Uyini umthamo ugxile emisebeni?

Lesi sihloko Sizokwenza isihloko ugxile umthamo ngemisebe (futhi-ni), ionizing emisebeni nezinhlobo zabo. Liqukethe ulwazi mayelana ukwehluka, ubunjalo, umthombo, indlela yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, iyunithi yokukala ugxile umthamo ngemisebe nokuningi.

Umqondo umthamo ugxile emisebeni

umthamo ngemisebe - yenani, okuyinto esetshenziswa wesayensi ezifana physics kanye Radiobiology, ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela ionizing emisebeni ngohlobo izicubu eziphilayo, izinqubo zabo umzimba, kanye izidakamizwa. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthamo ugxile lemisebe yini ukubaluleka kwayo, ifomu nomthelela ezihlukahlukene amafomu? Ikakhulu linikezwa ngesimo budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye aphakathi nendawo kanye emisebeni ionizing, futhi ubizwa ngonyaka umphumela ionization.

umthamo ugxile emisebeni has izindlela zayo futhi amayunithi, futhi kushuba ezihlukahlukene izinqubo ngaphansi emisebeni ukhiqize ukwehluka amafomu ugxile umthamo.

Ionizing ifomu ngemisebe

Ionizing emisebeni - umfudlana izinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlayiya aphansi, photon noma izingcezwana elakhiwe ngenxa ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo kanye nokungaba ukubangela ionization we ketshezi. Yelanga, kanye ifomu ebonakalayo ukukhanya lolu hlobo emisebeni asisebenzi, njengoba awafaki amaza okushisa wukukhanya uhlobo umsakazo bands, ngenxa lemali yabo encane amandla akwanele ukwakha ionization atomic yamangqamuzana isimo main.

ifomu ionizing lemisebe yimvelo nemithombo

Umthamo ugxile emisebeni ionizing lingalinganiswa amayunithi ezahlukene SI, futhi kuncike uhlobo emisebeni. Imihlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu emisebeni: gamma rays, izinhlayiya beta electron, positrons, neutrons, ionic (kufaka-alpha izinhlayiya), X-ray, amagagasi kagesi nge emifushane (okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya) kanye muon.

Nature ionizing imithombo emisebeni kungaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, angesabi iphutha radionuclide kwamazinyo uhlamvu ukuphendula iArmagedoni isikhala ray radionuclides yokufakelwa uhlobo Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, namafutha izinhlayiya aphansi, ngisho i-apharathasi senzelwe-X-ray.

Kangakanani ukuchayeka ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni ionizing

Kuye indlela lapho ejenti uxhumana nemisebe ionizing, kungenziwa isehlane izinhlayiya ngqo icala ageleze uhlobo nemisebe wayenethonya ngokungaqondile, ngamanye amazwi, a photon noma umshayo proton, izinhlayiya kokungathathi hlangothi agobhoze. kudivayisi njengomhlambi kwenza ukuba ukhethe okuyinhloko kanye ifomu yesibili ionizing emisebeni. umthamo ugxile emisebeni kunqunywa ngokuhambisana uhlobo emisebeni lapho izidakamizwa is phansi, isibonelo, amandla nomthelela ngempumelelo umthamo imisebe esuka isikhala surface eMhlabeni, ngaphandle ikhava, kuyinto 0,036 mSv / h. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi uhlobo umthamo nesilinganiso-ni futhi ulinganisele kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho isamba ezicini eziningana, ukukhuluma imisebe cosmic, futhi kuncike latitude uhlobo kazibuthe omhlaba kanye nesikhundla iluphu ngonyaka nanye umsebenzi solar.

Ionizing kuyizinhlayiyana amandla lebanga ku uhla kusuka ambalwa izinkomba engamakhulu ev kuziwa izinkomba 10 ^15-20 electron volts. Ubude endleleni futhi Ukungena ikhono ingahluka kakhulu, futhi isukela micrometer eziningana ukuze izinkulungwane amakhilomitha noma ngaphezulu.

Ukujwayelaniswa nge umthamo ukuchayeka

ionization umphumela kubhekwa a amafomu eziyisisekelo nobuntu nokuxhumana ukukhanya imvelo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yokuqala kumiswa dosimetry emisebeni ngokuyinhloko wafundelwa futhi-setha, amaza kagesi okuyinto amanga ngaphakathi Inkomba ultraviolet phakathi futhi gamma ngemisebe, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ziyasatshalalaiswa emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, ngezinga elithile ambalwa yensimu emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni ezingeni emoyeni ionization. Lesi isilinganiso Wawugujelwani ukudalwa umthamo ukuchayeka kunqunywa ionization lomoya ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile asemkhathini, emoyeni ngokwalo kumele kube yomile.

Njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye umthamo ugxile ukhonza ukunquma amakhono ionizing emisebeni ye-X ray nakuma-gamma-ray ekhazimulayo amandla imibukiso owakhuthazela ukuguqulwa waba energy kinetic izinhlayiya icala ingxenye isisindo emoyeni ozungeze umhlaba wethu.

Iyunithi yokukala ugxile emisebeni umthamo ukuchayeka uhlobo - wumkhakha elengayo SI ehlukaniswa khilogremu (C / kg). Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube off-uhlelo iyunithi --X-ray (R). Omunye elengayo / kg elihambisana 3876 X-ray.

inani adsorbed

Umthamo ugxile we-ni njengoba incazelo ecacile, sesiye ezidingekayo indoda ngokuqondene ezihlukahlukene amafomu okungenzeka ukuchayeka we emisebeni ngesikhathi izicubu nezidalwa eziphilayo ngisho izakhiwo ezingaphili. Inwebisa ububanzi aziwayo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ionizing-ni yabonisa ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe ithonya kanye nomthelela kungaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ayikho ngaphansi kwencazelo evamile. Kuphakame izinguquko zamakhemikhali ongokoqobo wasesigodini esingaphandle kwezicubu ketshezi ngaphansi ngemisebe, ubengase nemali ethile of womoya omuncwa ionizing uhlobo ngemisebe. Inani lezinkanyezi nje lilodwa iyadingeka ukuqala lezi zinguquko kuxhomeke uhlobo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Ugxile umthamo-ni futhi kukhona ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Empeleni, lesi silinganiso amandla okuyinto ngaphansi ukumuncwa iyunithi kanye ketshezi oluhambisana uhlobo ionizing amandla wayegxile isisindo esihlokweni noma into ukuthi ubamba ngemisebe.

Kala ugxile umthamo usebenzisa iyunithi grey (gy) - yesimiso SI. Omunye grey - inani umthamo ukuthi ungadlulisa eyodwa joule ka ionizing emisebeni 1 kilogram isisindo. Jabulile - off-uhlelo iyunithi yokulinganisa ukubaluleka 1 gy oluhambisana 100 rad.

Umthamo ugxile biology

Artificial ngemisebe izilwane nezitshalo kwezicubu kwabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene ngemisebe, kuyilapho ngesikhathi umthamo ofanayo ugxile ehlukile kungathinta umzimba futhi zonke izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo futhi amakhemikhali okwenzeka kuwo. Loku kubangelwa inani umehluko ion eyenziwe ukukhanya nezinhlayiyana esindayo. Ngoba kufike umuntu mumbe futhi indlela efanayo kanye proton ion izicubu ungakha esingaphezu electron. I izinhlayiya luthe ukuqina eqoqwe yinoma ionization, namandla kuyoba emisebeni alichithe nomthelela emzimbeni, ngaphansi umthamo ofanayo ugxile. Lokho ngokuvumelana lesi simanga, umehluko amandla umthelela izinhlobo ezahlukene ezidalwa ukuchayeka emisebeni nezicubu, iye yethulwa kuleli ukusetshenziswa ukuqokwa umthamo okulingana. Ilingana ugxile emisebeni umthamo - kuyinto idatha emisebeni etholwe inkomba umzimba ibalwa ngokuvele azalane umthamo wakwamukela futhi Coefficient ethile, ngokuthi Coefficient ukusebenza isihlobo yemvelo (RBE). Kodwa njengoba uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isici izinga.

Iyunithi ugxile umthamo ngemisebe hlobo elingana ulinganiswa SI, okungukuthi sievert (Sv). Omunye Sv ilingana umthamo ohambelana iyiphi ngemisebe ukuthi amuncwa eyodwa kilogram Lokudabuka begazi futhi izicubu kubangela umphumela elilingana 1 gy emisebeni ukuchayeka yohlobo ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya. INsalela - esetshenziswa njengoba extrasystematic yokulinganisa inkomba yemvelo (okulingana) of umthamo ugxile. 1 Sv uhambelana engamakhulu beram.

Indlela ephumelela ifomu umthamo

ngempumelelo umthamo - isilinganiso yenani, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso ngezinga elithile ingozi imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo bechayeka womuntu, izingxenye zayo ngazinye zomzimba kusukela izicubu ziphethe neziphathimandla. Lokhu ucabangela radiosensitivity bakhe ngabanye. I ugxile emisebeni umthamo elilingana umkhiqizo umthamo begazi izingxenye ezithile zomzimba ngesikhathi Coefficient enesisindo.

izicubu womuntu abahlukahlukene futhi zomzimba ezahlukene ezifweni ngemisebe. Amanye amachibi ngezinye nenani elilodwa okulingana ugxile umthamo inkomba owabeka Cishe nesenzakalo umdlavuza kunanoma abanye, isibonelo, amathuba isifo Indlala yegilo iyisitho ezincane kuno emaphashini. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu zisebenzisa esungulwe eyingozi yokukhishwa kwemisebe. CRE - kuyindlela ukucacisa umthamo-ni futhi ukukhomba isitho noma izicubu. Isifinyezo exponent ithonya umzimba i umthamo ngempumelelo ibalwa ngokuvele azalane inombolo elihambisana umthamo begazi CRC isitho ethize, izicubu.

Umqondo umthamo collective

Kukhona umcabango we ukumuncwa umthamo iqembu okungukuthi isamba amagugu ngazinye sebuningini ngemithamo ephumelelayo iqembu elithile izifundo isikhathi esithile. Izibalo zingenziwa nganoma yisiphi nemizana, kuze emazweni wonke noma amazwekazi. Ngenxa yalesi isilinganiso iyanda yi umthamo ngempumelelo futhi inani eliphelele izifundo wawuchayeke emisebeni. Inkomba okunjalo kukalwa ugxile umthamo usebenzisa lowo muntu-sievert (Sv keli.).

Ngaphezu amafomu ngenhla of umthamo ugxile, ahlukaniswe futhi, kommitmentnuyu, umbundu, sekukonke, ukuvimbela, umkhawulo, eziphilayo umthamo neutron gamma uhlobo ngemisebe-ebulalayo ubuncane.

Umthelela umthamo futhi iyunithi

ngemisebe umfutho inkomba - kwakuhilela ukwamukela umthamo othize emisebeni bedle ezithile iyunithi isikhathi wokulinganisa. Lokhu value sizalwa nawo umthamo umehluko (okulingana ugxile et al.) Sihlukaniswe isikhathi iyunithi. Kukhona amayunithi amaningi amasiko yakhelwe.

umthamo ugxile emisebeni kunqunywa ifomula futhi uhlobo efanelekayo ezithile ugxile lemali emisebeni ye ngemisebe (begazi, ugxile, embukisweni, njll). Kunezindlela eziningi kubalwa kubo okusekelwe ezimisweni ezahlukene zezibalo, bese usebenzisa ezahlukene amayunithi. Izibonelo amayunithi yilezi:

1. ifomu Integral - Mpunga-kilogram ohlelweni SI ulinganiswa rad-amagremu.
2. Ilingana uhlobo - sievert ohlelweni SI kukalwa - e rems.
3. Exposure uhlobo - elengayo-kilogram ohlelweni SI kukalwa - e X-ray.

Zikhona nezinye amayunithi elihambisana nezinye izinhlobo ugxile umthamo ngemisebe.

okutholakele

Ukuhlaziya lezi zihloko, singaphetha ngokuthi kukhona izinhlobo eziningi, futhi kokubili ionizing-ni futhi izinhlobo nethonya layo nomongo Animate nemvelo ezingaphili. Bonke, kulinganiswa njengoba umthetho, e SI amayunithi, begodu omunye nomunye umhlobo oluhambisana uhlelo ezithile futhi okungezona uhlelo wokulinganisa iyunithi. Umthombo wabo kungaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ezemvelo nezibangelwa yokufakelwa, futhi ngemisebe ngokwayo linendima ebalulekile yemvelo.