Ethylene oxide: ukukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa

Ethylene oxide - kuyinto achromatic methane cloying okubangela isicanucanu iphunga urethane okusikhumbuza. Into-mpilo onohlonze. Uqinisa ezingeni lokushisa - 115 ^{° C,} futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa 12 ^{° C} lincishisiwe ku esobala ingxube ezithathekayo kokuba aftertaste okunoshukela. Ingqikithi kuyinto encibilikayo kalula emanzini, ETHYL utshwala kanye nezinye izinto eziyisisekelo. Esikhathini zamagama nge oxygenic iba alufakwa.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ethylene oxide latholakala 1859 by usosayensi isiFulentshi, umthaki wemithi organic Charles-Adolphe Wurtz. Yaba incwadi yokuqala kulabo uphenyo enkompolo samanje futhi izici zayo qualitative, ngu yokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lapho oxide ethylene amathumba. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-nitrous ethylene, nemingcele physico-chemical nezici, has ukufana ne-base organic. It akulona iqiniso wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1896, lapho abacwaningi (Bredig futhi Usov) akatholakali ukuthi ethylene oxide akuyona nemiyo electrolytic.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside liye eyaziwa eyodwa kuphela indlela yokukhipha ngqo oxide ethylene kusukela ethylene uqobo. It wasetshenziselwa ososayensi abaningi. Kodwa ngo-1931, compatriot Charles, Himik uTeodor Emile Lefort, idale indlela entsha ukuze namachibi of ethylene ngqo, usebenzisa enzyme esiliva. Le ndlela, wadala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi isetshenziswa okwamanje.

Omkhulu quadruple ukukhiqizwa kwe ethylene oxide

Usosayensi wokuqala owadala oxide ethylene yi namachibi into usebenzisa umoya-mpilo kanye namafutha esiliva kwaba Emile Lefort. Wabuye yomthetho le ndlela ngo-1931. Umgudu ngokukhiqiza ethylene oxide Ushintshe embodiments ngokuphindaphindiwe abeyizuzile futhi ezahlukene ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

Inkampane yokuqala ukuthi iqalise indlela zezimboni ngokuba namachibi ngqo of ethylene, kusukela ngo-1995, kuyinto UCC inkampani (Union Carbide Corporation). Kukhona isetshenziswa inqubo, okuthiwa "Meteor" esibonakala by ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu, ongaphakeme lokutshala izimali. Le nkampani yasungulwa ngo-1917 ngu-Richard G. Wells. Ethylene oxide ne glycol isitshalo usebenza futhi ukuhlwanyela ngosuku. Le nkampani wathenga lobunikazi, okuyinto ezikhathini zanamuhla wukuthi ifa layo futhi uthola isicelo yayo kuphela amabhizinisi okuqondene futhi, futhi bangazihluphi ezingaphezu kuka-25% umthamo emhlabeni wonke.

Eyesibili inkampani usebenzisa indlela efanayo, kodwa emikhulu ukusabalala emhlabeni ngenxa uhlobo uhlelo ilayisensi, kuyinto Scientific Design Company, Inc. Kusukela ngo-1983, enendawo amaphrojekthi kuka 95, mayelana 27% amandla emhlabeni futhi u-80% bonke ukukhiqizwa egunyaziwe ethylene oxide. It wasungula inkampani ngo-1946.

Inkampani lwesithathu esebenzisa le ndlela iyona Shell International Amakhemikhali BV ephethwe Royal Dutch Shell inkampani, eyasungulwa ngo-1907. Indlela lokhu ibhizinisi ihlukile kwezinye abakhiqizi, nabaqashi abafuna okungaphezu ukwenziwa ethylene oxide nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-desiccant (phezu 3 iminyaka). Le nkampani ihlanganisa ezingaphezu kuka 45% of the umthamo emhlabeni ukukhiqiza.

Eyesine umkhiqizi - inkampani Japanese Japan Catalytic Chemical Co. Lisebenzisa indlela ilayisensi efana indlela Scientific Design, inhlangano esungulwe a eziyinkimbinkimbi olulodwa, ngokuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa ethylene oxide ne ethylene glycols. corporation Japanese eyasungulwa ngo-1951.

Ethylene oxide - kwekulu ngokuya ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo organic in the global chemical umkhakha. Nokho, kuyinto kunabayeni izinto ezithile, njenge-ethylene, propylene, ethanol, methanol, benzene, vinyl chloride, styrene, toluene, t. D. ukukhiqizwa ethylene oxide zonke futhi uhlala yesibili kuphela ukubaluleka polyethylene futhi-14% kuphela. Lo msuka isetshenziswa ukwenziwa polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide copolymers ne-polypropylene oxide, iveze izinto asebenzayo uthayiphe uwoyela demulsifiers fumigants.

Ezokuthutha izidakamizwa

Inqubo ukuthutha kwenzeka esebenzisa iziqukathi, amabhodlela kanye amathangi. Ethylene oxide lilondolozwe amathangi kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. ^M3 ezingeni lokushisa 15-20 degrees Celsius, ngaphansi ukucindezela 7-19 kgf / cm ^2. Ethylene oxide kuyinto into enobuthi lapho possesses kuyacasula, intoxicants izakhiwo ngempela anobuthi. With the lula ukuba igesi lingena ngokusebenzisa izingubo nezicathulo, okubangela impendulo abukhali umzimba uxabane nawo, futhi nabo iso mucosa - ukusha.

Izimpawu ubuthi nge ethylene

Ethylene isetshenziswa kabanzi emsebenzini wokukhiqiza amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ubuhle, ezempilo nokuningi. Ngokuvamile, it is wanezela:

• varnishes;
• ukupenda;
• imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani;
• emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni;
• insipho yokuwasha;
• kwezimonyo namakha;
• antibiotic, nokuningi.

Ethylene oxide inzalo ngokuvamile esetshenziswa umuntu magciwane yohlobo igesi. Sibhekene nezinga le into enobuthi nsukuzonke. Ngokuvamile zenzeka PE elihlobene ne-ubuthi ethylene oxide. Cabanga izimpawu ubuthi kanye nokwelashwa izindlela.

Ukudakwa ethylene oxide

Izimpawu lokudakwa acute yilezi:

• ikhanda noma isiyezi;
• bumnandi emlonyeni;
• isicanucanu nokuhlanza;
• ububomvu ebusweni;
• ubuthakathaka jikelele;
• ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile;
• ukukhubazeka we imisipha yobuso;
• ukuphendula ezibuthakathaka abafundi ukuthi ukukhanya;
• Ukudlikizela;
• isibindi ukwandisa futhi ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yayo.

ubuthi cwe

ubuthi Okungalapheki kuyinto izimpawu ezifana:

• izikhalazo njalo ikhasimende yikhanda;
• ubuhlungu bamalunga;
• izinkinga pheshana emathunjini;
• eliqhaqhazelayo iminwe eyeluliweyo izandla phambili;
• ukujuluka futhi glaciation nemilenze;
• ehle ukuzwela, njll

Ngemva ukuxhumana ebusweni isikhumba kubangela dermatitis nge izilonda futhi ephelezelwa imfiva high blood leukocyte.

Insiza wokuqala isisulu. ukwelashwa

Uma lesi siguli abanganaki ngokwanele ukuze uthole ngokwami esweni kusho ngesisekelo ethylene, kumele ngokucophelela isikhathi eside ukugeza amehlo ngamanzi ahlanzekile-ke xhumana nodokotela.

Ngemva contact abanesikhumba kulo unomuzwa wokuphuthuma ezidingekayo ukuhlanza ebusweni nge swab ukotini wasigcobhoza utshwala. Ngemva, kugeze endaweni ethintekile ngensipho namanzi futhi aphathe lanolin.

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu iziguli ubuthi kufanele:

• umoya ohlanzekile;
• ukuthula futhi ukushisa;
• umoya-mpilo ephefumula;
• Amavithamini B1, B6, B12, ne-calcium,
• amanzi ocebile ane-alikhali;
• Dropper esekelwe glucose ne ascorbic acid;
• caffeine nasezimisweni kordiamin.

Sterilisation usebenzisa ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide kuthandwa kakhulu njenge-ejenti lokuhlanzisisa. Isikhathi sokuqala igesi ethylene oxide lukalamula ukuze ubulale amagciwane waqala ukusebenzisa forties kwekhulu elidlule. Ngenxa yokuthi ketshezi kwaba ngesimo igesi-like, kuhle ku isembozo amathuluzi yezokwelapha futhi ubulala nezilwanyana ezincane. Le ndlela elasetshenziselwa iningi izindlela, okwakukhona ebucayi okushisa aphakeme, umswakama kanye ubuthi. Njengoba ethylene oxide libhekisela amagesi anobuthi, inzalo wenziwa emakamelweni uphawu.

Lokhu indlela magciwane kubhekwa kunazo zonke izindlela ezaziwa. amathuluzi le ndlela siqukethe izinyathelo ezintathu Icubungula:

1. amathuluzi Okokuqala kwemijondolo nge air, ekushintsheni izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama.
2. Iphakheji ligcwele ethylene oxide igesi bese ulinda isikhathi esithile ukuze amathuluzi yezokwelapha iye inzalo.
3. Chitha degassing ukususa kusukela isembozo uhlala gas ezonakalisayo.

Hydration we ethylene oxide

ethylene oxide uthola zisebenzisa ikakhulu ekwakheni ethylene glycols ahlukahlukene. Hydration we ethylene oxide esimweni liquid kwenziwe noma khona catalysts acid ezingeni lokushisa 50-100 degrees + noma sicindezelekile ngaphandle koxhumano namafutha ezingeni ^lokushisa 200 C. Ezimweni eziningi, sebenzisa indlela yesibili ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi, njengoba abanye acid esindayo kamuva sihlambulule etholwe izidakamizwa, futhi kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise izindlela ezengeziwe yokuhlanza.

Ngemva hydration of ethylene glycol kukhona - elula utshwala diatomic. Ukuvumelana sifana ibhotela. Ethylene glycol ayinaphunga, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, has a ukunambitheka sweet. Ingabe into enobuthi lapho isetshenziswa izinto zokususa amabala. Kepha abanye balabo abayobe nje izama ukuyisebenzisa njengendlela esikhundleni utshwala, okuholela ekufeni.

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile ethylene glycol lusetshenziswa insipho nje ungena isakhiwo kanye neminye imikhiqizo:

• ejenti antistatic;
• polishes;
• kusho kusuka Uqweqwe;
• yengezwe ohlelweni ukupholisa zekhompyutha izimoto;
• e esincane isetshenziswa okhilimu for izicathulo;
• uyisebenzisa ukwenza iziqhumane.

Umthelela ethylene glycol emzimbeni

Ethylene glycol ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ukucutshungulwa kwezakhiwo noma izakhiwo kanye endaweni enkulu, ngenxa indlela isicelo senzelwe wokuwasha, ephefumula ka evala kwenzeka. Ngokusebenzisa abanganaki efana ungathola emlonyeni wakho, kodwa lokhu akwanele ukuze ubuthi. amathuba Greater ubuthi sinikezwe labo abayobe silangazelela inkonzo ngokuvamile kufanele ubhekane izinto eziqukethe ethylene glycol. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa abashayeli abasebenzi izitshalo zamakhemikhali.

Izimpawu ubuthi

1. Isikhathi sokuqala sithatha amahora 12 futhi kuboniswa kancane ukudakwa indoda. ikhanda Ngezikhathi ezithile ubonakalisiwe, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza ngakanye, ubuthakathaka omnene. ukukhanya ukunambitheka amnandi kungafika lokhu kusukela indoda. Kodwa ngokuvamile, esimweni esejwayelekile zempilo.
2. amahora ayishumi nambili ngengqondo inhlalakahle kukhona umuzwa ukunyakaza esikhaleni umzimba wakho siqu, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, futhi kwephula kwe-sodium ne-calcium exchange, ukuhlanza. Esiswini kanye nemisipha lumbar uqale ngokucijile wagwaza.
3. Ngemva kwesikhashana ngokwazo zibonisa izimpawu CNS umonakalo: nokulahlekelwa ukwazi, imfiva, amajaqamba.
4. ukwehluleka kwezinso eba ngosuku lwesihlanu, edema yamaphaphu, umsebenzi inhliziyo sinqamukile futhi yehlise umfutho wegazi.
5. Ukufa kwenzeka esikhathini esingaphansi kwesonto ngenxa yokuhluleka inhliziyo, edema yamaphaphu, futhi izinkinga nezinso isibindi.

ubuthi Easy ibonakala ngemuva ukuhogela intuthu, futhi lubonakala ngokuqina isiyezi, isicanucanu noma ukuba buthakathaka. Ukugcina isisulu, kumele uya esibhedlela ngaphambi amahora 12 baye langemva ubuthi.