Lysosomes - engqamuzaneni ungesinye "Odokotela"

Wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo sesinesethi izakhiwo ukuthi imnike ithuba lokubonisa wonke izakhiwo a eziphilayo. Ukuze usebenze kahle, iseli kumele uthole izakhi ngokwanele ukuba ngivule futhi wonke amandla azo, okuyinto bese uyayekela ku yini nokusekela ukuphila kwakhe izinqubo.

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona ukuphathwa amandla lysosomes amaseli otshnurovyvayutsya emaphethelweni isicaba dictyosomes amathangi (Golgi).

Kanjani lysosomes

Lysosomes - kuyinto odnomembrannye ithole ubukhulu eyindilinga kusuka 0.2 2 microns, okuyinto ebiyelwe eyinkimbinkimbi yama-enzymes hydrolytic. Bayakwazi ninamathele iyiphi polymer zemvelo noma izidakamizwa isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, awela iseli njengoba substrate izakhi noma umenzeli angaphandle:

• amaprotheni polypeptides;
• polysaccharides (isitashi, dextrin, glycogen);
• acid nucleic;
• lipids.

Lokhu kahle anganikeza izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 ezehlukene enzyme eziqukethwe lysosomes matrix kanye ohlangothini engaphakathi ulwelwesi esimweni adherent.

Chemistry lysosomes

Ulwelwesi ezungeze uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula, ivikela organelles nezinye izingxenye yeselula we eziswini enzyme eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ngo-bubble zonke enzyme kuthiwa amaprotheni imisuka, kungani kungukuthi waqhekezeka proteases?

Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphakathi enzyme uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula kukhona state glycosylated. Lokhu carbohydrate "igobolondo" kubenza kabi lubonakale enzyme proteolytic.

Ukusabela naphakathi ngaphakathi lysosomes asivumelani kancane acid (pH 4.5-5), ngokungafani kuya hyaloplasm cishe hlangothi. Lwenza isimo isenzo enzyme bese iqasha H ⁺ -ATPase, epompa proton ngaphakathi organelles.

Inqubo ukuguqulwa uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula

Morphologically kuseli kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eyinhloko lysosomes - zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

lysosomes Primary - kuyinto Bubbles ezincane, noma bushelelezi zonke ezisika nhlangothi zombili, ehlukanisiwe ethangini eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi. Ziqukethe iqoqo enzyme hydrolytic phezu ngaphambilini kwakhiwa ulwelwesi luyimbudumbudu (roughened) EPR. ukumuncwa Ngaphambi we izakhi substrate lysosomes ku ifomu esingasebenzi.

Ukuze uqalise esikhathini enzyme uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula kufanele uthole izinhlayiyana zokudla noma uketshezi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. Ngu autophagy, lapho izinhlayiyana zokudla kuthiwa amuncwa uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula kusukela cytoplasm ezizungezile. I organelles ulwelwesi invaginates iphuzu ukuxhumana kuyizinhlayiyana futhi lwakha vesicle endocytic bese otshnurovyvaetsya lysosomes ngaphakathi.
2. Ngu geterofagii lapho uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula okuhlanganisiwe ne vesicles endocytic, kanye lo cytoplasm yengqamuzana ngenxa ukumuncwa ukudla okuqinile noma uketshezi kusukela ngaphandle.

lysosomes Secondary - lokhu vesicles eliqukethe enzyme substrate for kokudla esiswini. Basuke izimpawu umsebenzi hydrolytic ayishilo futhi ekhiqizwa ngenxa ukumuncwa esiyinhloko substrate uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula.

Unalokho umsebenzi ukunciphisa lysosomal ukugaya (cleavage) izinhlayiya okuqinile kanye solutes organic, inqubo Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo bunikezwa ikhono lysosomes yesibili:

• uhlangane ne lysosomes okuyinto ukuletha yinhlama entsha yama-enzymes;
• coalesce izinhlayiya entsha ukudla noma vesicles endocytotic nokugcina okuqhubekayo inqubo cleavage;
• uhlangane nabanye lysosomes yesibili, ukwakha isakhiwo omkhulu ongakwazi ukuhlalisa iyavuleka nezinye cell organelles;
• ukuncela vesicles pinocytic zibe imizimba multivesicular.

Isakhiwo lysosomes ngenkathi hhayi ukuguqula. Ngokuvamile kuphela ikhula ngobukhulu.

Ezinye izinhlobo lysosomes

Ngezinye izikhathi eqhekeza sabanjwa izinto uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula akuyona kuze kube sekupheleni. izinhlayiya Undigested kungukuthi asuswe organelle bese buthelela kuwo. Ngemva supply enzyme hydrolytic Akukho lutho olusele, okuqukethwe ohlangene futhi ezase, isakhiwo se-uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula kuba yinkimbinkimbi, egqinsiwe. Zingase zibekwe sombala izinto. UHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula iguqulwe ibe umzimba asalile.

Ngemva kwalokho ithole asalile bahlale iseli noma zisuswe therefrom ngu exocytosis.

Ngo protists amaseli zingatholakala autophagosomes. Ngokwemvelo yabo, basonta lysosomes yesibili. Ngaphakathi kwalezi organelles atholakala izinsalela ezinkulu cell kanye izakhiwo cytoplasmic. Basuke ezakhiwe ukulimala kwamangqamuzana, baguga futhi organelles yeselula kukhona for izingxenye kabusha esitokisini, ukhulula monomers.

UHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula umsebenzi kuseli

Lysosomes ngokuyinhloko ukunikeza ezidingekayo ukwakhiwa iseli depolimerizuya impahla izinto abanjwe kulo.

Ukuchitheka carbohydrate kuyinto zinendima ebalulekile umzimba amandla lamaseli ngokunika substrate ukuguqulwa ku mitochondria.

Lysosomes - liphinde isixhumanisi Ukuvikelwa kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela:

1. Ngemva phagocytosis-bacterium ngu leucocytes, lysosomes uthele ekuqukethe ku ngalo ingaphakathi we vesicle phagocytic, ubhubhise nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi.
2. Khipha enzyme proteolytic e apoptosis - yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo.
3. Hlukanani alimele 'iluphele "cell organelles.

Lihambisana cell ayanda, lysosomes iqhaza kabusha kwezinhlaka ezahlukene inikeza buyekeza umzimba.