-Third Reich: Ukudlondlobala, Fall, izibhamu, amamashi kanye imiklomelo

-Third Reich (Drittes kwamaNazi) - lo okuthiwa isimo lolungakahleleki German kusukela ngo-1933 kuya ku-1945. KwamaNazi izwi German ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ezweni angaphansi amandla afanayo." Kodwa njengoba umthetho, it is elihunyushwe ngokuthi "amandla", "uMbuso", ngaphansi "umbuso." Konke kuncike umongo. Kamuva esihlokweni kuyothiwa wachaza nokuwa-Third Reich, ipumelelo inqubomgomo yalo mbuso angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Esikhathini historiography ka-Third Reich nezincwadi ukubizwa ngokuthi undlovukayiphikiswa noma eJalimane lobuNazi. Igama lokuqala livame ezincwadini Soviet. Kodwa lokhu nokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi kancane engalungile njengoba imibuso undlovukayiphikiswa kukaMussolini e-Italy futhi uHitler umehluko omkhulu. umehluko embukisweni emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo kudivayisi zezombusazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi eJalimane kwaba izwe lapho wamiswa kombuso wobushiqela. Isimo iqembu elilodwa futhi imibono evelele - Sikazwelonke Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni. isilawuli Uhulumeni ubabonisa ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izindawo umsebenzi. -Third Reich ukusekela iziphathimandla German National Socialist Workers Party. Ngubani owayengubhongoza walolu kumiswa kwakungu-Adolf Hitler. Wake wasebenza njengoMbhishobhi ikhanda unomphela ezweni kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe (1945). isihloko kaHitler olusemthethweni - "Fuehrer futhi kwamaNazi Shansela." Fall of the Third Reich kwenzeka ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, ngo-1944, umbuso kuhlulekile kanye kokubulawa Hitler ( "Uzungu okuvamile") kwenziwa. Nenhlangano yamaNazi kwakwandile. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba umfanekiso wobushiqela - i-swastika. It wasetshenziselwa cishe noma kuphi, ngisho wakhipha izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi Third Reich.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Kusukela ngo-1938 kule ndawo yaphawula isifiso esithile lokwandisa zezombusazwe futhi indawo. Marches ka-Third Reich waya ezifundeni ezehlukene. Ngo-March, ngenhla, yenziwa Anschluss (wadla ngenkani), e-Austria, futhi esikhathini kusukela ngo-September 38 th March 39 th zinamathele German isimo Klaipeda esifundeni kanye Czech Republic. Khona-ke izwe wandisa nakakhulu. Esikhathini lama-39 kwathiwa enamathiselwe ezinye esifundeni basePoland Dantzig, futhi 41st iphutha wadla (wadla) Luxembourg.

Umhlaba

Kufanele kuqashelwe impumelelo okungakaze kubonwe Empire German eminyakeni yokuqala yempi. Marches ka-Third Reich wadabula kakhulu yezwekazi laseYurophu. ezindaweni eziningi, kwasinda baseSweden, eSwitzerland, ePortugal naseSpain bathunjwa. Ezinye izindawo kwakuhlezi kunabanye de empeleni waba engaphansi isimo izinhlangano. Lesi sakamuva, isibonelo, zihlanganisa Croatia. Kulokhu, kuwo wonke umuntu - kukhona Finland futhi Bulgaria. Bona babehlangene eJalimane futhi kwenziwe yonke inqubomgomo efanayo ezimele. Kodwa ngo-1943 kuye kwaba khona ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni impi. Ukuphakama kwaba manje ohlangothini anti-Hitler womanyano. Ngo-January 45th ekulweni ziyiswe insimu German pre-impi. Fall of the Third Reich, kwenzeka ngemva kokuphela uhulumeni Flensburg eholwa Karl Doenitz. Kwathi ngo-1945, ku-23 Meyi.

I ukuvuselela umnotho

Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokubusa kaHitler, Germany usephumelele hhayi kuphela inqubomgomo angaphandle. Kufanele uthi lapha ukuthi sokudumisa nokufeza ziye zaba nomthelela imvuselelo kwezomnotho isimo. Imiphumela imisebenzi yayo esikalini eziningana abahlaziyi angaphandle kanye emibuthanweni yezombangazwe ngokuthi kuyisimangaliso. Elanqoba eJalimane ngemva kweMpi kuze 1932, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwehle kusuka kwezigidi eziyisithupha komunye akuphelele ukuba 1936 mu. Esikhathini esifanayo kwakukhona nokwanda kokungabi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni (kufika ku 102%), kabili futhi nokwenza imali. Ukusheshisa ijubane zokukhiqiza. Phakathi nonyaka wokuqala uhulumeni wamaNazi ekuphatheni emnothweni buvezwa Yalmarom Shahtom (Hitler yena cishe akazange kuphazamise umsebenzi wakhe). Kulokhu, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi yayihloselwe, ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi abangasebenzi ngenxa waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi imisebenzi yomphakathi, futhi ukhuthaze yangasese ibhizinisi wemboni. Ukuze isimo loan lutho ngokunqaba uhlobo izikweletu ekhethekile. Isilinganiso sentela izinkampani ukuze sandise dolobha izimali kanye nokunikeza ngendlela engaguquguquki ukwanda umsebenzi kakhulu kwehle.

Umnikelo Hjalmar Schacht

Kumele ukuthi umnotho wezwe kusukela ngo-1934, ibutho lezempi wathatha izifundo. Ngokusho abahlaziyi abaningi, ukuvuselelwa eJalimane kweqiniso okusekelwe rearmament. Lokho kuphoqa isigaba isisebenzi namabhizinisi athunyelwa kanye imisebenzi yezempi. Umnotho impi wahlelwa ngendlela ezifana usebenze sokuthula futhi empini, kodwa igxile wonke impi. Ikhono ami bahlanganyele izindaba zezimali ziye iqondiswe ukukhokhela imisebenzi wokulungiselela, kabusha ethile. Elinye lamaqhinga akhe kwaba ukuphrinta imali yamaphepha. Schacht kwadingeka ikhono ukuze ujike namaqhinga ezihlukahlukene lwemali ngempela handily. zezomnotho zasemazweni angaphandle zithi ibalwa ngisho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi uphawu German ayeke 237 izifundo. Schacht wenza inzuzo enkulu enana ukuthengiselana namanye amazwe, yabonisa ukumangala ukuthi abahlaziyi, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi ephakeme duty eyayibekwe, ngokuma okuvulekile ungakwazi ukwandisa ibhizinisi. Savuka ngakho umnotho Schacht kusuka 1935 kuya ku-1938 iye yasetshenziswa kuphela kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu rearmament. Kulinganiselwa at bhiliyoni 12 emamaki.

Control Germana Geringa

Lesisibalo sabantu abasebenzayo wagabadela nemisebenzi Imayini waba "umbusi" komnotho German ngo-1936. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu Goering, njengoba ngempela Hitler, i ignoramus emkhakheni kwezomnotho, izwe liye lathatha isinyathelo uhlelo lempi Inqubomgomo Imininingwane yasekhaya. plan yeminyaka emine yasungulwa, inhloso okwakunzima ukuze ujike eJalimane kusimo ukuthi ingakwazi ukunikeza ngokwabo konke okudingekile uma impi futhi ukuvinjelwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungenisa kwehliselwe kuya kungenzeka ubuncane, futhi waqala ukulawula amanani kanye nomholo ezinzima, izinzuzo babé okunomkhawulo 6% ngonyaka. Saqala bakamalalahlengezela ukwakha Megastructures Third Reich. Kwakumelwe izitshalo omkhulu ukwenziwa izindwangu, zokwenziwa iraba, amafutha kanye nezinye izimpahla ngezinto ayo eluhlaza. Futhi waqala ukuthuthukisa umkhakha steel. Ikakhulu, i-Third Reich kwakhiwa Megastructures - izimboni ezinkulu Goering, lapho ukukhiqizwa isetshenziswa nsimbi kuphela wendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, emnothweni German iye luphumelele ngokugcwele ngoba imizamo yempi. Kulokhu, lo nezimboni, ogama imali eyiphinda baye imba eqolo, izindlela steel lokhu "zempi." Njengoba sihambisana nale umsebenzi emayini iye ngamaketanga nokulinganiselwa omkhulu nokubika.

Umnotho ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II

Esikhundleni Imayini Walther Funk wafika ngo-1937. Wakhonza kuqala njengoba uNgqongqoshe Umnotho, bese, ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1939, eba umongameli Reichsbank. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, Germany kuya phezulu seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ngokuvamile, yebo, "bahlukana" emnothweni. Kodwa kwathi ukuthi ukuziphatha nokunwetshiwe elwa-Third Reich yayingazimisele. izinto, Izimpahla, izinto zokusetshenziswa kunqunyelwe, kanye umthamo ukukhiqizwa wasemakhishini omncane. Njengoba kwakunjalo emincile, kokubili ngokoMthetho qualitative ambalwa phakathi neminyaka yempi isimo ngemihelo imithombo. Nokho, naphezu kobunzima, ngenxa izintambo ngokuphelele apharathasi isimo kanye nenhlangano German komnotho namanje wema ithrekhi oyifunayo. Futhi nakuba empini waqhubeka, ukukhiqizwa kuleli zwe kancane kancane lakhula. Ukwandiswa ne kwesikhathi futhi nenani umkhakha lempi. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1940 sasifana nokuthi 15% ukukhiqizwa okubi kakhulu, futhi kuya 1944-th - kakade 50%.

Kutfutfukiswa base zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe

EJalimane, kwakukhona uhlelo omkhulu ka wemboni amanyuvesi isayensi. Kuye ingeyamakhosi ephakeme ezikhungweni lobuchwepheshe namanyuvesi. Ngalokhu wemboni kuhlanganisa SRI "Umphakathi Kaiser Wilhelm". Yenhlangano zonke izikhungo kuthiwa subordinated ukuba uMnyango Wezemfundo, Ezemfundo kanye nesayensi. Kulesi sakhiwo, eyayihlanganisa izinkulungwane ososayensi, ke beyiba Research Council yayo, elimalungu alo babe abameleli ezimpikweni ezahlukene (imithi, Foundry nezimayini, i-chemistry, i-physics, njll). Usosayensi ngalinye ezifana wayengaphansi iqembu elihlukile ochwepheshe sephrofayela eyodwa. Ilungu ngalinye lomkhandlu kwaba ukuqondisa umsebenzi zesayensi kanye nocwaningo nokuhlela eqenjini labo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona emkhakheni wezimboni ezizimele inhlangano ucwaningo lwesayensi. ukubaluleka kwalo zacaca kuphela ngemva kuka-1945 i-umbimbi German baye eyabiwe imiphumela yemisebenzi yayo uqobo. Ngu wemboni yenhlangano zezimboni iphathwa laboratory ukukhathazeka ezinkulu "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Imibala", "Telefunken", "Osram". Lezi kanye nezinye izinkampani amandla okukhulu, imishini, nezimfuneko zokusebenza kwaleso sikhathi, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Lezi ukukhathazeka bangasebenza ezingaphezu kuka, isibonelo, ukusebenza sikhungo laboratory.

Ministry Speer

Ngaphezu ucwaningo nabezezimboni kanye laboratories zocwaningo ahlukahlukene emayunivesithi impela inhlangano esikhulu Research Institute webutho lezempi. Kodwa, futhi, lo mkhakha wayengekho beqinile, futhi waqhekeka waba izingxenye eziningana, ababegcwele yonke izinhlobo ngabanye amabutho. Okubaluleke kakhulu aluthola ngesikhathi sempi enkonzweni Speer. Mangisho ukuthi kule nkathi kakhulu ziyancipha kungenzeka ukulethwa laboratories nezikhungo of izinto zokusetshenziswa, imishini kanye nabasebenzi, imboni kuleli zwe neze sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo yenqwaba oda kusuka ukulawulwa amasosha amaKhomanisi. Ministry Speer wathola amandla ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngalokho ucwaningo kufanele simiswe njengenhlangano ezingadingekile, abanye kuqhubeke, njengoba has a ukubaluleka amasu lapho ucwaningo kufanele kuze kuqala, ukudlala indima juqu.

impi

Izikhali zangaleso Third Reich senziwa ngesethulo ezenzekayo ehlukahlukene yesayensi, yobuchwepheshe kuhlanganise wadala ngokukhethekile. Yiqiniso, uma Yiqiniso ekhethiwe umnotho kanye nezinye alikwazanga. Germany wayengeyena nje ukunikeza ngokwabo waba nomuzwa zezimboni kodwa futhi kube amasosha ifakwe. Ngaphandle evamile, waqala ukuklama futhi "steel abandayo" ka-Third Reich. Nokho, wonke amaphrojekthi ziye simisiwe ngaphambi kokunqotshwa wobushiqela. Imiphumela yemisebenzi eminingi yocwaningo ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli liyithuluzi eliyinhloko kocwaningo yeMibuso anti-Hitler womanyano.

Imiklomelo ye-Third Reich

Ngaphambi amaNazi liqala ukubusa, kwaba khona uhlelo oluthile, owawuthi kokwethula timphawu esiyisikhumbuzo eyenziwa ababusi bezwe, okungukuthi, kwase uhlamvu indawo. Njengoba sekunama-Hitler ushintsho olukhulu enziwa inqubo. Ngakho, ngaphambi Okwesibili Umhlaba Fuehrer babemiswe wasethula imiklomelo ye-Third Reich kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Kamuva lo olungile utholakele amazinga ehlukene umyalo amabutho. Kepha kwakukhona abanye umahluko ukuthi, ngaphezu Hitler, akakhiphanga eyodwa (isib, Cross Knight sika).