Katyn: kubulawa amaphoyisa Polish. Umlando nenhlekelele Katyn

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, zombili ubulelesi eziningi obenziwa esintwini. ezigidi ezabulawa izakhamuzi futhi amasosha. Omunye Amakhasi impikiswano yomlando kubhekwa lesi sigameko emaphoyiseni Polish at Katyn. Iqiniso osekuyisikhathi eside ezifihlakele ambeke icala abanye zalobu bugebengu, sizozama ukuthola.

Abangaphezu kwesigamu kwekhulu, izenzakalo zangempela Katyn ababecashe ezivela emphakathini wonke. Namuhla, kudluliselwa ukwaziswa okuphathelene icala akuyona imfihlo, nakuba umbono ngalolu daba kuyadida njengalelo mlando nabezombusazwe, izigebengu nezakhamuzi nje abathintekayo emazweni ingxabano.

Katyn Massacre

Kwabaningi, iwuphawu kubulawa ngonya kwabazali bami baba Katyn. Ukubulawa izikhulu Polish akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ezinye izinto ezivelile, kabaqondi. Kulapha, ku Katyn ihlathi Smolensk esifundeni, izinkulungwane izikhulu Polish babulawa entwasahlobo ka-1940. Ekubulaleni abantu abaningi izakhamuzi Polish abutholakali kuphela kule ndawo. Babedalelwene imibhalo zomphakathi, ngo-April-May 1940 izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-20 eziyinkulungwane Polish abulawa emakamu ahlukahlukene we NKVD.

Lesi sigameko ngesikhathi Katyn sekuyisikhathi eside nzima ubudlelwano Polish-Russian. Kusukela ngo-2010, uMongameli Russian Dmitry Medvedev ekuyi futhi Duma wavuma ukuthi kubulawe mass yezakhamuzi Polish e Katyn Ihlathi kwaba imisebenzi umbuso uStalin. It senziwa umphakathi esitatimendeni "mayelana Katyn usizi lababuleweyo." Nokho, akubona bonke osopolitiki kanye abaqavile emphakathini eRussia uyavumelana nale sitatimende.

Ukuthunjelwa Polish izikhulu

SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili waqala 09.01.1939 ePoland lapho eJalimane langena insimu yalo. IBrithani neFrance bajoyine ukungqubuzana zilindele ngomphumela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani. 10.09.1939 Kakade ePoland amabutho langena eU.SSR ngale komyalo olusemthethweni ukuvikela labantu Ukraine futhi Belarusian kwezintathu yePoland. historiography Modern ubiza izenzo ezinjalo bezizwe umqali, "ukwahlukanisa wesine Poland." amabutho iRed Army matasa insimu ka naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine nase-Western Belarus. Ngu ngesinqumo le Versailles Treaty , la mazwe baba ingxenye Poland.

amasosha Polish sivikele izwe labo, ayikwazanga ukumelana amabutho amabili. Ngokushesha wanqoba. On emhlabathini, NKVD sidalwe emakamu eziyisishiyagalombili iziboshwa Polish empi. Basuke ihlobene ngokuqondile yesehlakalo esibuhlungu, ebizwa nge "sokudubula Katyn."

Zonke bathunjwa nakuba kungaze kube yinxenye Poland, iningi nabo isikhathi izakhamuzi iRed Army ukhululiwe, nasemakamu babe abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-130. Emva sikhathi isikhundla ifayela amasosha, abomdabu of Poland, sichithiwe emakhaya, abangaphezu kuka-40,000 ezazishushumbiswa eJalimane, okunye (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 40) zahlukaniswa emakamu ezinhlanu:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Bezokwazisa inani ayizinkulungwane 4.
• Kozelskiy (Kaluga) - Bezokwazisa inani ayizinkulungwane 5.
• Ostashkov (Tver) - Amaphoyisa namaphoyisa isibalo sabantu 4700.
• igxile nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo - esiphezulu futhi ifayela inani ayizinkulungwane 18.
• ngithunyelwa ukuyosebenza e Krivoi rog umcengezi - ewuchungechunge inani ayizinkulungwane 10.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1940 Iziboshwa emakamu ezintathu wayeka uyeza izincwadi ukuba izihlobo abadlule njalo Esibomvu. Isizathu sokuba ukuthula baba iziboshwa zempi, Katyn, indaba le nhlekelele ukuthi exhumene isiphetho amashumi ezinkulungwane nabasePoland.

Lesi sigameko iziboshwa

Ngo-1992 it wadedelwa idokhumenti-isiphakamiso 3.8.1940 L. Beria kuya Politburo, okuyinto kubhekwane impikiswano ukubulawa kweziboshwa eziboshelwe Polish empi. Isinqumo ukuthola isigwebo sokufa yokutholwa 5 Mashi 1940.

Ekupheleni kuka-March, okuyisikhathi NKVD igcwaliswe neluhlelo lwentfutfuko. Iziboshwa Starobelsk futhi Kozelsk emakamu baphuthunyiswe Kiev, Kherson, Kharkiv, Minsk. Amaphoyisa namaphoyisa Owabe esuka ekamu Ostashkov washukumiseleka ukuba ejele Kalinin kuyiphi kusengaphambili bashiye iziboshwa ezivamile. imigodi omkhulu (isigodi Copper) ngasejele enambiwa.

Ngo-April, iziboshwa waqala ukuthekelisa ekukhishweni abantu 350-400. Isigwebo sokufa, wasikisela ukuba ukukhululwa kwabo inkululeko. Abaningi balishiya ngezimoto emimoyeni okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngisho ukwazi mayelana ngokufa okusondelayo.

Yayinjani sokudubula Katyn:

• iziboshwa nakanjani;
• Ufaka ijazi lakhe ekhanda (ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa namandla ngokukhethekile futhi abasha);
• eyaholela emgodini ngemba;
• ukudutshulwa ngemuva ekhanda Walter noma Browning.

Lelo qiniso lokugcina isikhathi eside, wakufakazela ukuthi ubugebengu yezakhamuzi Polish unecala amabutho aseJalimane.

iziboshwa Kalinin ejele kwabulawa ikhamera.

Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-May 1940 badutshulwe:

• Katyn - 4421 kwesiboshwa,
• e Starobelsk futhi Ostashkov emakamu - 10131;
• e kwamanye amakamu - 7305.

Ubani badutshulwa Katyn? Ababulawa nje kuphela amaphoyisa avamile, kodwa futhi luphumelele phakathi nempi, abameli, othisha, onjiniyela, odokotela, oprofesa kanye nezinye izihlakaniphi.

izikhulu "alikho"

Lapho iJalimane yahlasela iSoviet Union, izingxoxo zaqala phakathi Uhulumeni basePoland Soviet mayelana amabutho ngokujoyina ekulweni nesitha. Khona-ke waqala ukufuna zithunyelwa ku eSoviet ekamu izikhulu. Kodwa iqiniso mayelana Katyn ayaziwa.

Akekho izikhulu ulahlekile yehlulekile ukuthola, futhi isiphakamiso baphuma amakamu bekunganasisekelo. Akukho mkhondo olulodwa noma Ukhulumé ababefika emakamu okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, wayengekho.

Thola la maphoyisa, noma kunalokho, imizimba yabo yayimane nje ukwazi ngo-1943. Esikhathini Katyn mass amathuna izakhamuzi ababulawa Polish atholakele.

Ukuphenywa ohlangothini German

Ungqimba lokuqala ngcwaba ehlathini Katyn sitholwe amabutho aseJalimane. Bona bafeza lokumbiwa zemizimba igodi futhi baqhuba uphenyo lalo.

Zidumbu olwenziwa Gerhard Butz. Ukuze umsebenzi weKhomishana International babehileleke ukukhokhela Katyn, ezazihlanganisa odokotela kusukela Europe German-elawulwa, kanye nabamele Switzerland kanye Polish Red Cross (Polish). Bona babe bengekho abameleli efanayo esikhathini eNhlangano Yomhlaba Yesiphambano Esibomvu ngenxa yokuvinjelwa uhulumeni wamaSoviet.

umbiko German uye equkethwe ulwazi olulandelayo mayelana Katyn (ukukhishwa izikhulu Polish):

• Ngenxa yalokho, Ukuvubukula eziyisishiyagalombili kwatholakala amathuna mass wabo kwabuyela futhi zingcwatshwe 4143 umuntu. Iningi labo dlulisa angase abhekwe. Amathuna №1-7 abantu bangcwatshwa izingubo ebusika (noboya amajazi, amajazi, sweaters, scarves), kanye ethuneni №8 - ehlobo. Futhi ngcwaba №1-7 ezilahliwe amaphephandaba, kaMbasa-March 1940, zitholwe ngonyaka, futhi phezu izidumbu kwakukhona iminonjana izinambuzane. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi nokudutshulwa nabasePoland Katyn senzeke zonyaka ezipholile, okusho entwasahlobo.
• Sibulawa eziningi izimpahla zabo zitholakale, bebonisa ukuthi abashonile ekamu Kozelsk. Ngokwesibonelo, izincwadi ekhaya, aqondiswa ku Kozelsk. Futhi abantu abaningi babengajwayelene isinemfu amabhokisi nezinye izinto nge "Kozelsk" Imibhalo.
• Izingcezu izihlahla ukuthi babeshukunyiswa ukubeka phezu kwamathuna mayelana eminyakeni emithathu edlule kusukela esikhathini ukuthola. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi umgodi yagcwala ngo-1940. Ngalesi sikhathi, le ndawo kulawulwa amasosha aseSoviet.
• Zonke izikhulu Polish e Katyn badutshulwa ngemuva ekhanda ukukhiqizwa German zezibhamu. Nokho, badedelwa ku 20-30-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka ethengwe inqwaba e aseBaltic neSoviet Union.
• Izandla ababulawa ziboshwe ngentambo ukuze lapho uzama unqamule iluphu ukuthi some nakakhulu. Abantu abashonile ethuneni №5 wanikina ikhanda ukuze uma uzama ukwenza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza iluphu kokuziklinya isisulu esizayo. Ngamanye amathuna amakhanda baye kubuye kuhlobane, kodwa kuphela labo abenza amandla anele emzimbeni. Kutholakale izidumbu ezimbili ezinye lababuleweyo tetrahedral insabule iminonjana Kwatholakala, njengasezulwini izikhali Soviet. AmaJalimane wasebenzisa ashaya flat.
• IKhomishana okwaxoxwa bendawo futhi wembula ukuthi entwasahlobo ka-1940 esiteshini Gnezdovo kufika inqwaba iziboshwa Polish empi, okwakubekelwa kabusha ku amaloli bayiswa ehlathini. izakhamizi abaningi balaba bantu abawubonanga.

Ikhomishana Polish, iyona lokumbiwa futhi uphenyo iqinisekise okwatholakala zonke German kuleli cala, bengafumananga ukuthi bangabajezisa izimpawu ezisobala imibhalo ukukhwabanisa. Into kuphela ukuthi amaJalimane wazama ukufihla mayelana Katyn (ukukhishwa izikhulu Polish), - lena umsuka amachashazi, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa lokubulala. Nokho, nabasePoland, waqonda ukuthi isikhali kungaba abamele NKVD.

okufushane Soviet

Kusukela ekwindla ka-1943 i-kuphenywe Katyn nhlekelele wathatha abameleli NKVD. Enguqulweni yabo, iziboshwa Polish empi matasa emisebenzini umgwaqo, futhi ukufika Ehlobo lika-1941 e-Smolensk esifundeni amaJalimane akazange abe nesikhathi sokuba ngiphume.

Ngu ukucabangela, le NKVD, ngo-August-September kulonyaka, iziboshwa asele ladutshulwa amaJalimane. Ukuze ufihle iminonjana amacala abo, abamele Wehrmacht wavula ethuneni ngo-1943 futhi wathatha kuzo zonke imibhalo sangomhla emva 1940.

iziphathimandla zaseSoviet usuke walungiselela izinkulumo eziningi ezinkulu lofakazi enguqulweni yakhe yezenzakalo, kodwa ngo-1990, kusele ofakazi bokuzibonela kubuyiswe izitatimende zabo 1943.

Ikhomishana Soviet, a yokwemba yesibili oqanjiwe amanye amadokhumenti futhi abanye amathuna phansi ngokuphelele. Kodwa Katyn, indaba le nhlekelele ukuthi haunted izakhamuzi Polish, lalingakambulelwa izimfihlakalo zayo.

Katyn indaba ngaso eNuremberg

Ngemva kwempi, kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1946. Wadlulela okubizwa ngokuthi eNuremberg nokulingwa, inhloso okwakunzima lokujezisa izigebengu impi. Katyn yayinesihloko wabuye waphakamisa icala. ohlangothini Soviet usegxeke amabutho aseJalimane ku ukubulawa kweziboshwa eziboshelwe Polish empi.

ofakazi abaningi esimweni washintsha lobufakazi babo, benqaba ayikhuthazi iziphetho ikhomishana isiJalimane, noma baye nengxenye kulona. Naphezu kwemizamo etusekayo yase-USSR, iNkantolo akazange obusekela icala endabeni Katyn, okuyinto eqinisweni wanikeza isisekelo becabanga ukuthi lokhu kucekwa kwesizwe Katyn sisole amasosha aseSoviet.

ukuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni umthwalo Katyn

Katyn (ukukhishwa izikhulu Polish), futhi kwenzekani lapho elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe ezahlukene izikhathi eziningi. US olwenziwa uphenyo 1951-1952 GG., Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XX, wasebenza esimweni ikhomishana Soviet-Polish, isi-Polish Isikhungo National Yenkumbulo wavula ngo-1991.

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR ku Russian Federation futhi kabusha ikheli le nkinga. Kusukela ngo-1990, umshushisi lempi lobugebengu uma uphenyo waqala. It wathola №159. Ngo-2004, amacala abangu inqanyulwe ngenxa kokufa abantu abamangalelwe kuwo.

Uhlangothi Polish esebeké phambili version mayelana kohlanga abantu Polish, kodwa ohlangothini Russian akakaqinisekisi ke. Icala lobugebengu liye ku yokuthi kohlanga uyekiwe.

Kuze kube manje, inqubo declassification imiqulu eminingi zebhizinisi Katyn. Amakhophi yale miqulu zidluliselwa ohlangothini Polish. Amadokhumenti wokuqala obalulekile isiboshwa sempi ye angamajele aseSoviet bathunyelwa ngo-1990, uMikhail Gorbachev. Uhlangothi Russian uye waqaphela ukuthi ubugebengu obenziwe e Katyn kwaba ngumbuso wamaSoviet lapho sibhekene Beria, Merkulov nabanye.

Ngo-1992, amadokhumenti ku ukubhuqwa Katyn zishicilelwe osekuphele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ingobo yomlando kamongameli. izincwadi lesimanje lesayensi ibona ukuba iqiniso kwazo.

ubudlelwane Polish-Russian

Katyn umbuzo ukubhuqwa ngezikhathi ivela Polish kanye nabezindaba Russian. Ukuze nabasePoland, it has a ukubaluleka emikhulu kazwelonke inkumbulo zomlando.

Ngo-2008, inkantolo eMoscow yasichitha isikhalo sezikhonzi Polish ladutshulwa izihlobo zabo. Ngenxa yalokho mayelana nokwenqaba we Russian Federation bona sekugcwalisiwe isikhalazo eNkantolo YaseYurophu. Russia usolwa ngokunukubeza ukwehluleka nophenyo, kanye nesimo sengqondo abadelelayo kuya oyisihlobo esiseduze izisulu. Ngo-April 2012, iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye echazwe ukudutshulwa iziboshwa njengoba ubugebengu impi, futhi yayala Russia ukukhokha 10 kulandela izinsolo 15 (12 izihlobo lababuleweyo Katyn izikhulu) 5000 euro ngasinye. Kwakuwusuku yokukhokha izindleko enkantolo kwabamangali. Ingabe kufanele nabasePoland yakho, Katyn, okuyinto waba uphawu lokuhlala umndeni kanye nesibhicongo kazwelonke Kunzima ukusho.

I nezikhulu iziphathimandla zaseRussia

abaholi Modern Russian V. Putin no D. A. Medvedev anamathelane umbono lwalesi sibhicongo Katyn. Bona ngokuphindaphindiwe wenza izitatimende elahla ubugebengu umbuso uStalin. UVladimir Putin ngisho wazwakalisa kucatshangwa ukuthi sibachazele indima kukaStalin ngo lokubulala amaphoyisa Polish. Ngokusho kwakhe, umashiqela Russian ngaleyo ndlela siphindiselelwe ukunqotshwa ngo-1920 empini Polish-Soviet.

Ngo-2010, D. A. Medvedev ekuyi okuqaliswe ukushicilelwa imibhalo oluthathwa kuya nenkathi yamaSoviet we "iphakethe №1» ku Rosarkhiv indawo. Lesi sigameko ngesikhathi Katyn, amaphepha amhlophe olutholakalayo sezingxoxo, kodwa cha phendla kuze kube sekupheleni. Amanye amavolumu waleli cala namanje izohlala bahlukanisa, kodwa abezindaba Polish D. A. Medvedev ekuyi wathi ukuthi uyakulahla nalabo abakungabazayo ubuqiniso imibhalo okufakiwe.

26.11.2010 Le Russian State Duma yokutholwa idokhumenti "On the Katyn inhlekelele ...". Lokhu kuqhathaniswa yilabo abamele iqembu Communist Party. Ngokusho isicelo ezamukelwayo Katyn Massacre wavuma ubugebengu obenziwe phezu oda ngqo ka uStalin. Le ncwadi uzwela kubantu Polish.

Ngo-2011, izikhulu Russian Federation waqala ukumemezela ukuzimisela kwabo nodaba kokuvuselelwa izisulu lwalesi sibhicongo Katyn.

Memory mayelana Katyn

Phakathi kwabantu-Polish inkumbulo Katyn ukubhuqwa ubelokhu waqhubeka uyingxenye yomlando. Ngo-1972, i-London nabasePoland-e-ekudingisweni lamiswa ikomiti, elaqala ukhulisa izimali ukwakhiwa isikhumbuzo ngalabo ababa yizisulu kuleso ukucekwa izikhulu Polish ngo-1940. Le mizamo iye akusekelwe uhulumeni waseBrithani ngoba besaba ukusabela lokuphikisana neziphathimandla zamaSoviet.

Ngo-September 1976 wavula isikhumbuzo Gunnersbergskom emathuneni, okuyinto ibekwa entshonalanga yeLondon. Isikhumbuzo kuyinto Obelisk ongaphakeme nge imibhalo eyayikulo isinyathelo. Imibhalo Eqoshiwe zenziwa ngezilimi ezimbili - Polish nesiNgisi. Bathi wakha isikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane Polish e Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Bona yanyamalala unomphela ngo-1940, futhi ingxenye yazo (4.500) abangu bagubhe ngo-1943 ngesikhathi Katyn.

Lezi ezikhumbuzo yamisa ngalabo ababa yizisulu kuleso Katyn nakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni:

• Toronto (Canada);
• eGoli (South Africa);
• New Britan (United States);
• Military Cemetery e Warsaw (Poland).

Isiphetho lesikhumbuzo ngo-1981, ngesikhathi emathuneni lempi sasidabukisa. Ngemva kokufaka ebusuku wayiswa ngabantu abangaziwa, usebenzisa Cranes ukwakhiwa kanye nemishini. Itshe lesikhumbuzo kwaba ngesimo esiphambanweni nge usuku "1940" futhi "Katyn" yombhalo oqoshiwe. Ngu cross adjoined nge izinsika ezimbili "Starobilsk" Imibhalo "Ostashkovo". Phansi lesikhumbuzo Babengobani "V incwadi P. ", okusho ukuthi" Memory Ongunaphakade ', kanye elingenamikhono izingalo Commonwealth ngesimo ukhozi enomqhele.

Imemori mayelana nosizi abantu Polish is kahle olubonakala ifilimu yakhe "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). Umqondisi iyindodana Jakub Wajda, isikhulu umsebenzi, wadutshulwa ngo-1940.

Le filimu yaboniswa emazweni ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iRussia, kanti ngo-2008 wayenomklomelo wezihlanu eziphezulu emhlabeni wonke "Oscar" ekuphakanyisweni kwefilimu engaphandle kwezwe.

Isakhiwo sesithombe sisekelwe endabeni ka-Andrzej Mulyarchik. Isikhathi kusukela ngo-September 1939 kuya ekwindla 1945 kuchazwa. Leli phephandaba likhuluma ngesiphetho sabasebenzi abane abahlala ekamu laseSoviet, kanye nezihlobo zabo eziseduze abangazi iqiniso ngabo, nakuba bebazi okubi kakhulu. Ngokubambisana kwabantu abaningana, umbhali watshela wonke umuntu ukuthi indaba yangempela yayiyini.

"I-Katyn" ayikwazi ukushiya umbukeli engenandaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuzwe.