Ama-protocols ARP, i-RARP, i-IP, i-ICMP. Iyini i-ARP esetshenziselwa?

Uma umshini uxhumana nenye idivayisi elinganayo kwinethiwekhi efanayo, lokhu kuxhumano kudinga ikheli lomzimba noma i-MAC. Kodwa-ke, isicelo esithintekayo sokuxhumana sidinga ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezingahle zihlobanise ikheli le-IP nekheli le-MAC.

Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-address resolution solutions (ARP). Ngenxa yabo, ikheli le-IP le-node yendawo yokuhlala liyakhanyiswa, elikwazisa umthombo wekheli le-MAC. Ngakho-ke, izivumelwano ze-ARP zenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivaysi amabili uma ngesikhathi esisodwa kuxhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi.

Isebenza kanjani?

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi umshini A ufuna ukuthumela amaphakethe wedatha kumshini B, A kumele athumele iphakethe le-ARP ukuze acele ikheli le-MAC B. Nokho, lokhu kuzokuholela ekukhuleni komthwalo kwinethiwekhi nokwanda kwezimoto.

Ukuze unciphise izimoto kanye nezindleko zokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi, amakhompyutha asebenzisa i-ARP protocol ukwesekwa ukugcinwa kwamakheli e-IP_to_MAC atholakalayo, okungukuthi, akudingeki asebenzise i-ARP.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izinguquko ze-ARP zingenzeka: uma umshini A ufuna ukuthumela idatha kumshini B, kungenzeka ukuthi uB uzobuyisela emuva idatha ye-A esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ngakho-ke, ukugwema ukusebenzisa i-ARP yomshini B, A kumele agcine ikheli layo lokubopha i-IP_to_MAC epakethe elikhethekile lapho ecela ikheli le-MAC B. Njengoba i-A idlulisela isicelo sayo sokuqala ku-MAC ikheli B, umshini ngamunye kwinethiwekhi kufanele ukhishwe futhi agcinwe Ikheli layo i-IP_to_MAC.

Uma idivayisi isenethiwekhi (isibonelo, uma uhlelo lokusebenza luqala kabusha), lungasakaza ikheli elibophayo ukuze yonke imishini ingayilondoloza kuzilungiselelo zayo. Lokhu ngeke kusetshenziselwe izivumelwano ze-ARP ezingase zidingeke uma uxhuma amanye amadivaysi amasha.

Isibonelo sokubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-address resolution protocol

Ungacabangela isimo lapho ikhompyutha izama ukuxhumana namanye amadivaysi akude, futhi ngaphambili kwakungekho ukushintshaniswa kwe-IP phakathi kwabo. Yingakho i-protocol ye-ARP kufanele isetshenziswe - ukucacisa ikheli le-MAC lomshini ode.

Umlayezo wesicelo se-ARP (ovela e-AAAA ikheli le-IP ku-BBBB) usakazwa kunethiwekhi yendawo nehlobo lwe-Ethernet protocol. Amaprosesa ase-ARP avela kuyo yonke imishini ngaphandle kwe-target, ethumela umyalezo wokuphendula kwisicelo. Le mpendulo iqukethe ikheli le-IP le-BBBB, i.e. Ikheli le-hardware yomthombo we-Ethernet, emva kwalokho ukuxhumana kuzokwenziwa phakathi kwamadivayisi.

I-ARP protocol kanye nenhloso yalo - iziphetho

Njengoba kungabonakala kusukela enchazweni engenhla, i-address resolution protocol isetshenziselwa ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene kwinethiwekhi. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kuyi-technology ngaphandle kokuxhumana okujwayelekile okungenzeki. Kodwa i-ARP ingenzeka ngaphandle kweminye imingcele yenethiwekhi? Akunakwenzeka neze. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izivumelwano ezidlala indima ebalulekile kufanele zicatshangelwe.

Phinda uthole i-protocol yokutakula ikheli

I-RARP iyi-protocol lapho ikhompyutha engokwenyama kunethiwekhi yendawo ingacela ikheli layo le-IP kusuka etafuleni le-Address Resolution Protocol noma kwisitoreji se-gateway yesango. Umlawuli wenethiwekhi wenza itafula esangweni noma router yenethiwekhi yendawo ebonisa ikheli lomzimba lomshini (noma ikheli le-MAC) ngokuphathelene nenqubo ehambisanayo. Uma idivaysi entsha ixhunywe kwinethiwekhi, iklayenti layo le-RARP lidala isicelo kwisiphakeli ukuthumela ikheli layo le-IP. Njengoba ucabanga ukuthi ukungena kudalwe etafuleni le-router, iseva ye-RARP ibuyisela ikheli le-IP emshinini, elingasilondoloza ukuze lisetshenziswe kamuva. Ngakho-ke, i-ARP yokuxazulula ikheli le-adress ixhunywe njalo ku-RARP.

Inqubo eningiliziwe

Kokubili umshini ophawula isicelo nesiphakeli esiphendula-bonke basebenzisa amakheli enethiwekhi ngokomzimba ngenkathi yokuxhumana. Ngokujwayelekile, umceli akakwazi ikheli langempela. Ngakho-ke, isicelo sisakazwa kuyo yonke imishini enethiwekhi. Iqembu elicelayo kumele lizikhomba ngokweseva. Kulokhu, inombolo ye-serial ye-CPU noma ikheli lomzimba womshini lingasetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa kwekheli lomzimba njengesihlonzi esiyingqayizivele kunenzuzo emibili.

Lawa amakheli ahlale ekhona futhi akufanele axhunywe kukhodi yebhodi.
Ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi lokukhomba luncike kunethiwekhi, hhayi kumthengisi we-CPU, yonke imishini enethiwekhi izoba nezihlonzi eziyingqayizivele.

Isenzo se-RARP ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

Njengoba i-RARP isebenzisa inethiwekhi yomzimba ngokuqondile, ayikho enye isofthiwe yesofthiwe yokuphendula iyophendula kwisicelo noma iyidlulisele. Isofthiwe ye-RARP kumele ibhekane kuphela nale misebenzi. Ezinye iziteshi ezithembele ku-RARP yokulanda zingase zivivinye kaningi isikhathi esingaziwa kuze kube yilapho zithola impendulo. Okunye ukuqaliswa kunokwehluleka ngemva kwemizamo eminingana yokugwema ukulayishwa kwenethiwekhi ngokusakazwa okungadingekile.

Izivumelwano ze-IP / ICMP / ARP

I-protocol ye-ICMP ihlanganisa indlela, amasango, namabandla asetshenziselwa ukuphatha uxhumano noma ukuthola umbiko wephutha. I-protocol ye-intanethi inikeza isignali kusukela esangweni ukuya esangweni kuze kufinyelele iphuzu elingayikhulula ngokuqondile endaweni yalo yokugcina. Uma isango singakwazi ukuthumela noma ukuletha idatha, noma ithola isimo esingavamile njengenxushunxushunxushunxushunxushunxushunxushunxushunxushu, kumele ibike ukuthi kuthathe izinyathelo zokugwema noma ukulungisa inkinga.

I-Protocol Message Control Protocol (ICMP) ivumela izindlela zokudlulisa amaphutha noma ukuphatha imilayezo kwezinye izindlela noma izintandokazi. Ngakho-ke, I-ICMP inikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezivumelwano ze-intanethi kumakhompyutha amabili axhunyiwe.

Le ndlela ekhethekile yanezelwa ngabathuthukisi ngaphezu kwezivumelwano ze-TCP / IP. Ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izindlela ezingena kwi-Intanethi ukubika amaphutha noma ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezimo eziphuthumayo. I-protocol ye-IP ngokwabo ayiqukethe noma yini engasiza ukuhlola uxhumano nomthumeli noma ufunde mayelana nokuhluleka.

Amaprosesa we-TCP / IP

Izivumelwano ze-TCP / IP zinikeza amathuluzi angasiza abaphathi benethiwekhi noma abasebenzisi ukuthola izinkinga zenethiwekhi. Elinye lamathuluzi wokuwasebenzisa okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu libiza isicelo se-ICMP futhi sithola umyalezo wokuphendula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umphathi noma isango lithumela umlayezo we-echo ngesicelo se-ICMP ekhelini elichaziwe. Noma imuphi umshini othola isicelo se-echo udala impendulo futhi ubuyela kumthumeli wangempela. Kulesi simo, impendulo iqukethe ikhophi yedatha esetshenziselwa isicelo, kanye nempendulo ehambisanayo.

Le protocol ingasetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-addressee iyatholakala yini nokuthi ngabe ukuxhumana kungenzeka yini nayo. Futhi, izivumelwano ze-ARP ziyi- hardware ezisetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe-TCP / IP futhi kuyadingeka ekwenzeni ukuxhumana okulungile phakathi kwamadivayisi kwinethiwekhi.