Sociometric ucwaningo amasu: umbhali, ngesisekelo theory, izici, inqubo

Umuntu ngamunye, ngamunye kuyingxenye umphakathi ubudlelwane ohlelweni. Abantu ngokwemvelo yabo wahluleka basinde kuphela, ngakho ndawonye emaqenjini. Ngokuvamile banayo ephathelene nokungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo, isimo ukungamukeleki, inyumbazane, kanye nezinye izinkinga kungaphazamisa ngempumelelo. indlela Sociometric e kwabantu kuyinto indlela ephumelelayo yekubona zinkinga. Washaywa ngokuphindaphindiwe ihlolwe, futhi ngokushesha, ungabeka ebuhlotsheni osebukhona ubanikeze incazelo. indlela Sociometric ka JL Moreno wadala -. nososayensi waseMelika, umcwaningi imvelo of ubudlelwano babantu iqembu.

Ukunqunywa indlela sociometric

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela ezimbalwa kwencazelo umqondo. Okokuqala, indlela sociometric iyona nezibopho ezingokomzwelo uhlelo zokuxilonga of ubudlelwano noma uzwela mutual emkhatsini amalungu eqembu efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba isifundo kulinganiswa degree of kwehlukana, iqembu nokubumbana, wembula izimpawu kokubonisa uzwela amalungu antipathy maqondana iziphathimandla zomphakathi (yenqatshwe abaholi izinkanyezi). Oholwa abaholi umbono esungulwe naphakathi ukuluka kumiswa (iqembu nalengakahleleki) noma umphakathi avaliwe, voltage omuhle noma ngisho ebuhlotsheni engqubuzanayo isakhiwo ethile ugqozi. Lokho, ngokuhamba leli qembu elihlolayo is kunakwe hhayi kuphela izinga kodwa futhi aspect ambalwa of izintandokazi amalungu iqembu, zikhonjwe isivivinyo.

Okwesibili, sociometric indlela sophenyo ngamunye umele isiqondiso osetshenziswayo, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa amathuluzi akhethekile ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingokoqobo.

Umsuka nokuthuthukiswa lokuhlolwa sociometric

indlela Sociometric wadalwa 30s. ekhulwini XX. Udokotela wezifo zengqondo American futhi isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu John. L. Moreno, ke bafaka welithi "sociometry", okubhekise nesilinganiso Dynamics ubudlelwane obufanele phakathi kwamalungu eqembu efanayo. Ngokusho umbhali, ngokuyisisekelo sociometry ingokuhlola Sakhiwo sangekhatsi namaqembu omphakathi, angafaniswa nobunjalo zenuzi zama-athomu, noma bokuphila iseli isakhiwo. izisekelo theory indlela sociometric kusekelwe yokuthi uhlangothi ngalunye kokuphila komphakathi - ezombusazwe, ezomnotho - kulula ukuchaza isimo nobuhlobo obungokomzwelo phakathi kwabantu. Ngokuqondile, it ungaboniswa okubonakalisa abantu ukungathandwa futhi ukuthanda nomunye. Okungukuthi, umlobi we indlela sociometric wayekholelwa ukuthi ushintsho ubudlelwane ngokwengqondo ngamaqembu amancane oluthinta ngqo ohlelweni lonke nomphakathi. Kuze kube manje, le ndlela has a lot of ukushintshwa.

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Bulgarian L. Desev izindawo ezintathu ucwaningo lapho zisebenzisa izindlela sociometric:

• Dynamic noma "wamavukelambuso 'Sociometry, okuyinto isihloko iqembu labacwaningi e isinyathelo (J. L. Moreno nabanye).
• Yokucwaninga Sociometry ukuthi libabiza namaqembu omphakathi (Chapin F., J. H. Criswell, M. L. Nortuey, J. A. Lundberg, E. Borgardus et al.).
• Mathematical Sociometry (S. Ch. Dodd, D. Stewart, L. Katz et al.).

odokotela bengqondo Soviet baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ukwethulwa le ndlela, steel I. P. volkov, Y. L. Kolominsky, E. S. Kuzmin, A. V et al Ushevu.

Ngokusho Ya. L. Kolominskogo, ngesisekelo ngokwengqondo lapho kutadishwa ubudlelwano izenzo wazi ukuthi isifiso komunye umuntu kungenxa isifiso ukuze ngibe seduze kakhudlwana into okunamathiselwe. Nakuba leli gama lapho amazwi kufanele njengenkondlo ebonisa inkomba ebalulekile lwangempela aluyona ukuqonda kuphela, kodwa ngokuvamile khona umuntu kudingeka.

Inani indlela futhi izicelo

indlela Sociometric isifundo amaqembu amancane kukahulumeni esetshenziswa zezenhlalo nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezikoleni, amanyuvesi, amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano, amaqembu ezemidlalo, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zabantu ngoba sitholakele ubudlelwane obufanele. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphumela ebalulekile kulolu cwaningo ekusunguleni ezingokwengqondo nezingokomzwelo kwedivayisi mkhathi nabasebenza, uhambo Antarctic.

Sociometric iqembu yokufundisa, ngokuvumelana A. V Petrovskogo, ingenye yezindlela ambalwa ukuhlaziya ubudlelwane obufanele eqenjini elincane, avamise kufihlwe. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yesayensi ucwaningo nezenhlalo-kwengqondo ububonisa lokusungula okuhloswe ngazo ekutadisheni kuncike amaqhinga amasha. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela izindlela ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuhlanganyela namanye amacebo kungayandisa kakhulu ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu ikhono kanye kwengqondo e-ukuhlaziya ngamaqembu amancane. Ungayithathi kalula indima iqembu elincane umphakathi. It oluhlala ubudlelwano nomphakathi jikelele kanye reincarnate nabo intercompany. Lolu lwazi luqukethe esibalulekile ukuphathwa komphakathi, eyakhelwe ngezizathu ngokwesayensi.

Izimpawu indlela sociometric

lolu hlobo locwaningo evumela ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano kunoma iliphi iqembu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo - akusiwona ncamashi indlela olukhulu yokuxazulula izinkinga zangaphakathi eqenjini, ngakho ngokuvamile engaphezu kwaleyo okufanele kufunwe alikho antipathies noma sympathies we amalungu eqembu komunye nomunye, kodwa imithombo ezijulile.

indlela Sociometric zocwaningo wenziwa ngendlela isitatimende imibuzo ngokungaqondile, ephendula ummangalelwa kwenza kukhethwa amalungu ezithile neqembu lakhe, okuyinto wayekhetha enye esimweni esithile.

Yokwahluka muntu noma iqembu labantu ukuhlolwa. It incike yobudala yezihloko okuqukethwe imisebenzi eyabelwe. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, it is more evame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela isifundo seqembu.

Kunoma ikuphi, indlela sociometric eqenjini lesifundo ikuvumela ukusetha Dynamics ubudlelwane intergroup esikhathini esifushane ukuze kamuva ukusebenzisa imiphumela ukuze kabusha amaqembu ukuze uqinise ukuziqambela, ukusebenza yokubambisana kwawo.

Zilungiselela isifundo

indlela Sociometric ekufezeni akudingi eziningi umzamo nesikhathi. Amathuluzi cwaningo inhlolovo ifomu sociometric, uhlu amalungu weqembu, sotsiomatritsa. Isifundo kungenziwa ngaphansi iqembu labantu babo bonke ubudala, kusukela zasenkulisa abaphezulu. Ongakutshela ojahidada Sociometric indlela ucwaningo singasetshenziswa kudala njengoba kulonyaka, izingane uthole isipiliyoni sabo kuqala zokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana. Isimo sokunquma ukukhetha sociometric yisisekelo izinkinga ukuba ixazululwe kule izifundo kanye nobudala, professional noma ezinye izici leli qembu elihlolayo. Umbandela okungukuthi, njengoba umthetho, uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi, futhi ukwenza okunjalo, oyedwa kudingeka senze izinqumo, okungukuthi, ukuba benqabe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amalungu eqembu. Kuyinto umbuzo othile kusuka ohlwini. Isimo lizikhethele inhlolovo akufanele kugcine. Siyakwamukela, uma nenqubo esebenzayo kufanele abe nesithakazelo umsebenzi: kufanele uchaze isimo esithile. Ngokusho okuqukethwe nenqubo yokuhlola zihlukaniswe loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki. Ukusebenzisa Uhlobo lokuqala, kungenzeka ukushintsha ubuhlobo ukusebenza ndawonye ngenxa ukusebenza lapho iqembu yadalwa. Elinye iqembu zindlela isetshenziswa ukutadisha nobuhlobo obungokomzwelo futhi siqu, okuyinto ayixhunyiwe ne umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokufinyelela umgomo owodwa, kwenza, isibonelo, i-choice engumngane isikhathi sokungcebeleka. Esikhathini izincwadi methodological, basuke okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi ukukhiqizwa futhi okungezona ukukhiqizwa. Isimo sokunquma futhi ahlukaniswe ngokusebenzisa emagcekeni orientation omuhle ( "Obani amalungu eqembu ufuna ukusebenza?") Noma omubi ( "Obani amalungu eqembu ongafuni ukusebenza?"). indlela Sociometric izitshela ukuthi lemibuzo, equkethe iziyalezo futhi uhlu emiselwe ngemva ekwakhiweni yabo futhi Ukukhetha.

Uhlu imibuzo ingashintshwa ukuze izici leli qembu elihlolayo.

Isigaba owandulelayo inhlolovo

indlela Sociometric ucwaningo olwenziwa ngendlela evulekileko, ngakho ngaphambi kokuqala inhlolovo kudingeka zifundise iqembu. Lesi sigaba kwangaphambilini senzelwe ukuchaza eqenjini ukubaluleka cwaningo aveze ukubaluleka imiphumela iqembu uqobo, ukuze ngikubikele kangakanani udinga ukwenza imisebenzi kanye ukunakwa. Ekupheleni sithangami kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi zonke izimpendulo amalungu eqembu luzogcinwa luyimfihlo.

okuqukethwe elilinganiselwe imfundo

imiyalelo umbhalo kungase kuhilele ekutheni okuqukethwe ezilandelayo: "Ngenxa yokuthi wena babengakujwayele each nye ngalesosikhathi kumiswa iqembu yakho ayikwazanga kunakwe ngokuphelele zonke izifiso zakho. Okwamanje, ubudlelwane kwakhiwa ngendlela ethile. Ngokuphathelene Ihloso yesifundo, imiphumela kuyozuzisa acabangele ubuholi yakho enhlanganweni imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela esikhathini esizayo. Kule ndaba, sikucela ukuba sithembeke kakhulu, ikunike izimpendulo. Abahleli izifundo kusiqinisekisa ukuthi izimpendulo ngabanye luzogcinwa luyimfihlo. "

Sociometric ucwaningo indlela: inqubo

Kukhona imigomo ethile mayelana amandla leqembu wafunda. Inombolo amalungu weqembu, okuyinto senziwa indlela sociometric, kumele kube abantu 3-25. Nokho, imakwe izibonelo ucwaningo, ukuvumela ukusebenza nabantu abafika kwabangu-40. indlela Sociometric lapho kutadishwa ubudlelwane obufanele eqenjini (emsebenzini) ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa ngombandela wokuthi okwenzeka emsebenzini kuba izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela ukulungiswa ukusungula ubudlelwano ithemba ezineziqhumane iqembu. Kungenjalo, ukungabethembi experimenter, le izinsolo ukuthi izimpendulo zemibuzo ingasetshenziswa alimaze ummangalelwa, kungaholela ukuhluleka ukwenza imisebenzi noma anikeze izimpendulo zamanga. Lilonke nje, kuya Ucwaningo lwenziwe umuntu ezihlobene abasebenzi: umphathi noma umuntu ngaphakathi eqenjini. Kungenjalo, imiphumela ngeke olunembile. Kubalulekile ukusho kuwo i ongakhetha impendulo engavumelekile engasetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa akakhulukekile ukushiya uhlu lwamanye amalungu eqembu lapho kokuzikhethela omuhle, ngakho angabanikeza, siqondiswe yilo isisusa, ukusho ukuthi "ukhetha zonke". Kule ndaba, ababhali nabalandeli theory sociometric yakhetha uzama kancane ukushintsha inqubo yokuvota. Ngakho, esikhundleni inombolo iqembu mahhala embodiments ucacise amalungu abaphendulayo akwazi ukwenza inombolo ngokuqinile kungagcini wabo. Ngokuvamile kuba ezintathu, okungenani ezine noma ezinhlanu. umthetho kwakubizwa ngokuthi "umkhawulo yokhetho" noma "Umkhawulo sociometric". Kunciphisa amathuba ezingozi, kusiza umsebenzi ukucutshungulwa nencazelo yolwazi kwenza ucwaningo abahlanganyeli ezanele futhi ukucabangela indlela ukuze izimpendulo.

Lapho amalungiselelo abazenzi, inqubo iqala inhlolovo. Indlela sociometric zocwaningo kumelwe athathe zonke ilungu leqembu iqhaza. Izihloko eqoshiwe amagama amalungu iqembu, ukuthi ubani akhethwa nabo kwi-umbandela ethile, kanye nedatha zabo zibonisani lemibuzo. Ngakho, inhlolovo akukwazi engaziwa ngoba mibandela kungenzeka ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi amalungu ethimba. Ocwaningweni, umhleli ubophekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphendulayo akazange ukuxhumana nabanye njalo ukukukhumbuza ukuthi kumele uphendule yonke imibuzo. Asikho isidingo sokuba bagijimele izifundo ekuphenduleni imibuzo.

Nokho, uma kukhona uhlu phambi kwabo ne amalungu eqembu, ungavumela contact ezibukwayo. Ukuze kube lula wanezela, futhi amagama angqubuzana ulahlekile ungabhala ebhodini.

izindlela Ukukhetha avumelekile:

• Linganisa inani choice 3-5.
• inkululeko ephelele ukukhetha, okungukuthi, ummangalelwa unelungelo ucacise amagama amaningi njengoba ibona kufanele.
• Usezingeni amalungu eqembu, kuye nenqubo ezihlongozwayo.

Indlela yokuqala akukhetha kakhulu, kodwa ngombono lula futhi kalula e ukucutshungulwa okwalandela ngemiphumela. Eyesithathu - ngokuya ukukholakala ukuthembeka imiphumela. indlela simo aqede ukucindezeleka ukuthi kungenzeka uma kukhethwa amalungu eqembu yezimfanelo ezimbi.

Ngemva yokuvota amakhadi sociometric zigcwele, basuke eqoqwe kusukela amalungu eqembu bese uqale isimiso zezibalo. Indlela elula kwezakhi Imiphumela ukucutshungulwa cwaningo sokuqhafaza, tabular futhi indeksologichesky.

Embodiments ukucutshungulwa kanye nencazelo imiphumela

Ocwaningweni, ngenye yezinjongo izenzo ukuchaza isimo sociometric yomuntu eqenjini. Libhekisela impahla yalowo muntu anesikhundla ezithile e isakhiwo esicutshungulwayo (Locus), futhi leyo yindlela ukhonkolo kwehlisa namanye amalungu ethimba.

• Kwenta tinhlaka sotsiomatritsy. Kuyinto itafula lapho imiphumela yocwaningo efakiwe, ukukhetha emihle nemibi okungukuthi zenziwa ngamalungu leli qembu elihlolayo. Kusekelwe lesi simiso: imigqa evundla amakholomu mpo abe namaswidi alingana futhi izinombolo of the number of amalungu eqembu, okungukuthi, ngendlela ebekiwe, umuntu ekhetha.

Kuye nenqubo yokukhetha i-matrix ngabanye kanye Imininingwane kwakhiwe okubonisa ukhetho ngemibandela eziningana. Kunoma ikuphi, isithombe egcwele ubudlelwane eqenjini anganikeza sotsiomatritsy kokuhlahlela nenqubomgomo ngamunye.

Circle wabuka ukhetho mutual uma reciprocity ayiphelele,-semi mbuthano. Noma ikholomu nomugqa empambana uphawu "plus" endabeni yokukhetha okuhle, noma "lokususa" uma kwaba negative. Uma ukukhethwa kungenzeki, wayesezibeka 0.

Inzuzo enkulu ye-matrix ithuba lokwethula imiphumela ngefomu zezinombolo. Lokhu kuzovumela yi gaba samukelwe futhi waphonsa amakhetho amalungu eqembu ngesibalo ukuthola ncamashí ukuhlelwa amathonya eqenjini.

Inombolo ukhetho engenayo abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu isimo sociometric, angafaniswa nenani kwakuthiwa kungenzeka ukhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu kunabantu 11, inani izinqumo kungenzeka ilingana 9 Ngakho-ke, 99 - inani ukukhetha kwakuthiwa kungenzeka.

Nokho, isithombe esisitholayo kungasiko ukubaluleka isibalo ukukhetha, njengoba ukwaneliseka ngamunye ummangalelwa ngesikhundla sabo ngaphakathi eqenjini. Nge idatha, ungakwazi ukubala isici ukwaneliseka sokuhlukanisa inani ukukhetha okuhambisanayo omuhle ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ilungu elilodwa leqembu izama ukuxhumana nabantu abathathu othize, kodwa akekho kubo Ngasicosha kulolu cwaningo, izinga nokwaneliseka KU = 0 3 = 0. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa uzama ukuxhumana hhayi nalabo ngubani kungafaneleka.

• Inkomba iqembu kwemicabango. Lokhu ipharamitha sociometric ibalwa sokuhlukanisa okuhambisanayo ukhetho ngoba lonke inani iqembu kungenzeka. Uma inombolo ewumphumela ku ezahlukene 0.6-0.7, kuba inkomba ezinhle iqembu kwemicabango. Okusho ukuthi, indlela sociometric eqenjini lesifundo ikuvumela ukusetha isimo ubudlelwane iqembu naphakathi-esikhathini esifushane ukuze kamuva ukusebenzisa imiphumela ukuze kabusha amaqembu ukuze uqinise ukuziqambela, ukusebenza yokubambisana kwawo.
• Isakhiwo sociogram. Ukusebenzisa sotsiomatritsu bangakha sociogram, okungukuthi ukwenza isethulo ecacile sociometry ngokuthi "target wesifunda". Kuyinto uhlobo umphelelisi etafuleni asondele nokuchazwa idatha.

Noma yimuphi mbuthano sociogram kuyodingeka value yayo:

1. umbuthano Inner kuyothiwa Star zone, okungukuthi, iqembu abantu abakhethiwe, okuyinto zihlonzwe abaholi abathola eningini elingaphezu kukahhafu lezinketho omuhle.
2. Umjikelezo wesibili noma indawo encomekayo, kuyoba amalungu eqembu owashaya igoli inani izintandokazi ngenhla avareji.
3. Umbuthano lwesithathu ibizwa ngokuthi endaweni dengwane. It uthola kulabo abasitholayo ezingaphansi kwenani isilinganiso ku iqembu izinqumo.
4. Umbuthano wesine ivaliwe okuthiwa angawodwa. Lezi zihlanganisa amalungu eqembu angazange anikwe yimuphi amaphuzu.

Ngosizo sociogram ungathola lendaba bokuba khona amaqembu emphakathini kanye nesimo ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo (oxhumana nabo, uzwela). Bona akhiwa abantu, oxhumene futhi sifisa kukhethwa nomunye. Ngokuvamile indlela sociometric wembula amaqembu omuhle, ehlanganisa amalungu 2-3, ngezikhathi ezithile zabantu 4 noma ngaphezulu. Kungenzeka ukubona ngendlela ecacile phezu sociogram flat, elibonisa amaqembu abantu abakhetha nomunye nekhululekile, futhi izixhumanisi ekhona phakathi kwawo.

Samuntu yesithathu ibe sociogram ngabanye. Afunwayo noma ilungu ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe ithimba umelwe ohlelweni of ubudlelwano elisungulwe phakathi nesifundo. Ngo kwakhiwa sociogram ulovnymi uholwe notation elandelayo: Umuntu wesilisa ufanekiselwe calantsatfu inombolo ehambisana umuntu othile, futhi ubuso sowesifazane - ngaphakathi esiyingini.

Ukumenyezelwa imiphumela yocwaningo kanye nezincomo esisebenzayo

Ngemva kokuphothulwa kucutshungulwa yedatha etholakele, uhlu izincomo ukulungisa ukuziphatha kanye nobuhlobo phakathi amalungu ethimba. Imiphumela ibikwa izisebenzi uyayala futhi iqembu. Ikhumbula kulezi izinkokhelo nezinye izinhlobo ukuhlaziywa yenza isinqumo ukushintsha indlela yokwakheka ithimba, umphathi noma ukudluliselwa amanye amalungu amanye amaqembu. Ngakho, indlela sociometric eqenjini lesifundo ongeke ukwazi ukuzilungisa kuphela izinkinga emshadweni, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa izincomo esiwusizo uhlelo kungaqinisa iqembu, kanjalo nokuphucula umkhiqizo.

Naphezu ukusebenza nokutholakala, okwamanje sociometry njenge ndlela akuyona kabanzi umkhuba ngokwengqondo Russian.