Uyini yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho? eziphilayo: izici, izakhiwo, inhlangano

Umqondo multi-level uhlelo wokuphila inhlangano - omunye setindzaba letimcoka isayensi yesimanje. Zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngokusho kwakhe, bamunye ngesisekelo izici ezithile kanye nobuhlobo obuseduze futhi ahlelwe ngendlela ethile phezulu. izimiso ezifanayo kukhona jikelele lonke bemvelo bebonke. Ujwayele yokuthi ezinjalo eziphilayo, kungcono ukuqala kwencazelo imiqondo esemqoka.

ithiyori oluphelele

imiqondo Basic zabekwa etafuleni ngenjongo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule ngu Ludwig von Bertalanffy. Nguye bahlakulele theory jikelele izinhlelo. Ihlanganisa zonke izinto bemvelo nasemphakathini. Theory ikhomba begazi, ezenhlalo, isikhala, ngokomzimba, indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho nezinye ezihambisana zigaba ezinkulu ezintathu: i-microcosm, macrocosm futhi megaworld. Eyokuqala kukhona izinhlayiya aphansi athomu kuya wesibili - yonke into kusukela molecule emazwekazini nasolwandle, eyesithathu - izinto isikhala. Macrocosm futhi kuhlanganisa zezinto eziphilayo.

Umqondo oyisisekelo

amalungu union esekelwe ubudlelwano ezithile, izenzo ezithile abangaphansi - System. Inhlangano isakhiwo esinjalo, njengoba umthetho, siqukethe Amazinga eziningana ngaphambilini. Kulokhu element ngayinye kungaba kokubili uhlelo oda kancane ephakeme. Kuvele impahla ebalulekile inhlangano enjalo: kokuphelele qualitatively sihluke isamba sazo zonke izingxenye zalo. System - hhayi nje iqoqo izici izakhi, it has a uhlobo izinga entsha.

Zonke izinto eziphilayo kukhona izakhiwo efanayo. Futhi izinga, okubangelwa ngokuhlanganisa izakhi eziningana, it is a Ukubonakaliswa okusha ekuphileni.

evulekile

Ukuqonda ukuthi ezinjalo eziphilayo, kudinga incazelo kwesinye isakhiwo izakhiwo efanayo. Lokhu nokuxhumana imvelo. Ngo -mbono, inhlangano ye eziphilayo kungaba avaliwe noma evulekile. On umkhuba usosayensi bayazi ukuthi ayikho into isakhiwo ebiyelwe ngokugcwele. Noma yiluphi uhlelo eziphilayo njalo baxhumana imvelo ngokusebenzisa ezinye ulwelwesi semi umngcele. Amaseli - ke bilipidnaya ulwelwesi kusukela sasemkhathini - isembozo. izinhlelo Social ehlangana esebenzisa umthetho noma ubudlelwano athile abantu.

It kuvela, impendulo yombuzo othi "Uyini eziphilayo" kungenziwa kanje: iqoqo ukuxhumana njalo ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, elakhiwa ngendlela ethile phezulu bese uvula ntshashintshe ukushintshanisa nge imvelo.

ubufakazi

Zonke izici ehlukile zalezi zakhiwo - kokubili zindlela zihluke imvelo ezingaphili. Sibiza izimpawu eziphilayo nencazelo yabo emfushane:

1. Ingqamuzana eyodwa chemical kwakwakhe. Zonke izinto zemvelo zakhiwa yezinhlayiya efanayo. Nokho ophilayo izakhi ndaba njengoba kubalulekile zihlanganisa carbon, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, ne-hydrogen.
2. Umzimba nge imvelo. Lona nokuvuleka kohlelo echazwe impahla. Omunye zako - Ngaphandle kwalesi simo esishubile of izakhiwo ezinjalo.
3. Self-ukufanisana (reproduction).
4. Ufuzo - ukudluliswa kwempahla izici indlela owakheke ngayo nosebenza ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
5. Variability - ukuthola impahla ngesikhathi ukuphila izici ezintsha kanye namakhono.
6. Ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka. Ingabe uqondiswa ushintsho engelapheki. Ukwabela ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye kanye komlando eziphilayo izinhlelo, ngokuthi ontogeny futhi phylogeny, ngokulandelana.
7. Ukucasuka (ikhaliphe Amatekisi) - komhiaba ukwakha nokusabela ezintweni futhi ushintsho kwemvelo.
8. Leyehlukene. Noma yiluphi uhlelo bukhoma siqukethe izakhi ahlukene kodwa ohlanganyela ukwakha isakhiwo phezulu.
9. Ukuzithiba. Kukhona izindlela zangaphakathi ngenxa yokulondoloza homeostasis, sandla sokusinda ohlelweni. Ukuzithiba kusekelwe isimiso impendulo engeyinhle.
10. Rhythmicity. Ukuqinisa futhi buthaka izinqubo ezihlukahlukene njalo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Amazinga inhlangano eziphilayo

Zonke lezi izakhiwo ayagcinwa ngasiphi qophelo isakhiwo phezulu. amazinga eziyisisekelo inhlangano eziphilayo zihlukaniswa kunalokho kabi amandla akhe, kusukela kunoma iyiphi wabo ingahlukaniswa e izingxenye eziningana. Ngokuvamile, khuluma ngezinto izigaba ezine lokhu wokwehlayo:

• yamangqamuzana ezakhini zofuzo;
• Izinga lokuthuthuka;
• Izinga labantu-zinhlobo;
• ezingeni biogeocenotic.

Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Yamamolekhula ezakhini zofuzo

macromolecules ezifana amaprotheni, lipids, ukudla okumahhadla nomoya-acid nucleic kukhona timphawu tesakhiwo umzimba, kodwa bebodwa akuzona bomdabu ukuphila ngokugcwele.

Ngayinye kulezi zingxenye wenza imisebenzi yawo ngokupheleleko. Carbohydrate - umthombo wamandla. Lipids ayingxenye ulwelwesi plasma amaseli. kunjalo futhi amandla umphakeli. Amaphrotheni imisebenzi kakhulu ekuphileni. Zakhiwa amabili zinhlobo acid acid ukuba esikukhompiyutha nganoma yikuphi ukuhleleka. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba nenani elikhulu amaprotheni ukuthi angabhekana ngayo ukusebenza ehlukene kakhulu. I nucleic acid DNA ne-RNA, - ngesisekelo ufuzo.

Macromolecules ehlangana ku izakhiwo, ukwakha iseli organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, myofibrils, nokunye. Bonke bangabangasokile esinecala izimpawu yemvelo, kodwa musa sifinyelele ezingeni yinkimbinkimbi ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi ukuphila.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo

Yini eziphilayo kukhona nelizinga lekukhula kwebafundzi? It bonke eziphilayo, ezisukela unicellular ziphethe ezincelisayo kanye abantu, kanye izitho, izicubu emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Zonke lezi zinto kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha amazinga ngazinye inhlangano eziphilayo, kodwa ukuze kube lula futhi ngenxa kwemithetho jikelele, bahlanganiswa.

Cell - iyunithi aphansi isakhi isakhiwo eziphilayo. Nanguya ezingeni obulukhuni yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho, okuyinto okokuqala ivela njengendlela mkhuba wokuphila. Njengoba sekushiwo, izakhiwo ngaphezulu elula ukunikeza izici abathile kuphela. Cage Ubuye zonke izakhiwo eziphilayo.

Izicubu kanye izitho - sublevels Lesisemkhatsini esiteji zentuthuko. Ngemuva kwabo kuyinto amaningi. It libhekene ikhono khona ezimele, ukuthuthukiswa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Lesi sici ehlukanisa ngamunye kanye amaseli kwezitho nezicubu.

Population, bese ubuka

Kusukela esigabeni esigabeni iba more xaka eziphilayo. Ezingeni elilandelayo kukhona zinhlobo kanye nabantu. Eyokuqala iqoqo ngabanye, libhekene ukufana lezinceku eziningi nemingcele: morphology, izitho zomzimba, izakhi zofuzo, indawo. Futhi okubaluleke: eziphilayo ezakha ifomu, kungaba ngokukhululekile ngikubhastelise futhi ushiye inzalo evundile.

Iqembu labantu kuthatha indawo ethile, okuthiwa ndawo. Kaningi, ke sinqamukile izithiyo ahlukahlukene nendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, ifomu sehlukaniswe imiphakathi eziningana kuqhathaniswa angawodwa. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho nemibandela disunion lonke ifomu neqhaza ekuqongeleleni impahla ngezakhi zofuzo. Nge izimpawu enamandla kwehlukana kwenani, izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo.

isimiso semvelo

Ngo sabaphathi kwenani nezinhlobo kufanele kube biogeocoenosis umphakathi kanye Biosphere. Eyokuqala iqoqo labantu zinhlobo ezahlukene, ezibekwe kule ndawo efanayo. Ukwabela isitshalo, isilwane nemiphakathi amagciwane abe nenkani. inhlanganisela yabo endaweni eyodwa uyakuthiwa biocoenosis. Lezi amazinga eziphilayo zinezikhathi ubuhlobo obuseduze kwabo bonke abantu.

Imibandela lapho izinto eziphilayo ezikhona unaphakade ezibathintayo. Isiqalo nesigcino lezi zici imvelo ezingaphili ndawo ngokuthi biotope. Imvelo kanye nemiphakathi eziphilayo ku ukuxhumana njalo, kukhona kunyatheliswa izinto namandla. Ngakho-ke biotope futhi biocenosis ezihlanganiswe biogeocoenosis noma emvelweni. Leli zinga nakho libhekene zonke izici abaphilayo: ihlala nabo imvelo, iphethwe isimiso ukuzithiba izinqubo angaphansi imijikelezo ezithile.

Ezingeni phezulu ubeka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni - igobolondo kuhlale izidalwa eziphilayo. umthelela omkhulu it has a umsebenzi womuntu ukuthi ngokuya kuholela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo.

Uyini yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho? Eqinisweni, kungcono zonke izinto eziphilayo ezisizungezile. Man kuyehluka kuneminye yizakhi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ikhono, bese ngaleyo ndlela ziqondise futhi uphinde ushintshe umsebenzi walo. Nakuba leli khono kuyinto Homo sapiens ukusebenza ngokuphambene nemvelo. Nokho, ngenxa-ke sinawo ithuba ukukulungisa.