Kumiswa, Isayensi
Ingxenye-ukuphila izakhi enemisebe - kuyini nokuthi ukuchaza ke? Formula isigamu-nokuphila
Umlando ekuhloleni radioactivity waqala 1 Mashi, 1896, lapho isazi sesayensi esidumile French Anri Bekkerel wathola ngephutha into engajwayelekile e emisebeni ye-uranium nosawoti. Kwavela ukuthi ipuleti enezithombe, afakwe ebhokisini ne isampula lonakaliswe. Kuyinto umphumela lamazwe banezimfanelo emisebeni eliphezulu kaPawulu angena ajule, okuyinto ayezicebisa uranium. Le mpahla butholakala izakhi olusindayo, kokuqeda ishadi lesikhathi. Yanikwa igama "radioactivity".
Thina ukwethula izici radioactivity
Le nqubo - nokuguqulwa ilungu ukuguqulwa athomu IKhompyuthaYami in a IKhompyuthaYami ezahlukene kwemvelo kanyekanye izinhlayiya aphansi (ama-electron, nuclei athomu helium). Ama-athomu omoya Ukuguqulwa uvele angesabi, ngaphandle kokudinga zangaphandle zokuncishiswa kwamandla. Inani oyinhloko esibonisa ukukhululwa amandla phakathi kwenqubo zokuwohloka enemisebe, ngokuthi umsebenzi.
A = λN, lapho λ- kwamazinyo njalo, N --athomu abakhuthele isampula.
α sodwa qwaba, β, γ-onakala. I zibalo ahambelanayo ngokuthi imithetho offset:
igama | Kwenzekani | ukuphendula kwesibalo |
α kwamazinyo | ukuguqulwa-nucleus yama-athomu e-X Y-nucleus, likhiphele nucleus ye-athomu helium | X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2 |
β - nokwahlukana | ukuguqulwa nucleus yama-athomu e-X Y nucleus ukukhululwa electron | Z-A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 e A |
γ - kwamazinyo | hhayi ephelezelwa izinguquko nucleus, amandla eyakhishwa ngo ngesimo wave kagesi | X Z A → Z X + γ |
I isikhawu radioactivity
Okwamanje ngokuwa izinhlayiya ayikwazi isethelwe athomu ethile. Ngaye, kuba kunalokho "engozini" kunokuba iphethini. Kwemihlambi amandla ephawula inqubo, ichazwa ngokuthi umsebenzi isampuli.
Sekutholakele ukuthi kukhona ngesikhathi lapho ncamashi nengxenye ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ye-ndlovu othola kwamazinyo. Lesi sikhathi isikhawu ibizwa ngokuthi "ingxenye-ukuphila". Lisho ukuthini igama elithi ka ukwethulwa lo mqondo?
Uyini isigamu-ukuphila?
Kubonakala sengathi isikhathi esilingana nesikhathi obuthola ngaso, ncamashi nengxenye ukuzulazula kwama-athomu asebenzayo samanje isampula amakhefu. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi phakathi wonke ama-athomu asebenzayo iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ngokuphelele ezimbili nengxenye-izimpilo? Lutho neze. Ngemva iphuzu elithile elisendabeni sampuli kwesigamu izakhi enemisebe ngu esilinganayo asele ama-athomu isikhathi ubola ngisho nengxenye, nokunye. Emisebeni iqhubeka isikhathi eside, kunalelo isigamu-nokuphila. Ngakho, ama-athomu abakhuthele isampula zigcinwa ngokuzimela emisebeni
Ingxenye-ukuphila - eliningi okuyinto kuncike kuphela property ketshezi. Inani kuchazwa for isotopes eziningi aziwayo enemisebe.
Ithebula: "I kwamazinyo isigamu-ukuphila isotopes ezithile"
| igama | ukuqokwa | uhlobo kwamazinyo | isigamu-nokuphila |
Radium | 88 Ra 219 | -alpha | 0,001 imizuzwana |
magnesium | 12 MG 27 | beta | imizuzu engu-10 |
Radon | 86 RN 222 | -alpha | izinsuku 3.8 |
ayibe | 27 Co 60 | beta, gamma | iminyaka 5.3 |
Radium | 88 Ra 226 | i-alpha, gamma | iminyaka 1620 |
Uranus | 92 238 U | i-alpha, gamma | iminyaka 4.5 bhiliyoni |
Ukunqunywa isigamu-ukuphila kwenziwa Ucwaningo. Ngo izifundo laboratory olwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yokulinganisa umsebenzi. Njengoba amasampula laboratory esincane (umcwaningi nokuvikeleka ungaphezu kwayo yonke), ukuhlola Kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kaninginingi. It kusekelwe njalo ushintsho ejenti umsebenzi.
Ukuze ukwazi ukubona nenxenye ukuphila umsebenzi elinganisiwe isampula at ethize zinkathi. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ipharamitha ezihlobene ubuningi zama-athomu isihlakazeka emthethweni kwamazinyo enemisebe, sokunquma isigamu-nokuphila.
ISIBONELO izincazelo ngokuba usizo ngokwengqikithi
Ake enanini lama-elementi asebenzayo we IKhompyuthaYami ngesikhathi esithile ilingana N, isikhathi sokuphumula futhi phakathi naleso eyakusho t 2 - t 1 lapho isiqalo nesiphetho kubuka ngokwanele eduze. Ucabange ukuthi n --athomu isihlakazeka ngendlela ngesikhathi esinikeziwe ke n = KN (t 2 - t 1).
Kulesi inkulumo, K = 0.693 / T½ - proportionality isici, esibizwa njalo kwamazinyo. T½ - nenxenye ukuphila we IKhompyuthaYami.
Lokucabanga ngokokuqala slot iyunithi. Ngakho K = n / N kubonisa encane IKhompyuthaYami nuclei uwohloka samanje per unit isikhathi.
Ukwazi ukubaluleka njalo kwamazinyo kungaba azimisele nenxenye ukuphila zokuwohloka: T½ = 0.693 / K.
Lokho kusho ukuthi isikhathi per unit kungekho iphula inombolo ezithile zama-athomu iyasebenza, futhi ingxenye ethile.
Umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe (SPP)
Isigamu-ukuphila SPP isisekelo. Iphethini etholakala Frederick Soddy futhi Ernest uRutherford ngesisekelo Imiphumela zokuhlola 1903. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi izilinganiso amaningi enziwe ngezinto zokubethwa sikude kakhulu nokuphelela ngokuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwaholela Imiphumela olunembile futhi evumelekile. Waba ngesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela radioactivity. Sithola okufakile zezibalo komthetho kwamazinyo enemisebe.
- Ake N 0 --athomu esebenzayo esikhathini asebenzayo. Ngemva isikhawu t ngeke nondecomposed izakhi N.
- Ngesikhathi ilingane isigamu-ukuphila ahlale ncamashi nengxenye izici esebenzayo: N = N 0/2.
- Ngemuva kwesikhathi obengeziwe nengxenye eyodwa isampula yilezi: N = N 0/4 = N 0/2 2 ama-athomu asebenzayo.
- Ngemva kwesikhathi okulingana eminye isigamu-nokuphila, isampuli uzobuyisa kuphela: N = N 0/8 = N 0/2 March.
- Ngesikhathi lapho umninikhaya n isigamu-nezikhathi ndlovu izohlala 0 N = N / 2 n we izinhlayiya asebenzayo. Kulesi Inkulumo n = t / T½: isilinganiso probe nenxenye ukuphila.
- has SPP kuyiwa isibalo sezibalo okufaneleyo ngaphezulu imisebenzi: N = N 0 2 - t / T½.
Iphethini ivumela ukucacisa, ngaphezu kwesigamu-ukuphila, inani asebenzayo ama-athomu IKhompyuthaYami nondecomposed aphila ngesikhathi esithile. Ukwazi-athomu isampula ekuqaleni okwashiwo, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ungakwazi ukunquma kuso sonke isikhathi sokusebenza kwezidakamizwa.
Thola uhhafu-ukuphila enemisebe umthetho kwamazinyo ifomula kuyasiza kuphela uma imingcele ethile: inani isotopes abakhuthele isampula, kunzima ukuthola ngokwanele.
Imiphumela yomthetho
Record SPP ifomula can, usebenzisa lwati lwesisindvo umsebenzi kanye nokulungiselela ama-athomu.
Uvulekile wakhona-athomu enemisebe: A = A 0 • 2 -t / T. Kulesi ifomula, A 0 - Umsebenzi isampula at zero isikhathi, A - Umsebenzi ngemva t imizuzwana, T - isigamu-nokuphila.
Isisindo ketshezi ingasetshenziswa iphethini: m = m 0 • 2 -t / T
Ngoba noma yisiphi ngezikhathi ezithile iphula ngokuphelele ingxenye efanayo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu enemisebe kungatholakali kule nokulungiselela.
Imikhawulo nokusebenza komthetho
Umthetho ezicini zonke kuyinto kwezibalo, belinganisa izinqubo ngendlela sekuba yinto enkulu. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi inxenye ukuphila izakhi enemisebe - izibalo. Imvelo probabilistic izenzakalo nuclei-athomu kusikisela ukuthi umongo ngokungenasizathu kungaba igoqe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukubikezela umcimbi akunakwenzeka, singakwazi kuphela ukunquma ukwethenjelwa kwalo ngesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, nenxenye ukuphila akwenzi mqondo:
- I-athomu esithile;
- ubuncane isampula uquqaba.
Isikhathi sempilo athomu
Ukuba khona-athomu e esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni kungase kudonse yesibili, futhi mhlawumbe izigidi zeminyaka. Khuluma mayelana nesikhathi izinhlayiya zokuphila futhi akudingekile. Ngokufaka inani elilingana nenani isilinganiso kwempilo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu, ungakhuluma mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu athomu a IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe, imiphumela zokuwohloka enemisebe. Ingxenye-ukuphila nucleus yama-athomu incike izakhiwo athomu futhi akuxhomekile nezinye izinto eziningi.
Kungenzeka yini ukuxazulula inkinga: indlela yokuthola isigamu-nokuphila, njengokuba nazi sokuphila komuntu esivamile?
Ukuze sithole isigamu-ukuphila zokuxhumana ifomula kuso sonke isikhathi kusho ye-athomu kanye kwamazinyo usizo njalo, akukho kancane.
τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.
Kulesi irekhodi, τ - the sokuphila komuntu esivamile, λ - njalo kwamazinyo.
Ukusebenzisa ingxenye-ukuphila
SPP Isicelo sokunquma engu-amasampula umuntu okusakazekile locwaningo kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ukunemba sokunquma engu- zobuciko ezimbiwa phansi is ukwandisa ezingase kusenza siqonde isikhathi ekuphileni we BC yeminyaka.
Radiocarbon wezinsalela zamandulo amasampula organic esekelwe ushintsho carbon-14 zomsebenzi (Radiocarbon) esihlupha bonke eziphilayo. It iwela umzimba ophilayo phakathi umzimba futhi ezikuyo at lokuhlushwa ethile. Ngemva kokufa umzimba nge imvelo liyaphela. Ubuningi carbon enemisebe uwela ngenxa ukuwohloka zemvelo, umsebenzi incipha kulingana.
Nge izimiso ezinjalo, nenxenye ukuphila, ifomula yomthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe kuyasiza ukuba sithole isikhathi ekunqanyulweni zokuphila umzimba.
Chain of kugucuka enemisebe
radioactivity izifundo yayiqhutshelwa kwezimo zelabhorathri. Amazing ikhono izakhi enemisebe kuzohlala kusebenza amahora, izinsuku noma ngisho neminyaka ayikwazanga kubamangaze ekuqaleni amabili zesayensi leminyaka. Ucwaningo, isibonelo, cindezela, bese ulandelwa yi ezingalindelekile: endaweni ampoule avaliwe umsebenzi wayo lalibalulekile. Ngesikhathi whiff kancane yawa. Isiphetho elilula: ukuguquka cindezela ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwe Radon (igesi). Zonke izici radioactivity siguqulelwa into ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi lapho izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Le into yena, futhi engazinzile. Manje sibizwa ayibe nezinhla ezintathu kugucuka efanayo.
Ulwazi lezi zinguquko kubaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni isikhathi izindawo inaccessibility kungangcoliswa izinto inqubo yocwaningo atomic enuzi, noma kokuphela. Ingxenye-ukuphila plutonium - kuncike isotopes yayo - in the uhla kusuka 86 s (Pu 238) kuya ku-80 Ma (Pu 244). I lokuhlushwa IKhompyuthaYami ngamunye kunikeza umbono mayelana inkathi endaweni decontamination.
I metal eqolo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezikhathini zanamuhla kukhona metal kuyabiza kakhulu kunegolide, isiliva ne-platinum, ezaziwayo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-plutonium. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi-imvelo ezidalwe ukuvela plutonium ayitholakali. izakhi Iningi etholakala ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri. Ukusebenza plutonium-239 e Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi ekwenzele kuye ukuba babe kakhulu kulezi zinsuku. Ithola eyanele ukuze isetshenziswe kulesi sikhungo of nenani IKhompyuthaYami kwenza kube cishe eliyigugu.
Plutonium-239 eyatholakala vivo ngenxa uchungechunge ukusabela nokwe-uranium-239 Neptunium-239 (isigamu-nokuphila - amahora 56). uchungechunge Okufanayo ivumela buthelela plutonium e Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. Izinga nesenzakalo yokuthola inani elidingekayo idlula izigidigidi engokwemvelo izikhathi.
Isicelo Amandla
Kukhona inkulumo okuningi mayelana amaphutha amandla enuzi kanye "strangeness" lwesintu ukuthi cishe zonke ukuvulwa isetshenziswa ukubulala zazo siqu. Kuvulwa plutonium-239, elikwaziyo iqhaza zenuzi chain reaction ovunyelwe esisebenzisa njengophawu obunokuthula umthombo wamandla. Uranium-235 kuyinto analogue of the plutonium ezitholakala emhlabeni kukalutshwana kakhulu, ukhethe khona kusuka ore uranium kuyinto nzima kakhulu kunokuba uthole plutonium.
Ubudala Zomhlaba
Radioisotope ukuhlaziya isotopes izakhi enemisebe inikeza umqondo ngokunembe kakhudlwana esaphila isampula ethile.
Ukusebenzisa iketango ukuguqulwa "ka-uranium - cindezela", eziqukethwe ungqimba lomhlaba, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba anqume yobudala kule planethi yethu. Amaphesenti lezi zinto ku-avareji kulo lonke uqweqwe esitholakala le ndlela. Ngokusho idatha yakamuva, engu-uMhlaba iminyaka 4.6 billion ubudala.
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