Cycloalkanes - ke ... cycloalkanes: ukuthola ifomula, zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba izakhiwo

Cycloalkanes - kuyinto hydrocarbon, okuyinto ukubunjwa yayo akheke avaliwe. Ake sicabangele izici lezi zakhi, ensimini yabo kwesicelo.

Izici ekilasini

Yiziphi cycloalkanes? Formula CnH2n ekilasini ebonisa ukuntula ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Lesi simo kuhilela zimo ezimbili. Kungenjalo, isakhiwo kufanele ube yisibopho esihlala kabili engqamuzaneni iqukethe noma isakhiwo avaliwe. Yini isakhiwo cycloalkanes babe? Formula kubo oluhambisana esimweni sesibili, okungukuthi, ukuba khona kule molecule isakhiwo avaliwe. Kuyinto isakhiwo ngqo kwemiphumela ethile eyisiSekelo kubangela Izakhiwo namakhemikhali alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon.

Bangaki ezahlukene cycloalkane sifana Ukwakheka C4H8? Ukuze sithole impendulo yalo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukuba sihlaziye izinhlobo isomerism, okuyizinto sici cycloalkanes. I isomers ezimbili kwengoma qualitative ambalwa ungase ube isakhiwo eyindilinga: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. inketho okunjalo ngokuthi isomers ka ohlangothini chain.

Njengoba Cyclo - lokhu isomers interclass ka olefins unsaturated ungase ucabangele amafomula izinto, okuyinto yakhiwa isibopho double. izakhiwo ezimbili kungenzeka akhona ifomu elilandelayo: butene-1 kanye butene-2. Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nendlela cycloalkanes kakhulu ezihlukahlukene esingaba khona le formula ehlongozwayo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele hhayi kuphela cycloalkanes, kodwa futhi alkenes. kulokhu kuphela sizokwazi ukuhambisa emphendvulweni lengiyo.

Ngakho, Cyclo - kuyinto hydrocarbon, okuyinto okungenani ibe ezimbili izinhlobo isomerism.

ngesilwane esifuywayo Izici

Amagama athile eyindilinga hydrocarbon Ukwakheka kunikezwa ngokuhambisana ngokugcwele ngesilwane esifuywayo ngamazwe. Ukuze lezisekelo wasebenzisa inombolo carbon ku somshini esivalekile. Ngokulandelayo, cabanga ngama-athomu ekhona ohlangothini chain. Ngokwesibonelo, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - ayizakhi lapho ama-athomu carbon kukhona sp3 isimo hybrid, ngokufanayo hydrocarbon ayegcwele. Lesi sici esichaza izindlela eziyisisekelo ukulungiswa futhi isici izakhiwo lesi sigaba.

Izinketho zokuthola cycloalkanes

Ngingabakha kanjani ubuhlobo cycloalkanes? Izibonelo ukusabela eziyisisekelo abonisa ukuthi kukhona izinketho eziningana for imfundo yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, cyclohexane kuveza hydrogenation we-benzene elimnandi. Compounds nge ezintathu, ezine indandatho carbon ama-athomu kungenzeka okulungiselelwe cleavage we-molecular Halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Futhi cycloalkanes etholwe kule pyrolysis nosawoti of acid dicarboxylic organic. Ukushisisa ngaphandle kobukhona emoyeni kuholela ekwakhekeni cyclopentane futhi cyclohexane.

chemical izakhiwo

Naphthenes nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali efana hydrocarbon ayegcwele. Kubo, ukusabela eyinqaba halogens ngohlobo esikhundleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli naphthenes ungene ukusabela ikhemikhali nitric acid. Cycloalkanes amelana kanzulu sulfuric acid. Nge chlorosulfuric acid oleum ukusabela zingenza: kwagcina kumiswe sulphur oxide (4).

Naphthenes kokuba ku molecule 5 no-6-carbon-athomu omoya-ezibhekwa kwakwakhe esitebeleni amakhemikhali. Kodwa lapho zihlatshwa bromide noma aluminium a chloride, kuba isomerization zabo kuhambisana Umkhawulo noma isandiso lomjikelezo yasekuqaleni.

isomerization

Ngokwesibonelo, e-isomerization inqubo, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane amafomu. Esikhathini uwoyela atholakele ezihlukahlukene amagama ahlobene of cyclopentane futhi cyclohexane, nabanye abameleli naphthenes kukhona cishe lingekho.

Izici esasenza imijikelezo yesibili cabanga ikhono ukwakha conformation okuzofakwa kuyo abanye ama-athomu carbon baqondiswa ngaphandle nibonakala futhi ngaphakathi loop. ukuxhumana okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi intranulyarnymi nalabo zitholakala ngaphakathi esiyingini, ngokuthi izibopho ekstranulyarnymi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-esiphezulu cyclodecane conformation evumayo Kusolwa intranulyarnyh eziyisithupha anesine ama-athomu ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen. Lokhu kusho kungalingani CH2 amaqembu, lokubonakala okwandisa isibopho amandla, ngcono izakhiwo amakhemikhali kwakwakhe.

Ukuze hydrocarbon kokuba 12 noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu carbon, ebonakala ukuhamba conformational. Kusukela ngaleso C-ngokukhululekile rotatable, ngoba nokuxhumana okunjalo kungafanele khona amafomu trans futhi cis.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) ingaqukatha amafutha yemvelo ku uhla kusuka 25 kuya kumaphesenti angu-75. Okuqukethwe ambalwa wabo incike ingxenyenamba sisindvo. I amafraktjhini uwoyela okuyinto abe okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvala abacaphuni, kukhona nokwanda e izakhiwo elimnandi. Ikakhulukazi eziningi naphthenes ezitholakala Emba futhi Baku uwoyela.

I ambalwa isilinganiso izibalo zisesikhathini amaphesenti angu-80. A ubudlelwano phakathi izinhlobo uwoyela ongahluziwe nokusatshalaliswa Cyclo-izingxenyana zaso. Ngaphansi ukumelana kubhekwe thermodynamically hydrocarbon monocyclic okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside lateral alkyl chain. CnH2n ukusatshalaliswa izinhlobo izakhiwo ngokuqondile walandisa okushisa asetshenziswe ziphuzo zazihluzwa we-petroleum.

Ngokwesibonelo, naphthenes monocyclic kungukuthi ibanjiwe uhla lokushisa 300-350 degrees Celsius, futhi compounds bicyclic anyamalale ngokweqile lokushisa inkomba degrees 400 Celsius.

izici cyclopropane

C3H6 omele olula naphthenes. Le into gaseous kokuba solubility azinakwa emanzini. Phakathi ezinkulu zamakhemikhali izakhiwo sici kwakwakhe organic ukuhlukanisa hydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba. Umkhiqizo yalesi ukuxhumana is ultimate hydrocarbon-propane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cyclopropane, nezinye hydrocarbon ezifanayo, ibizwa wasithukuthelela oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama-carbon dioxide, umhwamuko, isamba elanele amandla.

Ikakhulukazi abameleli besigaba

Uma siqhathanisa izinga lokushisa Reflux abamele ekilasini cycloalkanes nge izinkomba alkanes kokuba inombolo efanayo zama-athomu carbon, bayoba ethe xaxa. Isizathu ukuthi isakhiwo cyclical alesi sigaba. inhlanganiso naphthenes ezingaphezu kuka sibalo ngokuba alkanes, kodwa kancane kunabayeni enkundleni.

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi bangaki cycloalkanes ezahlukene zivumelana eyodwa ifomula, kumelwe wenze ukuhlukahluka hhayi kuphela isomers zezinto eziphilayo eyindilinga, kodwa futhi nge skeleton oqondile sakhiwa kotorgo nesibopho double. Ephambi kwezinduna substituents e-molecule ngesimo hydrocarbon radicals, ukuncipha iphuzu ukuncibilika cycloalkane.

Uma sihlaziya izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon, kungenzeka ukwenza okunemibandela division izinto izakhi nemijikelezo ongaphakeme (lemitsatfu nobe lemine), indinganiso (ezinhlanu, eziyisithupha, eziyisikhombisa), eliphakathi (kusuka eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyishumi nambili), kanye nowe ezinkulu (kusuka carbons nambili).

Izindawo yokusetshenziswa

Ake sixoxe ngalokho ukusetshenziswa eyinhloko cycloalkanes. Naphthenes kusetshenziswa imithi. Ngokwesibonelo, cyclopropane buyisidakamizwa kwezidakamizwa. Cyclopentane kubhekwa kuphela okuhle, it is amangalelwe zamagama organic. Cyclohexane iyadingeka chemical zamagama ukusabela inayiloni, inayiloni (polyamide Imicu yotshani wacosha), ngaphezu, kuthiwa ukukhiqiza benzene. alkanes ayegcwele kanye cycloalkanes ifa reactivity ongaphakeme. Leli qiniso zingachazwa ngezinqubo polarity ongaphakeme C C isibopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elincane kakhulu cycloalkanes obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali.

isiphetho

Izingxube of hydrocarbon ngabanye kanye naphthenes zisetshenziselwa akhiqize zokugcoba. Abamele lesi sigaba of hydrocarbon bakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza zokubasa udizili. Ngokwesibonelo, cycloalkanes okufakiwe kakhulu kwandisa octane, kwandisa viscosity, kwandisa ukushisa omlilo of injini. Yingakho cycloalkanes kungukuthi behlukene imikhiqizo elicwengiweyo kuwoyela, futhi ushiye ingxenye ingxenyenamba uphethiloli.

Ugxilisa naphthenes ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo ezihogelwayo. Cycloalkanes nge isilinganiso isisindo yamangqamuzana kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni zokwenziwa izinto zokususa amabala. naphthenes okwenele eyenzeka fuel, kusukela isamba esikhulu ukushisa ngesikhathi omlilo yabo.