I sokuhlushwa okubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Ukuhlukumeza okuhlushwa

Zokuhlukunyezwa uvame ukubizwa kwempilo ezincane ezenzeka ngayo yonke in parlance ezivamile. Lenchazelo ithola imfundo izingane Naughty, ukuma isikhathi eside kulayini, ilondolo ezinkulu, nelineni ayina okwalandela ngisho inqubo ukupheka. Konke lokhu Yiqiniso, kungaba yinto ebuhlungu kakhulu futhi singathandeki (nakuba kube sezingeni kokuzama ngokwezinga elikhulu incike ukwakheka nokuthambekela indoda), kodwa ufana kangako sokuhlushwa okubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Prakthiza izingxoxo "ubandlululo" nezinye izenzo zodlame olubhekiswe iziboshwa zenzeka cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Uhlaka isikhathi nayo akachaziwe, kodwa ngoba indoda zanamuhla nasengqondweni eduze kuqhathaniswa izenzakalo zamuva nje, bese ukunaka kwakhe badonsekela izindlela zokusebenza nemishini ekhethekile yasungulwa ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, ikakhulu ekamu lokuhlushwa laseJalimane sokubusa kwamaNazi. Kodwa kwakukhona lasendulo sokuhlushwa abaseMpumalanga ephakathi. AmaNazi wafundisa nozakwabo kusukela counterintelligence Japanese, kanye nezinye amaphoyisa efanayo NKVD imfihlo. Ngakho kungani kwaba konke lokhu usulu zabantu?

Okwakushiwo eside

Okokuqala, ukuqala ukufunda noma iyiphi inkinga noma mkhuba, yimuphi umcwaningi uzama ukuchaza ke. "Kuyilungelo ukubiza - vele isigamu ukuqonda," - uthi le Kunesaga sesiShayina.

Ngakho isigxobo - the infliction Ukuhlupheka bayazi. Akunandaba ubunjalo sokuhlushwa, kungenzeka kuphela ngokomzimba (ngesimo ubuhlungu, ukoma, indlala noma ukungalali ngokwanele uma kungenzeka), kodwa futhi zokuziphatha nezingokwengqondo. By the way, sokuhlushwa okubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, njengoba umthetho, sihlanganise kokubili "imiphumela siteshi."

Kodwa akukhona nje yokuthi wokuhlupheka. yokuhlushwa ngamabomu ngokuthi sokuhlushwa. Kuyinto sihluke sokuhlushwa purposefulness. Ngamanye amazwi, ndoda eyayishayiwe ngesiswebhu, noma hung omncane bahlala endaweni yokubeka ngesizathu, futhi ukuze uthole ezinye uhlobo yi. Ukusebenzisa ubudlova, ukhuthaze isisulu ukuba azivume, kudalulwe ulwazi olufihliwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ujeziselwa icala noma ubugebengu. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili ungeze uhlu izinjongo kungenzeka zokuhlukunyezwa elinye futhi iphuzu: ngezinye izikhathi uhlupha emakamu okuhlushwa benziwa ukufunda ukuphendula umzimba ukuze izimo okungabekezeleleki ukunquma umkhawulo kwesikhathi samakhono abantu. Lezi ucwaningo kuthiwa obonwa eNuremberg Tribunal mbumbulu esinonya futhi, lokho akuzange kuwumise ukufunda imiphumela ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane lobuNazi ongoti-physiologists lamazwe elinqobile.

Ukufa noma enkantolo

isinyathelo Afunwayo kusikisela ukuthi ngemuva kokuthola imiphumela, ngisho sokuhlushwa okubi kunakho emlandweni wesintu wanqamuka. Ukuze uqhubeke zabo akukho mqondo. Isikhundla wesahlulelo-Wefa, njengoba umthetho, aphethwe uchwepheshe owazi amasu ubuhlungu kanye nezici of kwengqondo, uma kungewona wonke, kakhulu, futhi bachitha imizamo yakhe ukuxhashazwa okungenanzuzo akazange abe nengcondvo. Ngemva ukuqashelwa izisulu zobugebengu kwakungase ulinde, kuye ngezinga impucuko yomphakathi, ukufa ngokushesha noma ukwelashwa ngalo ngokungilinga okwalandela. Ngokomthetho isigwebo osekuyisikhathi ngemva bayophenywa engabandlululi ngesikhathi uphenyo yayinezinto eziningi Wezobulungiswa ingajezisa eJalimane ngo uHitler inkathi futhi kuqale "izinqubo evulekile" kukaStalin (indaba Shakhty, icala Industrial Party, ukubulala uyaca lwabantu ababengekho Trotskyists, nokunye. D.). Ngemva ekubumbeni ummangalelwa ngcono ukubukeka kwabo ehloniphekile begqoke izingubo wabonisa umphakathi. Broken ngokokuziphatha, abantu ngokuvamile walalela okuphindaphindiwe zonke ukuthi baphoqeleka ukuba bavume ukuba abaphenyi. Zokuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa bafakwa ekusakazeni. ubufakazi Iqiniso kwakungasho lutho lokho. Futhi eJalimane, eU.SSR 30-yalolucwaningo isivumo ummangalelwa elahlwa njenge "Indlovukazi ubufakazi" (A. Ya. Vyshinsky, eU.SSR Umshushisi). sokuhlushwa Brutal yasetshenziselwa ngenjongo itholakele.

sokuhlushwa olubulalayo INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki

Akukhona nje kulokho mkhakha womsebenzi (ngaphandle womshini amathuluzi lokubulala), isintu kuphumelela ngakho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekhulwini elidlule, kukhona ngisho ezinye ekuhlehleni, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-ezikhathini zasendulo. isigwebo European nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane Ephakathi enziwa, njengoba umthetho, ngamacala ubuthakathi, kodwa isizathu avame isikhalazo okubonakalayo isisulu ngeshwa. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngecala futhi labo empeleni wenza lobu bugebengu embi kakhulu, kodwa imininingwane saleso sikhathi ngokucacile esasizobhujiswa uyakulahlwa. Kungakhathaliseki esingakanani bayahlupheka, babegcina ukufa isiboshwa sika. Njengoba isijeziso izibhamu zingase zisebenzise intombi Iron, Copper inkunzi umlilo noma kuchazwe Poe pendulum nge usiko, methodically liyazika esifubeni lohlaselwayo intshi ngamasentimitha amabili. behlukunyezwa Emibi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki Sekuyisikhathi eside futhi ephelezelwa usizi olukhulu zokuziphatha. A uphenyo angase kwenziwe nokusetshenziswa namanye amadivayisi elihlakaniphile mechanical ngoba ukugayeka kancane amathambo iminwe futhi izitho zomzimba kwemisipha umsipha ukudabuka. Izinsimbi zomculo edume kunazo zazimi kanje:

- metal ngokuhambisa ipheya, isetshenziselwa sokuhlushwa ikakhulukazi eyinkimbinkimbi abesifazane Ephakathi;

- "amabhuzu Spanish";

- Spanish kuyinto esihlalweni abanezinto zokugawula ezibukhali kanye Yengcweti Yethusi nemilenze nezinqe;

- Iron ubhodisi (pectoral), igqoke esifubeni ngesimo a red-hot;

- "Izingwenya" futhi impintshisi ekhethekile yokuchitha Izitho zangasese besilisa.

Esikhathini besahlulelo ka iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki kwaba sokuhlushwa nezinye izesekeli, okuyinto akukuhle ukwazi abantu psyche ebucayi.

East, zasendulo nezanamuhla

Kungakhathaliseki nabasunguli elihlakaniphile chlenovreditelnoy ubuchwepheshe aseYurophu, kodwa sokuhlushwa esibi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu yasungulwa okwamanje eMpumalanga. I metal amathuluzi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki asetshenziswa kwadingeka design ngezinye izikhathi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu e-Asia wayekhetha zonke zemvelo, yemvelo (namuhla, kungenzeka lezi zimali ngokuthi eco-friendly). Izinambuzane, izitshalo, izilwane - konke kwakuyize kunyakaza. sokuhlushwa Oriental nasekubulaleni nenjongo efanayo European, kodwa isikhathi ngokomthetho ezahlukene nokuba yinkimbinkimbi okukhulu. besahlulelo Old Persian, isibonelo, wayekwenza scaphism (kusukela lesiGreki "skafium" - emkhombeni). Yisisulu ngozankosi ezibuthaka, uboshelwe umkhombe, baphoqwa ukuba yidla uju baphuze ubisi, yonke umzimba ezigcotshwe abasebenzi amnandi, bese ngihlaliswa ixhaphozi. Bloodsucking izinambuzane ziphila kancane wadla abantu. Ukuze siphephe kwakukhona abanye Isijeziso ku-isiduli esikhulu, futhi uma isihloko ngeshwa kumelwe ishiswe e ilanga elishisa bhé, it has ukusika ukuhlushwa puschih phakade. Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukunyezwa lapho izingxenye eziphilayo yasetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi bamboo likhula masinyane, imitha ngamunye ngosuku. Vele hang isisulu ibangana phezu amahlumela amasha, iziqu zezimbali nganqamula ichopho engela ecijile. Sazama udle isikhathi sokucabanga ngalokho okufundayo futhi, ukuba avume konke futhi unike abangane. Uma kuyinto isifiso sokuphikelela, kuyoba kancane kancane futhi kabuhlungu Pierces izitshalo. ukukhetha okunjalo inikezwa, nakuba ayengafiki ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Zokuhlukunyezwa njengoba indlela kokuphenywa

Futhi Ephakathi, futhi esikhathini kamuva zihlukunyezwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene Kwasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela Ezihlubuki nezinye izakhiwo ezihlukile kwezisemthethweni ezinkulukazi, kodwa futhi ezejwayelekile iziphathimandla zikahulumeni namuhla ngokuthi komthetho. Wangena iqoqo uphenyo kanye nophenyo nezinqubo. Kusukela engxenyeni ngekhulu XVI eRussia yesibili wayekwenza izinhlobo ezahlukene imiphumela komzimba, njenge: isiswebhu, neveli, ebhasikidini, nezizenze zivutha umlilo evulekile, ukucwiliswa emanzini, njalo njalo. Ezinolwazi Yurophu akazange ihluke eziqondene nezidingo zomuntu, kodwa umkhuba libonisa ukuthi kwezinye izimo, ubuhlungu, ukululazeka, ngisho nasekwesabeni ukufa cha qinisekisa iqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, isisulu wayezimisele ukuvuma ubugebengu eyihlazo, wakhetha esibi ekupheleni horror okungenamingcele ubuhlungu. icala Akwaziwa we miller khumbula okubizela umbhalo pediment lwesigodlo French wobulungisa. Wathatha phezu wecala yomunye ngaphansi sokuhlushwa, wayebulewe, kodwa ibangelwa real ngokushesha kuzibamba.

Ukuqedwa sokuhlushwa emazweni ahlukahlukene

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII, sokuhamba kancane kancane kusukela umkhuba bantu esigxotsheni sokuhlushwa bese aphuma kwenye, izindlela ngenhlonipho yophenyo. Omunye umphumela Ukukhanyiselwa Ukuqaphela ukuthi akusiyo isijeziso esinesihluku, kodwa kwesiphetho yayo sivimbele isenzo sobugebengu. Ngo Prussia, sokuhlushwa ezaqedwa kusukela 1754, leli lizwe waba ngowokuqala ukubeka ngisho ukuthethwa kwecala lakhe ngesikhathi ekusebenzeleni abantu. Inqubo waya uthi translationally ezahlukene yalandela ngo ukulandelana elandelayo:

Qaphela:

*) Umthetho we ahlukahlukene cantons eSwitzerland zishintshile ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kwesikhathi.

isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe Ufanelwe kwala mazwe womabili - Britain neRussia.

Ekaterina Velikaya ezaqedwa sokuhlushwa ngo-1774, wakhipha umyalo wokuba imfihlo. Lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqhubeka egcina izigebengu at bay, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubonisa isifiso ukulandela imibono ukuKhanyiselwa. Ngokomthetho semthethweni lesi sinqumo kakade u-Alexander I ngo-1801.

Njengoba-England, lapho bavinjelwa sokuhlushwa ngo-1772, kodwa hhayi wonke, kodwa abanye kuphela.

sokuhlushwa emthethweni

ukuvinjelwa Legislative akuzange kusho ukuqedwa ngokuphelele umkhuba uphenyo owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala. Kuwo wonke amazwe, kwakukhona abameleli izindlu amaphoyisa, ukulungele aphule umthetho egameni ukunqoba kwakhe. Enye into ukuthi izenzo zabo Kwakuseshwa ngokungemthetho, futhi esimweni ukuchayeka ababebhekana nazo kushushiswa zomthetho. Yiqiniso, futhi izindlela zishintshile kakhulu. Kudingeka ukuba 'asebenze nabantu "ngokucophelela, ngaphandle kokushiya iminonjana ebonakalayo. Esikhathini XIX futhi XX eminyaka ngokuhamba babe izikhonzi zinzima, kodwa nge ebusweni ethambile, ezifana amasaka ngesihlabathi, amavolumu ewugqinsi (indida ka isimo sabonakala e lokuthi iningi laba babengamadodana amakhodi ngokomthetho), amapayipi amanzi, injoloba kanye nokunye. N. Ungashiyi ngaphandle ukugxila nezindlela ingcindezi zokuziphatha. Abanye abaphenyi ngezinye izikhathi baye ezisengozini kwezijeziso ezinzima, ukuphila isikhathi eside, ngisho ekujezisweni ngokumelene izihlobo. Nalokhu futhi, wahlushwa. Ukwesabeka olutholwa iziboshwa owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala, wabakhuthaza ukuba zenza nokuvuma ukuxoxisana bathole izinhlawulo ongafanelwe, kuze isigwebo sokufa. Iningi kwamaphoyisa ukwenza umsebenzi wawo ngokuthembeka, ukutadisha ubufakazi baqoqe ubufakazi kokwethula amacala ezinengqondo. Konke ukushintshwa ngemva kokuza amandla kwamanye amazwe kwemibuso yobushiqela kanye wobushiqela. It okwenzeka ekhulwini XX.

In Soviet Russia,

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution-1917 endaweni ayengaphansi Russian Empire, kwaqubuka impi yombango, lapho amaqembu amabili alwayo ngokuvamile abazibheki bakhawulelwa iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, ephoqelelwe wangaphambili nenkosi. Zokuhlukunyezwa iziboshwa zempi ukuze ithole ukwaziswa mayelana isitha nengangizenza iWhite Guard esiphikisayo intelligence KGB. Phakathi Red Terror ngokuvamile babulawa, kodwa ukuhlukunyezwa abamele "ukusizakala ikilasi", okuyinto wabayishumi abefundisi kwamadoda asebukhosini, futhi begqoke kahle "amakhosi", wathatha uhlamvu mass. Esikhathini eko, namathathu banesifo esibi futhi forties NKVD esetshenzisiwe kungavunyelwe izindlela uphenyo, wayencisha abasolwa ukulala, ukudla, amanzi, eshaya futhi mutilating kubo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kwemvume ukuphathwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiyalo yakhe eqondile. Inhloso kwakuwukuba ukuthola iqiniso liwukuthi kuyaqabukela - ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu eyenziwa ukwesatshiswa umsebenzi lo mseshi kwaba ukuthola isignesha umbiko oqukethe ukuqashelwa womsebenzi counterrevolutionary nokunyundela yabanye. Njengomthetho, uStalin "torturers" akawasebenzisanga sokuhlushwa amadivayisi ezikhethekile, okuqukethwe izinto kufinyeleleke ezifana paperweights (bashaywa ekhanda), noma ngisho umnyango abavamile, okuyinto NIP iminwe kanye nezinye izingxenye ophumile zomzimba.

EJalimane lobuNazi

Zokuhlukunyezwa emakamu wadala nangemva kokuba amandla Hitler, azifani ngesimo kusukela lisetshenziswe ngaphambilini ukuthi ingxube lingalingani kusukela empumalanga European yinkimbinkimbi usizo. Ekuqaleni, lezi "emajele" esidalelwe amaJalimane icala kanye nabamele ezincane kazwelonke, wamemezela nobutha (amaGypsy futhi amaJuda). Kwabe sekufika ukuqala ucwaningo, ayengamadodana uhlamvu kwesayensi, kodwa unya wawudlula sokuhlushwa okubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.
Emzamweni ukudala sinqobe neyokugoma odokotela amaNazi kusuka SS iqondiswa imijovo sibulala iziboshwa, ukusebenza kwenziwa ngaphandle izinzwa, kuhlanganise besisu, iziboshwa eqandisiwe ngubani babulawa ukushisa zabo, awazange abavumele ukulala, badle futhi baphuze. Ngakho bafuna ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe "ukukhiqizwa" amasosha ephelele, akesabi amakhaza nokushisa kanye ukulimala amelana ezinobuthi kanye namagciwane adala izifo. Umlando zokuhlukunyezwa ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kuze kube phakade kwagxila amagama odokotela kanye Pletner Mengele baba, kanye nabanye abameleli imithi lobugebengu amaNazi, ubonakala unya. Futhi olwenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze esitho kwelulwa ngu mechanical edonsa, ukuklinywa abantu Umoya-mpilo omncane, futhi babhekana nezinye izimo ezibangele nomunyu obuyisimanga eyathatha ngezinye izikhathi amahora.

Ukuhlukumeza abesifazane amaFascist asebenzelana ngokuyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokususa kubo kusukela umsebenzi zokuzala. Ngatadisha izindlela ezahlukene - ukusuka kokulula (ukususwa kwesibeletho) eyindida, kwadingeka inqobe kwamaNazi mass isicelo ngombono (ngemisebe ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali).

Zonke laphela ngaphambili Ukunqoba, ngo-1944, lapho ikamu waqala ukukhulula amabutho aseSoviet azihlanganisa. Ngisho nokubonakala kwalokhu iziboshwa wakhuluma emsindweni ongaphezu kwama-noma ibuphi ubufakazi bokuthi kukodwa okuqukethwe ezimweni ezinonya kwaba sokuhlushwa.

isimo yamanje

Zokuhlukunyezwa amaNazi baba lizinga ukuqina. Ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane ngo-1945, isintu ngokujabula ephefumula ngethemba lokuthi lokhu akusoze kwenzeke futhi. Ngeshwa, ngisho noma ku siyibuka ngelinye iso, kodwa sokuhlushwa inyama, yinhlekisa sitfunti sebuntfu ukuwohloka kokuziphatha ezinye izimpawu esabekayo ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Emazweni athuthukile, ememezela ukuzibophezela kwabo amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko, ngifuna izintuba zomthetho ukudala izindawo ezikhethekile lapho nokuhlonipha imithetho yabo into ozikhethela wena. Iziboshwa emajele imfihlo iminyaka bavezwa amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi ngaphandle kokuba namacala ethize. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa abashushumbisi abombutho emazweni amaningi ngesikhathi ezimpini zendawo ezinkulu maqondana kweziboshwa futhi umane esolwa ngokuthi azwelana isitha, aphakeme ngezinye izikhathi ngonya sokuhlushwa medieval nokululazeka zabantu emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi. Ngesikhathi uphenyo wezizwe izibonelo ezinjalo kaningi kakhulu esikhundleni umnqopho kungenzeka ukuba bagcine ombaxambili lapho amacala nempi omunye amaqembu ngokugcwele noma ngokwengxenye indiva.

Ingabe kuzoba khona enkathini entsha Ukukhanyiselwa, lapho ukuhlukunyezwa kuyobe, ekugcineni, ekugcineni futhi irrevocably neyaziwayo ihlazo isintu futhi uwanqabele? Kuze kube manje, amathemba salokhu kancane ...