Incazelo nomlando emzini Voronezh

Meyi 7, 2007 eRussia baziswa ngokomthetho ukwethulwa welithi "Idolobha Military eNkazimulweni." Februwari 16, 2008 kulesi sihloko waklonyeliswa futhi Voronezh. Umlando izingane kanye nabantu abadala abahlala khona namuhla, indaba oyise zobuqhawe omkhulu, amakhulu amaningi eminyaka amane uye bahileleke izenzakalo ezenzeka ezweni lethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nabantu baye bafeza okukhulu ukuze leli dolobha ukubukeka walo wanamuhla bobusha futhi ekhangayo.

Voronezh: umlando igama ledolobha

Mayelana etymology kwegama indawo "Voronezh" kuze kube manje, akekho ucishe hypothesis kahle wabonisana, nakuba ucwaningo ehlelekile kule ndawo yenziwa ezingaphezu kuka kwamashumi amahlanu. Ikakhulukazi, ekhulwini le-19-Russian sezilimi-Slavist Sreznevskii babekholelwa ukuthi livelaphi igama inyoni, "The Raven." Ngandlela-thile kamuva, lo mbono sasekelwa sezilimi German M. Vasmer.

Ngo-1947 i-Leningrad isazi A. Popov wasikisela ukuba igama lezwe elithi "Voronezh" ngenxa laseMordovia elithi "sup", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba ihlathi. Lo mbono uye kwaqubula impikiswano, futhi wathola kokubili abasekeli kanye nezitha.

Ngo-1971, i-V Zagorovsky e wokulandisa abazinikele Voronezh lasendulo nomlando wayo, basikisela ukuthi le igama lendawo ixhunyaniswe ongakabi yembula igama "Voroneg".

Kuvele hypothesis ezithakazelisayo isifakwe phambili-mlando zendawo J. Mulkidzhanyanom, uphakamise isixhumanisi igama lalo muzi ngegama elithi "TVG", okuyinto lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi umsindo Iranian njengomuntu ezibanzi.

Ngo-2009, Lazarev aphakanyisiwe usebenzisa "indlela nominalistic" M. Mueller ukunquma "okhokho" mythoephic we yezinto uhlamvu Voronega. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye advocate of ngokucabangela nokuzwelana etymological hydronyms Vranje (eSerbia), Raven (Russia), Varna (Bulgaria), Varna (eJalimane) nabanye. Ngokwalesi imvelaphi yabo kusukela empandeni Indo-European elisho ukuthi "amanzi". Nayi amagama indaba emzini Voronezh.

Dlala izingane zakhe ngokuvamile ungatsheli, kungagcini ngokuvamile ukusho version ukuthi Voronezh - inhlanganisela amagama "umgomo" futhi "onezh".

Amarekhodi lalotshwa kuqala

Umlando emzini Voronezh, Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, iqala eside ngaphambi 1177. Lokhu kufakazelwa Chronicle, obhekisela impi Vladimir nezikhulu Ryazan, waphetha Ukuphunyuka Yaropolka Ryazanskogo edolobheni "Voronozh". Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Umlando we laseYurophu isihambi medieval indela Julian, abhalwe 1235, has a irekhodi yokuthi ingxenye yesithathu amatutu Batu Khan wayeka phambi River Don eduze enqabeni, neyayingaphansi "ubukhulu Russian." Abacwaningi batadisha into okuyinto umlando emzini Voronezh, sikholelwa ukuthi uma ukhuluma nayo ngokuzibulala. Omunye umlando-umlando le ndawo iphathelene 1284. Lapho, kuchazwa nendluzula eyenziwe AmaTatar nge abakhileyo eKursk ubukhulu ukhuluma "Voronezh ihlathi."

isisekelo

Incazelo nomlando emzini Voronezh nesithakazelo esikhulu izivakashi abafuna usivakashele. Nokho, kusenomsebenzi omkhulu esivumelwaneni mayelana minyaka eminingi kangaka lapho Voronezh. Umlando kwezinkolo ezazikulo muzi ngokusemthethweni kulinganiselwa ukuthi 1585. Isisekelo kuyinto okufakwayo oda Digit, ngokuvumelana okumele kwenziwe "ukugwema Ryazan bortnyh kokushiya ... edolobheni elisha Voronezh". Ngesikhathi, kwakhiwe le nqaba iqala khona. Ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa yayo waphathiswa Okokuqala Voronezh umbusi Semenu Saburovu. Ukwakha idolobha elisha wathumela abalimi ka Pereslavl Ryazan, dunk, Ryazhsk, nababazi abacibisheli nezinye empi.

Ekhulwini le-16

Ngo-1590 Voronezh (umlando emzini ekhulwini langaphambilini, eyaziwa kubi ngokwanele) labhujiswa Kanev Circassians. Isizathu mlando wakhe okusheshayo yokutakula ucabangele iqiniso lokuthi wonke umuzi phezu esimatasa Umzila wezohwebo e confluence we emifuleni Voronezh noDon. Kuyinto yalesi sizathu wakhonza njengephayona ukuqhubeka edolobheni.

Phakathi nekhulu le-16, i-trade Voronezh zaba nkulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha ku eningizimu yeRussia Ostrogozhsk Circassians waqala ukwakha imizi emisha, ayinikele amalungelo ku ukuhweba shredding. amalungelo okunjalo Voronezh ukuthi bancishwa, ngakho lalichumile kwezomnotho wasongelwa sina.

Izenzakalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17

Voronezh umnotho medieval phansi uhlelo izenzakalo Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Iqiniso ukuthi indlala isiphelile kubangelwa isivuno esingesihle kokusanhlamvu ezindaweni ezimaphakathi we Muscovite isimo, ophoqelelwe abakhileyo lokubalekela eningizimu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-Voronezh kwakukhona izinkulungwane eziningana zabantu abangenamakhaya ngaphandle esebenzisa le mihlangano. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukusweleka kokudla kuleli dolobha, "isizathu sokugcina kule inkomishi ukubekezela" kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi inkonzo Tithe owanikhipha Boris Godunov. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhamuzi asekelwe Amanga Dmitry mina, bese wangafuna ukulalela Shumsky. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngo-1610, Voronezh wathatha Amanga Dmitry II, eyayilungiselela yena Voronezh yokukhosela, lokuqoqa ukudla izikhali lapho. Nokho, ukusizakala ngabo, akukho ayengakwenza, ngoba wabulawa ngo-December 22.

Ngaphambi kwenkathi sikaPeter Omkhulu

Umlando okwalandela komuzi (Voronezh, unyaka isisekelo - 1585) kwaphawulwa nokuvukela eminingi. Ngakho, ngo-1648 abantu bakuleli dolobha wazama ukuqeda amandla izimantshi Basil ezingcolile futhi eminyakeni 1670-1671 baye bahileleke iMpi Abalimi ', eholwa UStepan Razin. Lokhu lula yokuthi edolobheni ezazihlala umholi umalume. Nokho, abahluleli, izimantshi ezingamaphoyisa wendawo alikwazanga ukuvimbela ukuvukela edolobheni, futhi ekugcineni lizoqeda ukuvukela emhlabeni Voronezh amasosha akwazi tsarist efika ngaphansi kobuholi nababusi G. Romanovsky.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17

izibalo Population futhi umlando edolobheni Voronezh waba ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi zilandelwa ngokunembile futhi ibhalwe engxenyeni kwekhulu le-17 yesibili. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthi 1677 kwakukhona onobhala angaphezu kwangu-300, abantu bakuleli dolobha kanye nabalimi abancane emakhaya, futhi amasonto 15, zazo 3 sezindela yaziwa.

Ngo 1682 edala Voronezh bhishobhi, eyokuqala wayeyinhloko uMbhishobhi Mitrofan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi 1683 inombolo ibikade 1099 Voronezh ibutho lamasosha, lapho 580 zazivela edolobheni nasemizaneni ezungezile yaziwa.

Lapho uPeter Omkhulu

Eminyakeni 1696-1725 Voronezh labetibambile ezweni ibhange kwesokudla lomfula esifanayo endaweni yesimanje Admiralty Square. Eminyakeni 1696-1722 uPetru esiwavakashele edolobheni ngemva kokuchitha ingqikithi izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-500. Phakathi nale nkathi yokuba esikhathini elaqala Voronezh empeleni inhloko-dolobha isimo Russian. Ikakhulukazi, kwaba khona esayinwe 1699 i sivumelwano ebalulekile umfelandawonye Denmark.

Ngokuvamile, umlando emzini Voronezh lwaluzokwehluka ngempela uma kwakungeyona uPetru, owavuma wanquma ukuqala ukwakhiwa lasolwandle khona. Yakhiwa ukuze uthathe isinyathelo Black futhi Azov ezilwandle ngokumelene Turkey. Umsebenzi wona wawungemubi okuhlanganisa indawo ebanzi kangako ukuthi shipyards babe ngisho emadolobheni ezintsha - Pavlovsk kanye nophawu. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange okuyinto cishe 200 emikhunjini nemikhumbi mnogopushechnyh ezakhiwa. Navy eyakhiwe Voronezh, Russia wasiza ukuze balukhulume Azov - inqaba enamandla Turkish, sise confluence Don kuya oLwandle Azov.

Ngo 1711 bomuzi bevuka isimo esifundazweni, futhi laba isizinda sokuqondisa ka ngempela ebanzi ngokuya endaweni sifundazwe Azov. engu-14 kamuva, kwathiwa Nokho, uqambe kabusha e Voronezh, e 1779 ngokuhamba kabusha zokuphatha Ubukhulu bayo eziye zabhekana nokwehla abukhali.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka Voronezh wavula izikole lokuqala okusezingeni eliphezulu nezikole zomphakathi, futhi kusukela ngo-1802 uqala umsebenzi walo ethiyetha lochwepheshe kuqala. Umcimbi ezithakazelisayo kwaphawulwa futhi 1804, lapho izibani ikhandlela laqanjwa ku 9 ezindleleni ezibanzi. ukuphila okunokuthula Voronezh i- ayehlasela sikaNapoleon. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi nempi ye 1812 edolobheni ngemva phambi 10 kazwelonke abezempi regiments.

Imemori owayephila ngesikhathi Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 futhi wahlala ngokusebenzisa izimangaliso elihlobene ne-izinsalela ngokungabhubhiyo St Mitrofan, okuyinto ukhuluma umlando edolobheni (Voronezh). Sinesizathu sokukholelwa inkulumo Metropolitan ongcwele wayenesizathu esikhathini sakhe, kodwa kwaba ngo-1830 e Voronezh kwavela lenqwaba amakholwa abafuna ukucela umkhulumeli. Ukufika inqwaba amakholwa futhi anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa umqedazwe nekholera.

Nsuku zonke kusuka isifo washona ngo abantu 300-400. Ngemizamo Governor Begichev ikholera yena wahlulwa, futhi Voronezh ukwakha esibhedlela esikhethekile imibhede 200.

Umlando komuzi (Voronezh ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe kungaba eside kakhulu) iqukethe izikhombo kanye sokufika khona uMbusi uNicholas Yokuqala. Umbusi bamvakashela ukuze iqhaza emcimbini wokuvula we izinsalela St Mitrofan.

Voronezh ukuze Revolution 1905

Ngo-1863, ukubalwa kwabantu lwenziwe. Umlando emzini Voronezh, sifinyeto okuyinto kusukela yaqala, futhi kuze kube maphakathi nawo wangekhulu le-19, niyazi, lo mcimbi inikeza idatha elandelayo: Imininingwane 38672 abantu babhaliswa, okinomboro zezakhamuzi edolobheni esibalwa 12 eRussia ...

Eminyakeni 1860-1870 ngokusebenzisa ensimini ka esifundazweni Voronezh kwavula Railways. ukufinyeleleka ezokuthutha Good kuye kwaholela ukufika amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezimbonini, kanye nokusebenza ihhashi ujantshi yaqalwa ngo 1881.

Ngobusuku obandulela ekhulwini entsha, labantu Voronezh, ngokuvumelana yokubala abantu, kwaba 84 100 abantu. Le ndawo ezisemadolobheni ikakhulukazi isendaweni ibhange kwesokudla emfuleni efanayo futhi adjoins 5 zokuhlala.

Sekukonke, lomuzi lwalunezisekelo izindlu phezu 5500, zazo ezingaphezu kwesigamu babe itshe.

Phakathi izenzakalo izinguquko kanye kulwiwa

Ekwindla ka-1905 e Voronezh waqala eyaba mibi yaphela pogrom chernosotenskim. Ngawo lowo nyaka kwaba khona ukuvukela e nebutho kwezigwegwe lapho, okwakubekelwa ngokushesha ukuyiveza. Kamuva, ngo-December 1905, edolobheni waphasisa isiteleka zezombusazwe.

Azikho izehlakalo kancane eneziyaluyalu laqala e Voronezh emva kwaba ukuqaphela kokugumbuqelwa Yesikhashana Uhulumeni e Petrograd. Ikakhulukazi, kakade Okthoba 30, 1917 (Old Style), amandla Soviet yasungulwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuzi Voronezh (umlando omfushane kwekhulu lama-20 umelwe ngenhla) ungomunye kwemizi yokuqala kwamiswa iqembu elikhethekile iRed Army lapho.

Eminyakeni pre-impi

Eyokuqala esiyiminyaka emihlanu buboniswa ngokuba Voronezh ukuziphilisa usebenza ngcono kanye sesimanje edolobheni kanye Tinsita yayo. Njengoba sihambisana nale, ngo-1926 Voronezh saba ucingo isevisi elide, kanye kwavulela tram. Ngesikhathi, umuzi lapho amisa khona, ngokuvumelana idatha etholwe ngenxa lokubalwa kwabantu, esinabantu abangaba 120,000, isibe sokuqondisa esifundeni Central Black Earth, kanye yayakhiwe bafakwa operation amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezimbalwa ezimbonini.

Lokhu kuye kwaholela kwakuzothutheleka Voronezh labasebenzi kusukela emizini ezungezile, ukuze ngo-1939 inani izakhamizi kudlulwe 362.000.

neminyaka yempi

Njengoba empini nge uNapoleon Voronezh njengenye wakhuphukela alwe wobushiqela. Kakade ngo-September 1941 waya phambi Zinikele Regiment, okuyinto eyaba yingxenye 100th Infantry Division. Ngemva kwalokho, le ukwakheka wezempi waklonyeliswa isihloko Guards, waphelela empini, kokukhulula Austrian dolobha Vienna entwasahlobo ka-1945. Kodwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lokho, lo umuzi nabakhileyo kuwo kwakusengozini omkhulu, kusukela kokuwa amaNazi ephethwe ukuba badlalele eduze ezindongeni Voronezh. Lo mcimbi awazange ayiphule sizimisele ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekhaya lakhe elincane. Ubufakazi lokhu kwaba mbukiso on esigcawini main Novemba 7, 1941, owawuseHholo isiqondiso amanani.

Lapho inkulumo mayelana Voronezh, umlando walo muzi izingane ngokuvamile awukhulumi mayelana nezinto ezethusayo okwakhuthazelelwa izakhamizi emva izifunda yasebhange kwakuhlezi kanzima ngamaNazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabutho aseSoviet abayekanga ezama knock out isitha. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo, 25 Januwari, 1943 Voronezh wadedelwa.

Kwatholakala owabhubhisa mayelana 92% wezindleko izindlu zikamasipala, kanye cishe zonke izakhiwo zomphakathi. Nakuba ukululama e Voronezh waqala ngokushesha emva kokukhululwa, kodwa ngo-1950 ubuso edolobheni wakwazi ukuqeda izibazi wathola ekulweni.

umlando kwakamuva

Kuze kube kabusha umuzi cishe njalo ngonyaka ukuvula zonke izimboni ezintsha, kuhlanganise tech high, yakhelwe ukukhonza umkhakha Aerospace.

Voronezh (umlando igama lomuzi usuwazi) yandile kakhulu emazweni 60s kanye 70s. Umphumela waba omakhelwane kahle esimisiwe. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ngo-1972, saphela ukudalwa i Voronezh Reservoir. Sekuvele iholidi endaweni oluthandayo bendawo. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada ezikhangayo ezinkulu Voronezh - isakhiwo Admiralty sikaPeter Omkhulu, ithempeli oseleyo ababhubhayo futhi Admiralty Church.

I stalemate edolobheni 90, kodwa namuhla eziningi izinkinga iye yasuswa.

Incazelo edolobheni namuhla

Kusukela ekuqaleni kule nkulungwane entsha yeminyaka, Voronezh (umlando emzini kubonakala amagama nemigwaqo egcwele ngokwanele) waphinda waqala ngenkuthalo lakheke. Ikakhulukazi, lapho yasungulwa yesimanje yezitolo namabhizinisi izikhungo. Eminyakeni yamuva, elibuyiselwe olwesimanje ezokuthutha simiso edolobheni. zokubukela amabhayisikobho amaningi amasha, zokudla nezindawo zokudla, kanye nakwezinye izindawo zokuzijabulisa, okungase ahlele yokuzilibazisa isikhathi sabo kokubili abadala kanye nezingane.

Voronezh Modern lingumuzi abafundi, njengoba izikole 36 okusezingeni eliphezulu kukhona evumelekile. Phakathi edume kakhulu kubo - State University kanye Medical Academy. Burdenko. Ngo kubo, ngaphandle ezakhamuzini Russian Federation, has abafundi mayelana ayizinkulungwane 1.5 angaphandle, abaningi kubo abasekhona izakhamuzi zamazwe angaphandle.

Voronezh ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukiswa. Ikakhulukazi, amayadi angu kakhulu futhi amapaki, ebaleni lokudlala zezingane, mihle zezimbali kanye zezimbali, ngisho ezifundeni ezikude kakhulu ihlelwe kusihlwa ukukhanya, okuyinto iminyaka eminingi kwakubhekwa njengesenzo inkinga unsolvable.

Umlando izikhungo endala zemfundo kwedolobha Voronezh

Ngo-1703 kwavulwa isikole kwavulwa Voronezh. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala emlandweni umuzi nesifunda semfundo ukuqeqesha zikhulu ezinhlwini aphansi. Abafunda isikole, okwakubekelwa ezikhethiwe kusuka phakathi dragoons, wathola kusukela dolobha zamagama lokuqala, kwenziwa futhi izibalo. Ngesisekelo semfundo lapho bafunde kuphela abafana nezinsizwa abanale FM Apraksin. Ekuqaleni, kwakukhona 90 abafundi kanye nokugcizelelwa yafakwa ikakhulu buciko ayisisekelo izibalo.

Isikole sokuqala Voronezh emabangeni kokuqala babekwazi ukunikeza abasha lasolwandle Russian futhi shipyards ezidingekayo ukuze ngalezo zinsuku, ochwepheshe abanekhono emkhakheni wobunjiniyela, wehlela emlandweni njengoba omunye okudaliwe sikaPeter Omkhulu.

Manje uyazi umlando emzini Voronezh. Ezinganeni isifinyezo yezindaba zemihla ngemihla yakithi kuyathakazelisa ukucabanga izinto kalula. Phela, nabo basuke lungaqukatha izigigaba eziphathelene ukudalwa lasolwandle Russian futhi umzabalazo nobuqhawe izakhamuzi Voronezh ngesikhathi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.