutshungulwa ehlelekile futhi kabusha imfucuza lapho. Lokhu kuphumela landfills omkhulu lapho imfucuza kamasipala ngaphansi kwethonya imvula, ilanga nomoya ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana intuthu nobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, ushevu nxazonke amashumi amakhilomitha. EBrazil, eMexico, eNdiya, emazweni ase-Afrika, amakhulu amahektha imfucuza enobungozi azungeze multi-million muzi, okuyinto nsuku zonke ukwelekelela "izinqolobane" zabo udoti entsha futhi entsha.

Zonke izindlela ukususa udoti

1. Imfucuza landfills. Indlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokutheleleka imfucuza. Eqinisweni, doti liyasuswa nje obonayo, it is baxoshwa umnyango. Ezinye landfills Uyi kusitoreji sesikhashana ngaphambi ukucutshungulwa ku isitshalo udoti, futhi abanye, ikakhulukazi emazweni yezwe yesithathu kuphela sikhule ngosayizi.
2. Landfilling imfucuza Okunokubuka. doti ezinjalo ingaphezulu kakhulu "umphakathi ophucukile." ukucutshungulwa Its ishibhile futhi kuphumelela kangcono. Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu bathuthela uhlelo imfucuza ehlukene, futhi ubuqede "multi" iphakheji ethwala imfucuza enikeziwe izinhlawulo ezinzima kakhulu.
3. Incinerators. Ngo izitshalo ezifana ayafa ukusebenzisa amanyela ukushisa. Kuye uhlobo waste namakhono zezimali, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obehlukene.
4. Nokushiswa amandla yokutakula doti. Manje zokuwuhluza bayanda ukushintsha uzame ezobuchwepheshe ukuze uthole amandla adingwa udoti - isibonelo, Sweden "udoti amandla" enikeziwe 20% izidingo wezwe. Izwe ekuqaleni ukuqonda ukuthi imfucuza - kungcono imali.
5. Icubungula. Ingxenye enkulu imfucuza kungenziwa kabusha kanye kabusha. Kuyinto ngokwezinga esiphezulu ukulahla manje efuna sikhathi emazweni athuthukile. I elula kakhulu kabusha kukhona iphepha, ipulangwe futhi ukudla udoti.
6. Ukulondolozwa kanye USB. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa imfucuza enobungozi kakhulu futhi ezinobuthi - mercury isitoreji enemisebe.

Isimo nge anawo udoti kabusha eRussia

Russia kulokhu kude ngemuva sikhathi emazweni athuthukile. Saba nzima isici endaweni enkulu, inani elikhulu amabhizinisi esiphelelwe isikhathi, isimo emnothweni isiRashiya, futhi yini okumelwe sivume ukuthi, isimo sengqondo ezifuywayo ezazinaye lechaza kahle yindlela ethandwayo mayelana isakhiwo zokuhlala kanye ukwenqena okwedlulele we omakhelwane ukwazi mayelana nezinkinga.

Bani kufanele kube

Sweden kwafinyelela izinga kabusha nokuphathwa imfucuza ukuthi kwakunganele! UNkulunkulu uvikela ngisho ukusiza kulokhu baseNorway, ngentengo ukuhlunga out yasendlini nezezimboni yabo nokungcola.

I-Japanese futhi kusimangaze omakhelwane babo - Japan 98% metal esetshenziselwa wesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, muva nje, ososayensi Japanese wathola amagciwane udle plastic! Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lezi zinsizwa, lezi ezincane-eziphilayo esikhathini esizayo iyoba indlela eyinhloko kabusha polyethylene.