Polymer Yemvelo - isicelo formula futhi

yesimanje izinto kakhulu ukwakhiwa, imithi, izindwangu, izihloko yasendlini, iphakeji izinto consumable kukhona polymers. Ingabe iqembu compounds kokuba izici isici. Iningi labo, kodwa naphezu kwale mizamo, inani polymers uyaqhubeka ukhula. Phela bamakhemikhali zokwenziwa wathola njalo ngonyaka ezingasho izinto ezintsha. Kulokhu, anencazelo ekhethekile ngaso sonke isikhathi-ke waba polymer zemvelo. Yiziphi la mangqamuzana emangalisayo? Yiziphi izici zabo futhi yiziphi izici? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo kulesi sihloko.

Nokunye okuningi: izici jikelele

Ngokombono i-chemistry, i-polymer iqina ubhekwa molecule kokuba isisindo yamangqamuzana elikhulu ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ukuze amayunithi. Nokho, ngaphandle lesi sici, kusekhona abanye lapho uketshezi lolu ngokunembile labizwa ngokuthi yemvelo kanye polymers zokwenziwa. Ziyakwazi:

• njalo ukuphinda monomer amayunithi, ezixhunywe esebenzisa ekuhlanganyeleni ezahlukene;
• degree polymerase (isb, inani monomers) kumele eliphezulu kakhulu, kwakwakhe okuphambene nalokho uyobe kubhekwe oligomer;
• sokunquma orientation kwezendawo macromolecule;
• iqoqo izakhiwo ezibalulekile ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali esiyingqayizivele eqenjini.

Ngokuvamile, umongo imvelo polymeric distinguishable nga nezinye izinto kalula. Umuntu kumelwe amane ukubheka indlela yakhe ukuthola it out. Isibonelo esingokoqobo iyona polyethylene owaziwa, kabanzi yasendlini futhi umkhakha. Kuyinto umkhiqizo ukusabela polymerization, okungena hydrocarbon unsaturated kuyinto ethene noma ethylene. Ukusabela ngokuvamile ebhaliwe ngale ndlela:

nch ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, lapho n - kuyinto degree of polymerization zishintshe ekuboniseni njengoba monomer amayunithi kufakwe ngezithako zawo.

Futhi njengesibonelo, i-polymer yemvelo lapho kwaziwa kahle lokhu isitashi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli qembu compounds eyakhe amylopectin, i-cellulose, inkukhu amaprotheni nezinye izakhi eziningi.

Ukuphendula, okuholele macromolecule zingase zimiswe, kukhona ezimbili zama:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

Umehluko wukuthi esimweni sesibili, imikhiqizo ukuphendula ziphansi isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Isakhiwo polymer ziyahlukahluka, kuye ngokuthi ama-athomu bakha-ke. Ngokuvamile kukhona izinhlobo lwento, kodwa kukhona anezikhala ngakuthathu, sinzima kakhulu.

Uma sikhuluma amabutho kanye nokusebenzisana ukuthi ubambe amayunithi monomer ndawonye, kungenzeka ukukhomba eziyisisekelo ezimbalwa:

• UVan der Waals amabutho;
• chemical kunenze nisondelane (covalent, ionic);
• ukuxhumana elektronostaticheskoe.

Zonke polymers ayikwazi zenziwe isigaba esisodwa ngoba banayo yinto ehlukile ngokuphelele, indlela kwetinhlavu kanye imisebenzi nezingahlobene. izakhiwo zabo nazo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ngezigaba elikuvumela ukwabelana wonke amalungu aleli qembu elithi izinto ngezigaba ezahlukene. Kusekelwe angase alale izimpawu eziningana.

Ukwahlukaniswa polymers

Uma sithatha ngesisekelo ukwakheka qualitative zishintshe, zonke izinto kungaba azimisele emaqenjini amathathu.

1. I engokwemvelo - labo aqukethe carbon, i-hydrogen, i-sulphur, umoya-mpilo, i-phosphorus, i-nitrogen. Lokho, lawo makhemikhali okuyizinto biogenic. Izibonelo isisindo polyethylene polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, rayon, inayiloni, polymer yemvelo - amaprotheni, nucleic acid nokunye.
2. Elementorganic - laqanjwa enjalo okubandakanya ezinye nezingahlobene nendaba wezinto ezingaphili futhi isici biogenic. Ngokuvamile kuba silicon aluminiyamu noma titanium. Izibonelo macromolecules ezifana: ingilazi organic, steklopolimery, izinto oluyinhlanganisela.
3. Inorganic - amanga ngesikhathi ngesisekelo uchungechunge Silicon ama-athomu esikhundleni carbon. I ezizivelelayo ingase futhi ibe yingxenye yenhlelo amagatsha lateral. Bevula muva nje phakathi nekhulu XX. Kusetshenziswa imithi, isakhiwo, ubunjiniyela kanye nezinye izimboni. Izibonelo abicah, cinnabar.

Uma ehlukanisa polymers wolimi, kungenzeka ukuhlonza ezintathu eqenjini labo.

1. polymers Yemvelo kabani ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwenziwe nendala. Lawa macromolecules ukudalwa okwenziwe ngaso nomuntu ngokwakhe ayenzi noma yimuphi umzamo. Ziyakwazi imikhiqizo yemvelo ukusabela. Izibonelo: usilika, uboya, amaprotheni, nucleic acid, isitashi, i-cellulose, isikhumba, ukotini kanye nabanye.
2. Artificial. Lezi macromolecules zidalwe indoda, kodwa ngesisekelo analogue zemvelo. Lokho ngcono nje nokushintsha izakhiwo i polymer yemvelo ekhona. Izibonelo: zokwenziwa iraba, iraba.
3. Zokwenziwa - lezi polymers, ukudalwa okuyinto kuphela utshele lowo muntu ohilelekile. Yemvelo analogue khona. Ososayensi ukuthuthukisa izindlela Kuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha okuyizinto ezahlukene ngokusebenza okuthuthukile. Ngakho bazalwa zezakhi zokwenziwa polymeric zonke izinhlobo. Izibonelo: polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, fibre acetate nokunye okunjalo.

Kukhona esinye isici, okuyinto ngesisekelo ngokuhlukana we izinto eqenjini. Lokhu reactivity nokuzabalazela ezishisayo. Ukwabela izigaba ezimbili eziholela kulesi ipharamitha:

• Thermoplastic;
• thermosets.

I zasendulo impela, incwadi ebaluleke futhi esiyigugu ngokukhethekile namanje polymer zemvelo. Amandla ayo ahlukile. Ngakho-ke, thina esilandelayo sibheke ngayo kulesi sigaba sama-macromolecules.

Yikuphi ketshezi kuyinto polymer yemvelo?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, okokuqala sibheka okuzungezile. Elisizungezile? Eziphilayo ezisizungezile ngubani idla, ukuphefumula, sakhe kabusha, yokuqhuma akhiqize izithelo nokusanhlamvu. Futhi bavela iphuzu yamangqamuzana umbono? It kuhlanganisa ezifana:

• amaprotheni;
• acid nucleic;
• polysaccharides.

Ngakho, i-polymer iqina yemvelo, ngamunye zezakhi ngenhla. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi ukuphila elisizungezile, kukhona kuphela sibonga khona la mangqamuzana. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babesebenzisa ubumba, amamiksi kanye nezixazululo siqinise futhi zakha imizi, ntambo nokwelukiweyo uvolo, wasebenzisa ngokudala ukotini izingubo, usilika, uboya esikhumbeni sesilwane. polymers Yemvelo organic bahamba nayo kuzo zonke izigaba lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa, futhi ngezindlela eziningi eyamsiza ukuba athole imiphumela esinalo namhlanje.

Lona kanye uhlobo lokupha bonke ezimpilweni zabantu kwaba lihlale kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iraba uyaziwa ke elicwengwé izakhiwo zawo ezimangalisayo. Umuntu uye wafunda ukusebenzisa ukudla ukuze isitashi, kule lobuchwepheshe - cellulose. polymer Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo kuyinto camphor, okuyinto eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Inhlaka, amaphrotheni, acid nucleic - konke kuyizibonelo zezakhi enixoxa ngalo.

Isakhiwo polymers yemvelo

Akuwona wonke amalungu alesi sigaba compounds babe sakhiwo lesifanako. Ngakho, polymers yemvelo kanye zokwenziwa ingahluka kakhulu. molecule awo kuthambekele ukuze inzuzo kakhulu futhi elula khona ngokuya amandla. Nokho, kunezinhlobo eziningi zemvelo bayakwazi ukuba sikhukhumale isakhiwo kwabo inqubo ekushintsheni. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukeneyo ezivame kakhulu isakhiwo uchungechunge:

• komugqa;
• branched;
• stellate;
• flat;
• Mesh;
• tape;
• ikamu.

Artificial and zokwenziwa macromolecules abameleli abe mass esikhulu kakhulu, lenqwaba ama-athomu. Kudaliwe nge izakhiwo ngqo oyifunayo. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka zabo ekuqaleni ahlelile bonyana indoda. polymers Yemvelo bavame noma komugqa noma Mesh isakhiwo.

Izibonelo macromolecules yemvelo

polymers Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo zokwenziwa basondelene kakhulu nomunye. Ngemuva kokuqala kokuba isisekelo sesibili. Izibonelo kugucuka ezinjalo eziningi. Nazi ezinye zazo.

1. plastic Ezivamile Milky emhlophe - lena umkhiqizo etholwe ekwelapheni cellulose nge nitric acid ne ukwengeza camphor zemvelo. Ukusabela polymerization kuphumela ukuqina polymer etholwe futhi ukuguqulwa umkhiqizo oyifunayo. A plasticizer - camphor, okwenza kube uyakwazi ukuthambisa lapho evuthayo futhi ushintshe isimo sabo.
2. usilika acetate, cuprammonium fibre, viscose - konke izibonelo lokuluhlaza, endwangwini, okuyinto etholakala ngesisekelo cellulose. Kwangezikhathi wenza kusukela ukotini zemvelo nelineni are njengoba donsile, hhayi abakhaliphile lula crease. Kodwa analogue yokufakelwa yalezi kwamaphutha bancishwa, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekhangayo.
3. itshe Artificial, izinto zokwakha, Izingxube, lesikhumba - futhi izibonelo polymers ethathwe ngezinto zemvelo.

Into okuyinto polymer zemvelo, futhi ingase isetshenziselwe injalo kweqiniso. izibonelo ezinjalo eziningi kakhulu:

• rosin;
• amber;
• isitashi;
• amylopectin;
• cellulose;
• noboya;
• uvolo;
• ukotini;
• usilika;
• usimende;
• ubumba;
• lime;
• amaprotheni;
• nucleic acid nokunye.

Kusobala ukuthi ngaphambi kwethu isigaba compounds likhulu kakhulu, cishe ezibalulekile futhi enenjongo abantu. Manje ake sihlole kabanzi abanye abameleli polymers zemvelo, okuyizinto athandwa kakhulu okwamanje.

Usilika noboya

Ifomula emvelo kasilika polymer eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba yawo yamakhemikhali Ukwakheka uwukubonakaliswa zingxenye ezilandelayo:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• waxes;
• amafutha.

Ngokwakhe amaprotheni ezinkulu - fibroin, has a ubulungu ngaphezulu zinhlobo acid acid. Uma ekhona ukuze iketango polypeptide, izobukeka kanje: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _n. Futhi lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo ke. Uma sicabange ukuthi isakhiwo esebenzisa van der Waals ijoyina ezingengaphansi eziyinkimbinkimbi sericin amaprotheni molecule basuke kuxutshwe ndawonye conformation olulodwa nge wax amafutha, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani kunzima wokuveza ifomula kasilika yemvelo.

Kuze kube manje, kakhulu kwalo mkhiqizo onika eChina izikhala elalivuliwe, kukhona olwenzeka endaweni yemvelo ngoba umkhiqizi main - amacimbi kasilika. Ngaphambili, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, usilika zemvelo kakhulu baziswa. Ukukhokhela izingubo ezivela kuye ayengakwenza yizicukuthwane kuphela, abantu abacebile. Namuhla, abaningi izici izicubu ayiyinhle. Ngokwesibonelo, yena kakhulu uzibuthe futhi ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa, ngaphezu, ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni ilahlekelwa ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo yayo futhi ukudunga. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside zisebenzisa zokwenziwa nemikhiqizo yalo.

Uvolo - liphinde polymer angokwemvelo njengesizathu umkhiqizo imisebenzi ebalulekile kwesikhumba nezindlala sebaceous kwezilwane. Ngokusekelwe lokhu amaprotheni umkhiqizo knitwear ekhiqizwa, okuyinto, efana usilika, sisetshenziselwa izinto ezibalulekile.

isitashi

isitashi Natural ukuphila umkhiqizo polymer isitshalo. Bakha-ke ngenxa inqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi buthelela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Ukwakheka kwalo chemical:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• alpha-glucose.

Isakhiwo kwezendawo isitashi kakhulu branched, disordered. Ngenxa amylopectin ifakiwe, okwazi nokuvuvuka amanzi, abe okuthiwa unama. Lokhu isixazululo colloidal isetshenziswa ubuciko kanye nezimboni. Medicine, umkhakha ukudla, ukukhiqizwa lodonga anamathelayo - liphinde ukusetshenziswa ketshezi.

Phakathi izitshalo aqukethe inani eliphezulu isitashi bungabonakala:

• amabele;
• amazambane;
• irayisi;
• kakolweni;
• umdumbula;
• oats;
• nokunye okufana nokolweni;
• ubhanana;
• amabele.

Ngesisekelo le biopolymer isinkwa, ukwenza i-pasta, ukupheka jelly, okusanhlamvu kanye neminye imikhiqizo ukudla.

cellulose

Ngokombono i-chemistry, izidakamizwa - kuyinto polymer kabani Ukwakheka uwukubonakaliswa ifomula (C ₆ H ₅ O _{5) n.} Monomer iyunithi uchungechunge kuyinto beta-glucose. indawo eyinhloko cellulose okuqukethwe - iyona izindonga cell izitshalo. Yingakho izinkuni - umthombo owusizo kule kwakwakhe.

I-cellulose - polymer yemvelo ukuthi likwazi isakhiwo komugqa ngekwendzawo. Isetshenziselwa kukhiqizwe izinhlobo ezilandelayo imikhiqizo:

• uginindela nephepha imikhiqizo;
• noboya yokufakelwa;
• izinhlobo ezahlukene imicu ezenziwe umuntu;
• ukotini;
• amapulasitiki;
• ongenantuthu yaba luthuli;
• amafilimu kanye nokunye.

Kusobala ukuthi inani layo izimboni ezinkulu. Ukuze kungenzeka lokhu kwakwakhe asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni, kufanele kube ukuqala kukhishwe ezitshalweni. Lokhu kwenziwa ukupheka okuqhubekayo ukhuni amadivayisi ezikhethekile. kucutshungulwe, kanye reagents esetshenziselwa ukugaya zihlukile. Kunezindlela eziningana:

• sulfite;
• nitrate;
• soda;
• sulfate.

Ngemva ukwelashwa okunjalo, umkhiqizo isacuketse amanyela. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yalesi lignin futhi hemicellulose. Ukuqeda kubo, uginindela iphathwa chlorine noma alikhali.

Kubantu, akukho yelikhono enjalo yemvelo eziye ephethwe sokudiliza lokhu biopolymer eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, ezinye izilwane (ezidla uhlaza), ingashintshwa ukuze le. isisu sabo axazulule amagciwane athile ezenza kube ngabo. Kunalokho eziphilayo athola amandla okuphila futhi ndawo. Le ndlela Symbiosis kuzuzisa kakhulu zombili izinhlangothi.

iraba

Lokhu polymer zemvelo izinto ezinenzuzo ezibalulekile kwezomnotho. Ngokokuqala ngqá ke kwachazwa Robert Cook, ngubani kwelinye ngohambo bakhe bamthola. Kwenzeka kanje. Ngemva kokufika esiqhingini lapho abomdabu wahlala engaziwa kuye, yena waba ngemfudumalo yibo. ukunakwa wakhe wakhangwa izingane zendawo, abadlale isihloko engavamile. Lokhu umzimba eyindilinga is wacasulwa kusuka phansi futhi sigxume phezulu emoyeni, bese libuyiselwa emuva.

Buza abantu lendawo elitshela ngalokho Yenziwe le ithoyizi, Cook zizwa ukuthi lo osemanzi ijusi lomuthi - Hevea. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, kwatholakala ukuthi lena iraba biopolymer.

Imvelo amakhemikhali enkompolo eyaziwa - kuyinto isoprene, yemvelo zabhekana polymerization. Formula iraba (C ₅ H _{8) n.} Amandla ayo, ngenxa okungaziphathi ngakho abantu babemhlonipha kakhulu, njengoba kulandela:

• kuyaqina;
• ukuqina;
• ukwahlukanisa kagesi;
• amanzi angangeni.

Nokho, zikhona nemiphumela ethile engathandeki. Ezimweni ezibanda kuba usengozini futhi ziyaqothuka, kanti ukushisa - okunamathelayo futhi viscous. Yingakho kunesidingo for synthesis analogue base bokuzenzela noma zokwenziwa. Namuhla rubbers kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela izicelo ezimbonini. Imikhiqizo ezibaluleke kakhulu okusekelwe kuzo:

• iraba;
• ebony.

amber

Kuyinto polymer yemvelo, kusukela resin ungaphakathi oyiyo, ezimbiwa phansi ezakheke ngayo. isakhiwo Spatial - isitini polymer amorphous. Kakhulu oluvuthayo, kungaba okhela nelangabi umdlalo. It has izakhiwo luminescence. Lena imfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi esiyigugu, okuyinto esetshenziswa ubucwebe. Imihlobiso ngesisekelo amber kuyinto enhle kakhulu futhi funa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, biopolymer asetshenziswe ngezinhloso zokwelapha. Ngoba ekhiqizwa lokukhuhla upende ezinengilazi ezibushelelezi ahlukahlukene.