Novemba 13 - Day International we Blind. Imicimbi ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind

usuku kwenjabulo Akukhona nje kumakwe umphakathi jikelele. Kunalabo, mhlaka-13 Novemba - ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi e 1745, ngazalelwa Valentin Haüy - umsunguli we ngomunye wabokuqala emlandweni ngezikole zezimpumputhe, uthisha nabacimi ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela ndlela yokufundisa ukufunda kahle ngaphambi kokuthi baye wadala Braille.

Valentin Haüy - lokuqala tiflopedagog emhlabeni

Isayensi imfundo nokuqeqeshwa abantu abanokukhubazeka ezibukwayo wathola push kuqala engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili. Futhi yena ngiyitholile evela uValentina Gayui - uthisha isiFulentshi, UMuphi kanye umsunguli, owayengomunye le tiflopedagogov kuqala futhi yashicilela incwadi ethi kuqala kulabo abayizimpumputhe emhlabeni.

Lo muntu wazalwa ngo 1745 eduze edolobheni lase-Amiens, emkhayeni womeluki abampofu French. Wathola imfundo ephakeme kuleli dolobha futhi wasebenza njengoba ngomunye wabahumushi Ministry Foreign. Hauy ukufunda ngezilimi eziningana Eastern, yingcweti Latin, isiGreki, isiHebheru.

Ngo-1974, uthatha isinyathelo sokuqala maqondana nalokho kamuva kuyoba usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe yaziwa abaningi: Novemba 13 - ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Njengoba kakade aphethwe uthisha kanye professional, usivulela isikole izingane izimpumputhe, futhi ikwenze ngezindleko zakhe siqu, ngaphandle kosizo kuhulumeni noma ezinye abaxhasi.

abafundi Okokuqala ezingenamakhaya nangabanye lapho baqala ukuqeqesha Hauy okuyinto esetshenziswa linendlela yalo kanye ifonti akhiwa kuye - "ngofeleba".

Nguye owasungula futhi "waqamba" kudivayisi ukuphrinta usethe yokunyathelisa esikoleni futhi kwanyatheliswa incwadi yakhe. Konke lokhu kwakulandelwa linani lelifanele izinkinga zezimali. Isimo lithuthukile kuphela ngemva kokuba afunde yenkosi - ke ekugcineni efika uxhaso.

Made Hauy akugcini ngokudalwa esikoleni - umsebenzi wakhe kubaluleke kakhulu: ukuthi baba nendima ebalulekile njengoba omunye tiflopedagogov lokuqala, uyakuqaphela ukubaluleka imfundo kulabo abayizimpumputhe, okwakunginika ithuba lokuyofunda, umsebenzi, ebonisa isibonelo eziningi, abantu abaningi eFrance futhi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze kokufaneleka kwakhe, ukuze kulondolozwe inkumbulo yale ndoda okungavamile, i-WHO esungulwe ukugubha Novemba 13 International Day of the Blind.

Isimo Tsarist Russia

Umsebenzi uValentina Gayui livele hhayi kuphela eFrance. Ngo 1803 Russian uMbusi u-Alexander ngabuza uthisha wethu eRussia, futhi 1806 efika Petersburg ukuze udale isikhungo abangaboni noma abantu ngokwengxenye umbono ukulahlekelwa.

Nokho, lo msebenzi wawumkhulu kakhulu kuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho kwakubonakala efika kuqala. Ngisho eFrance, akazange basonta Izicukuthwane kanye nemindeni acebile kubantu abayizimpumputhe engenakwenza lutho kakhulu - ngokuvamile ikusasa labo kwaba ukuhoxa.

ERussia, abazalwane babeba abaqaphile kodwa kube kubi ngisho nakakhulu. Ministry of Education kubika Hauy ukuthi "akukho izingane abayizimpumputhe e-Russia", futhi owokuqala waphinde wafuna abafundi bakhe yena. Abasebenzi, isabelomali kanye charter izikole sivunyiwe yilo mbusi kuphela unyaka emuva ukufika nothisha 1807.

Noma kunjalo, kwakukhona abantu uzimisele ukufundisa futhi bafunde, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka. Ehlobo lika-1808, abafundi esikoleni BakaJehova babebizwa owayeyazi kahle lokubhala, ukufunda, geography nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi kanye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Ngobudlova bephishekela imigomo yabo, Hauy igxathu negxathu eduze ukuqashelwa abantu abayizimpumputhe ewusizo emphakathini. Yiqiniso, akazi ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe yayiyobizwa baziswa ngakho inzalo, ukuthi uma itawugujwa ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa - Novemba 13 - ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Isithombe abafundi yimpumelelo wakholisa bamabhuku owayengifundela audit ku elifanayo 1808. Labor uthisha French baqhubeka.

Esesebenze kulo mkhakha iminyaka engaphezu 10 iminyaka, Valentin Haüy kwesokunxele Russia ngo-1817, ethola Order Zuma we uVladimir 4th degree "Ngokuhamba ukukhuthala abashisekayo" kusukela uMbusi u-Alexander I. Ngemva Ukuhamba umsunguli esikoleni ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo njengoba wezemfundo.

Isimo samanje

Ngo-1984, i-WHO ngokuthi idethi olusemthethweni: Novemba 13 - ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwathatha isikhathi eside - kwakukhona Braille ephelele, izikole ezikhethekile kubantu abakhubazekile amakhono ezibukwayo babé ikuyo yonke indawo. Ngo-2001 thina kwasho iminyaka engu-120th yokuqeqeshwa esihleliwe abayizimpumputhe e-Russia, elaqala KK esikoleni Sivale indlela engena emgedeni.

Kuye kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu, futhi kwakungekho eziningi ochwepheshe abanamakhono ukuthi uhlinzeke imfundo jikelele hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi kukusiza ukuba sibhekane nezinkinga ezingokwengqondo nezenhlalo.

Intuthuko yamuva nje kwezobuchwepheshe, ezifana iso Bionic, okunikeza ithemba lokuthola i nokususwa yenkinga enkulu yobumpumputhe jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Ngokuqhubeka ukusungulwa kanye nokwenziwa ngcono izinsiza kanye namadivayisi ukusiza abantu abayizimpumputhe ukuba isebenze futhi bahlala ezweni lanamuhla.

induku emhlophe

Ngo izingqondo zabantu kukhona isithombe lilonke indoda zamehlo kahle - avame kuba othile izibuko ezimnyama nge umhlanga kanye inja eqondisayo. Lo mbono akazange aphume avelaphi. Ikhumbule Valentine Gayui sigubha 13 Novemba International Day of the Blind, ogama uphawu - umhlanga emhlophe - ezibalulekile ukuze usuku "yabo".

Ngokokuqala ngqá lento uvele ngo-1921 futhi lo mcimbi lihlotshaniswa igama photographer abasha, James Biggs laseBristol. Wathola ukuthi abavumelekile abahamba ngezinyawo noma abashayeli ungaphenduli umoba wakhe omnyama (kwakunesikhathi lapho nesisekeli enjalo iye yasakazwa kabanzi ngaphezu), kanye repainted kuyo emhlophe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaba nempumelelo.

Popularization ngemfanelo futhi entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe

Esigabeni esilandelayo se-popularization yalesi izinto wangena 1930-1931. Aristocrat French futhi benefactress Guillén zh'Erbemon kanye nemantshi enkulu amaphoyisa Paris uthathwa induku emhlophe kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthi lula abantu abayizimpumputhe ukuhamba izungeze lo muzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, into "alamu" kwabanye ukuthi lokhu ikakhulukazi umuntu - abayizimpumputhe. It yathengwa futhi kwabelwa inombolo enkulu izinti ukuhamba, futhi ihlelwe emikhulu ukukhangisa umkhankaso. Ngemva konyaka, efanayo kwenzeka e-UK - inhlangano esiza abantulayo "rotary Club," aluthola wasethula izindondolo ezimhlophe ukuze aphuphuthekise eziningi British.

Lezi zenzakalo esadlala indima ebalulekile. Manje uphawu futhi 15 Okthoba (Usuku White Cane), ngendlela efanayo, ku 13 Novemba, ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Izithombe kwalezi zimfanelo futhi "abasizi" - isici njalo kulena nendaba zabantu abayizimpumputhe.

kumakhophi Modern, ngenkathi idlala indima "alamu" futhi uphawu isivele eziphambili kakhulu. Kukhona amasampuli "eyayigcwele" nge electronics, yazisa umnikazi ngosizo umsindo kanye nezinye izimpawu mayelana izithiyo, ngokusiza ukukhetha umzila kanye ukundlula izigaba yingozi. On imisebenzi bona abasondela kakade, kanye ufunde ukuze isikhundla solunye uphawu ezimpumputhe - izinja mhlahlandlela.

umngane womuntu okuhamba ngezidladla zakho ezine

Umzamo wokuqala ehlelekile ukulungiselela abasizi esilwane esidwenguliwe + angase ngokuthi isikole German wadala ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Umgomo wabo kwakuwukukhuthaza ukuqondisa izinja ziqeqeshelwe ukukusiza ababuya empini. E-US, lezi zikole bebelokhu baziwa kusukela ngo-1929, e-UK - kusukela ngo-1931 Nokho, izilwane zazisetshenziswa nge injongo efanayo njengoba kudala.

Ngokuvamile, indima Umhlahlandlela abaqeqeshiwe Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, Abelusi German, Giant Schnauzers, kodwa ungafundisa cishe kunoma iyiphi inja. Kwamanye amazwe, abasizi ezinjalo zivunyelwe nganoma iyiphi indawo - eRussia, isibonelo, behamba ezokuthutha zomphakathi mahhala.

Imicimbi ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind

Ukumaka 13 Novemba, ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we abayizimpumputhe, iskripthi akanayo ukwenza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nansi indlela la zenzakalo zenzeka ngo-2014:

• Chelyabinsk Regional Special Library for the ongaboni kahle Imibuzo ayeba;
• "Isikole Ezemidlalo-okuguqukayo" Ekhaya Az "ku Chechen Republic table tennis phakathi B1 (yimpumputhe);
• enhlanganweni yomphakathi eYekaterinburg "White Cane" labetibambile itafula round ku "Ukufakwa - Umphakathi - Ukudala", embukisweni, ekhonsathini ye-rock.

Izingane nazo azinakiwe alalelwa 13 Novemba, ngoSuku loMhlaba Jikelele we Blind. Homeroom iqhutshelwa ezikoleni eziningi yeRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan, e-Volgograd esifundeni kanye nezinye izifunda zezwe. izenzakalo ezifanayo zenzeke ngalolusuku emhlabeni wonke.