Umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe

umthetho Physical zokuwohloka enemisebe ukuthi zavela emva 1896 Becquerel wathola lo mkhuba radioactivity. Kuyinto ezingalindelekile inguqulelo nuclei ezinye zezinhlanzi, futhi ihlaba umkhosi ahlukahlukene izinhlobo emisebeni nezinhlayiyana izakhi. Inqubo kwenzeka ngokwemvelo, uma kubonakala isotopes zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa, esimweni kokuthola lezi e ukusabela zenuzi. Umnyombo okuyinto ihlukaniswe, kubhekwa kamama, kodwa kwathi - osizayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho eziyisisekelo zokuwohloka enemisebe kuhlanganisa ngokungenasizathu nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila ukuguqulela omunye core kwenye.

Lolu cwaningo lwembula khona Becquerel uranium nosawoti emisebeni ezazingaziwa, esithinta plate enezithombe, ligcwele umoya ion futhi waba impahla ukuba adabule mncane ipuleti metal. I ucwaningo M. Pierre Curie futhi Radium futhi polonium waqinisekisa ukuhoxiswa, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, futhi isayensi, umqondo omusha, ngokuthi imfundiso kaZiqu- emisebeni.

Lo mbono, okutshengisa umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe, isekelwe kucatshangwa inqubo ngesikhathi osithandayo, okuyinto kuncike izibalo. Njengoba nuclei ngabanye kwamazinyo ngokuzimela komunye nomunye, kubhekwa ukuthi Inani eliyisilinganiso sesibolile phezu kwesikhathi esithile wakhona isikhathi nondecomposed Ukuvalwa inqubo. Uma ulandela i umthetho lomchazi, inani lehla yamuva kakhulu.

Amandla lomkhuba libhekene izakhiwo amabili ayisisekelo yokukhanya: Phakathi okuthiwa isigamu zempilo nuclei enemisebe span sredneraschitanny zokuphila. Okokuqala-ke uyahluka kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile ngesekhondi izigidi futhi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zezigidi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi nuclei musa siguge, futhi akukho imiqondo yobudala ngabo.

umthetho kwamazinyo Radioactive kusekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi mithetho offset, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, kuwumphumela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kulondolozwe icala core nezinombolo mass. Yasungulwa Ucwaningo ukuthi umphumela magnetic field izenzo ngetindlela letehlukene: a) ugongolo kuka kwenzeka njengoba izinhlayiya kahle icala; b) njengoba ezimbi; c) ningabonisi ukuphendula. Kule kusobala ukuthi emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni ezintathu izinhlobo.

Kukhona inani elifanayo nezinhlobo yenqubo kwamazinyo: ukukhululwa kwe-electron; positron; ukumuncwa eyodwa electron futhi i-nucleus. It is wafakazela ukuthi i-nucleus elihambisana oyiyo lomthofu, uhlangabezana kwamazinyo nge likhipha. Imfundiso yaziwa ngokuthi i-alpha kwamazinyo futhi washayelwa A. Gamovym ngo-1928. Le nguqulo yesibili zavela ngo-1931 ngu-Enrico Fermi. nophenyo yakhe baye babonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zama-electron esikhundleni nuclei ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izinhlayiya okuphambene - positrons, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana ekushayweni nezinhlayiya nge zero kagesi, niphumule neurine mass. Isibonelo elula beta kwamazinyo kubhekwa proton shift namangqamuzana ezinzwa nge isikhathi imizuzu 12.

Lokhu kusikisela, cabanga ngomthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe, babe main kuze 1940 yekhulu le-19 kuze kube zesayensi Soviet G. N. Flerov futhi KA Petrzhak hhayi wathola olunye uhlobo, lapho i-uranium nuclei angesabi ihlukaniswe izinhlayiya amabili alinganayo. Ngo-1960 kwabikezelwa kabili proton radioactivity futhi-neutron. Kodwa kuze kube manje, lolu hlobo kwamazinyo kuqinisekiswa experiment akusebenzanga futhi akatholakalanga. Kwatholakala emisebeni proton kuphela, lapho i-nucleus ye-proton uyakhishwa.

Ukubhekana nazo zonke lezi zinkinga kunzima, nakuba umthetho zokuwohloka enemisebe ilula. Akulula ukuba baliqonde ngokomzimba futhi, yebo, ukuziletha lo mbono kudlulela ngalé uhlelo physics njengoba isihloko esikoleni.