Okokuqala jet isitimela e-USSR: umlando, izici, izithombe

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-'70 ngaphambi Zonke-Union Scientific Research Institute railcar (VNIIV) kanye Yakovlev Design Bureau umsebenzi wokudala a izitimela yasekhaya kagesi wakhululwa, uyakwazi isivinini esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200 km / h. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ekwenziweni iphrojekthi onjalo wokufuna izikhundla ngesikhathi, kufanele kahle ukufunda zonke izici nokuxhumana amasondo enqoleni komzila ngesikhatsi operation waphelela ezifana ngesivinini.

I zokuhlola imoto-rocket

Ngenjongo ukuhlola futhi isitimela jet idaliwe, uma sikubeka ngokuqondile, imoto-laboratory ebiyelweyo enophephela kuso izindiza izinjini. umklamo okunjalo akuhambisani kuphela ukufeza ijubane iyadingeka, kepha ingozi ukuncipha Ukuhlanekezelwa ayisungula amasondo drive, kuyilapho ujikelezisa odlulela kude komzila.

Umqondo udala Isitimela injini jet wayengeyena yokuqala, kusukela 60s ukuhlola okufanayo lwenziwe e-United States futhi yayisetshenziswa kabanzi wamboza cindezela emhlabeni. Okwenzeka nozakwethu American wasetshenziswa Abaklami Soviet ukulandela wonke umsebenzi umhlangano ezitolo Kalinin (manje Tver) senqola Works. Lapha kulapho lokuqala jet isitimela USSR yasungulwa.

Izincwajana zemininingwane jet

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukudalwa kwasekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukuba kwakhiwe esitimela ekhethekile elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo nezidingo okwakufuneka kuma imoto-laboratory. Kodwa ngokuhamba umsebenzi waqala, kwanqunywa ukuba bahambe ngendlela kulula kube yimanje, sebenzisa njalo imoto kagesi ikhanda ER 22 oluqanjwe Riga senqola Works. Yiqiniso, ukuze senze jet isitimela le Isitimela somhambi BakaJehova, wayefuna ukwenza kube ekuklanyweni izinguquko ezithile, kodwa noma kunjalo kwaba ishibhile futhi ngokushesha kunokuba udala imodeli entsha.

Ukuthatha isipiliyoni ongoti American, nabaqambi VNIIV futhi Yakovlev Design Bureau uthathwa kufaneleka uqinise phezu cab, izinjini ezimbili jet. Kulokhu, njengoba kuyi-a esitimela phambi kwabo esenkingeni ukuthi ─ ukuklama into entsha noma usebenzise izinjini ngomumo eyenziwe elisetshenziswa zezindiza zanamuhla? Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde ukuthi babekhetha samuntu yesibili.

izinjini ukuphila elingasekho empini okusha

Kuzo zonke amasampula atholakale abadali isitimela ku jet-sikagesi, abakhethelwa kusukela ezimbili elingasekho empini injini umgibeli indiza Yak-40 (isithombe wakhe uvezwa esihlokweni), yakhelwe ukukhonza izindiza basekhaya. Njengoba isiphelile indiza yabo ezinsiza, kokubili izinjini zisesimweni esihle futhi ingase basakhonza emhlabathini. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kwaba isixazululo ongaphakeme nokubonelela.

Uma ucwaningo yimpumelelo ne ukufakwa yabo esitimeleni jet, ke ingaxazululwa eyodwa ngaphezulu kakhulu kubalulekile inkinga umnotho kazwelonke ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ebhaliwe-off the izinjini indiza ayifanele izindiza, kodwa kungenye into ehluke kakhulu efanelekayo ukusebenza phansi. Akubheka njengokuhle oboniswe leyo minyaka L. I. uBrezhnev: "Umnotho kumele kube ukonga."

Wasikisela isixazululo esilula futhi kunengqondo

Phakathi nalokho kubingelelana, isitimela Abadali jet kwadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga ebalulekile kakhulu ─ ukubapha ikhanda imoto isitimela izakhiwo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza kudingwa ukuthwala nalo ukuhlolwa ngesivinini. Inkinga yayiwukuthi injalo, hhayi yakhelwe ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba Ukuhamba eqinile ezayo. Nokho, kulesi simo, ikhambi elilula futhi esebenza kahle watholakala.

Ngaphandle kokushintsha yemoto design, abadali iphrojekthi esetshenziswa pads ekhethekile, esehlanganise ikhanda, umsila futhi ibhanoyi ingxenye yayo. ubungako bawo futhi ukuma ziye ibalwa ku MSU esekelwe idatha laboratory etholwe ngenxa ucwaningo, lapho ngokukhethekile okwenziwe afuthe phezu imodeli imoto e umgudu womoya.

ekhaleni ezicijile, nophahla ukushisa ukumelana

Ngemva onjiniyela ihlolwe ngaleyo ndlela 15 onobuhle zokuhlola, bakwazi ukuthola ifomu elilungile lapho imoto jet ikhanda isitimela baba nokulula kakhudlwana. Ngenxa yalokho, ekhaleni lakhe ezicijile limane ipuleti aboshelwe phambi ingxenye futhi ukudala izimo machinists wabheka phambili ngokusebenzisa ingilazi double ngaphansi okuyinto ─ the fairing futhi cab.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile babe izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba okweqile ophahleni ngenxa yokuchayeka amagesi esishisayo ageleze ke, nokweqa jet izinjini. Ngenxa yale njongo, phezu imoto base kwagcizelela ukushisa ukumelana amashidi steel, okuyinto ibekwe ngaphansi ungqimba olubamba ukushisa.

Design uthuthukiswe imoto

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSoviet jet isitimela, noma kunalokho, imoto zokuhlola ukuthi ezazigxishwe zonke izinhlobo imishini, kwenza kube nokwenzeka hhayi kuphela ukwenza izilinganiso ezidingekayo ngesikhathi sokuhlola, kodwa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ukuhamba kwayo kuleyo ngesivinini. Uyobe engabonisi ihaba ukuthi ngaphandle ngcono ezifanele kungukuthi akashiyanga noyedwa yezingxenye imoto, ngoba izimo ezimbi kakhulu izimfuno ekhethekile kuzo zonke izinhlelo, okubalwa ngokuyinhloko chassis kanye amabhuleki.

Yonke ingqalasizinda esheshayo ─ jet - isitimela kushintshiwe ngenxa yezizathu eziningi lobuchwepheshe. Engingakusho nje ukuthi uma ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile motor ushayela amasondo, kubenze spin futhi, sakhela phezu ojantshi, ukuya phezulu, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezindiza ekuphonsweni wagxila, amasondo kanye komzila udlala indima izakhi Umhlahlandlela ebambe imoto ngaphakathi indlela kusengaphambili.

Brake futhi inkinga oscillation lateral

Njengoba sazi ukuthi, ngokusho izibalo abaklami, inzalo yabo kwadingeka ukufinyelela ijubane 360 km / h, ke kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile ukubopha uhlelo olukwazi kokumisa isitimela esasibalekile, uma kunesidingo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, onobuhle entsha ngokuphelele disk kanye wesitimela kazibuthe amabhuleki zenzelwe.

Kepha oscillations lateral we ikalishi ukuthi nakanjani kuphakama lapho ushayela ku ujantshi, ayenethemba wokukucima ngenxa jet igesi lovela injini jet. Ekusebenteni, lezi izibalo babe sifaneleka ngokuphelele.

Aseqala eside elindelwe

Ekugcineni, wonke umsebenzi wokulungiselela seliqediwe, futhi ngo-May 1971 kwi suburban ujantshi kwesigaba Golutvin ─ Ozery isitimela sokuqala esasitholakala ngagoduka baseSoviet jet izinjini kulolo vivinyo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayenobuhlobo ubude 28 m kanye 59,4 m isisindo siqu. Ukuze lokhu kufanele wanezela isisindo amathani 4 ─ izinjini ezimbili jet, 7.2 m ─ zezindiza kaphalafini, wakhonza fuel yabo.

Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala usivakashele zase zihleliwe ijubane 180 km / h ─ okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele ngesikhathi, kodwa kude ibalwa 360 km / h. Isizathu yemiphumela enjalo abampofu kungekho amaphutha lobuchwepheshe, futhi inani elikhulu izigaba lwalugobile ithrekhi lapho, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, kwadingeka nginciphise izinga.

Noma kunjalo, ukubukeka ngowokuqala yasekhaya jet isitimela, yaphawula emaphephandabeni njengoba isenzakalo esibalulekile. Isihloko esilandelayo sinikeza isembozo salo magazini ethandwa "Ubuchwepheshe Youth", owachitha sihloko yakhe nomdlandla.

ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe

Ukuze kuqedwe izithiyo ezingase zivele, uvivinyo elandelayo kwenziwe esikhathini iminyaka 1971─1975., Eyenziwa iginqika ithrekhi isiqu Dnieper ujantshi phakathi iziteshi futhi Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Kwakulapho ngo-February 1972 turbojet isitimela ezazivela eSoviet Union ukubeka irekhodi lomhlaba isivinini kwaloliwe ithrekhi 1520 mm, esibalelwa 250 km / h. Namuhla, lezi akusiyona into entsha, kodwa leyo minyaka, yalokho efanayo kwaba impumelelo evelele.

yalokho okuhle okunjalo lisinika ithemba eminyakeni ezayo, izwe uzoqala ekukhiqizweni ngesivinini wesitimela izitimela, inikwa amandla yi-jet wagxila. Onjiniyela ehilelekile ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane bokuqala ngempumelelo kulolo vivinyo isampula, babekulungele uzosungula ngesivinini trohvagonnogo kwengoma. Nokho, amaphupho abo futhi wayemiselwe ukuba abe ngokoqobo.

Indlela, engafanele ngesivinini izitimela

Izizathu zokuthi kungani izinjini turbojet nge wagxila akufakwanga ekukhiqizweni ambalwa. Phakathi kwabo, indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa inertia kanye namandla we isimiso sezomnotho Soviet. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, kwakukhona abalulekile kakhulu izici umgomo baye uvinjelwe lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe.

Inkinga eyinhloko uvele nojantshi Soviet esakhiwe ngokuhambisana nezimfuneko zomsebenzi we eminyakeni eminingi edlule. I radii ka ugobile kubo Kwahlelwa ukuba abaklami kuphela ngokuhambisana nemibandela kwendawo ebesingesihle ingxenye enkulu njengoba edlula ngejubane ukunciphisa edingekayo ukuze 80 km / h noma ephansi. Ukuze wasungula izitimela ngesivinini kwakuyodingeka ukuba sakhe ngezindlela ezintsha ezidinga ukutshalwa abalulekile, noma ukunciphisa ugobile ezindala, wavuma ukuthi ukungasebenzi kahle. Ayikho kulezi ongakhetha wayebhekwa esithembisayo e-USSR.

Esisheshayo izinkinga isitimela isikhonzi

sekudlule ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa zikhonjwe Okwamanje eziningi izinkinga ezihlobene ingqalasizinda yezitimela. Kulokhu sikhuluma evulekile esiteshini ezisekelweni anemisila wonke amazwe ngaphandle iziteshi ngaphandle. Izincwajana zemininingwane whizzing esidlule kubo ngesivinini 250 km / h, uyakwazi ukudala i wave emoyeni ukuthi iyoshanela ku kweso bonke abantu emsamo. Ngakho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulondeka okwanele liyadingeka yesikhathi sesimanje kwandile, okuzokwenza idinga izimali omkhulu.

Phakathi kwezinkinga kwakuyinto zincane kangaka, amatshe ezimboze zonke ojantshi e-USSR like. Qeqesha phezu kwayo jet, ukushayela esedlule iziteshi kanye ujantshi yokuwela, kwakhiwa emhlabeni ukugeleza sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza emoyeni nakanjani wakhulela omningi impahla ngobuningi, ukuyivala ku izinhlayiya emihle nokufana eziyingozi. Omunye isiphetho ─ ukusetshenziswa compounds enjalo kwakuzomelwe concreted wonke amathrekhi.

Misa ukuhlola

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-70 iningi nojantshi avunyelwe eSoviet Union ukuthuthukisa kubo ngejubane phezulu 140 km / h. Kuphela kwezinye izindawo kwakungase senyukela 200 km / h ngaphandle okwandisa ingozi. Ngakho, phambili okwandisa ijubane lamakhilomitha isitokwe ugingqe ubelokhu eqashelwa ngaleso sikhathi zingenzeki ngoba nakanjani zidinga Yimali enkulu kabi.

Ngokwazi ijubane emotweni-laboratory, ekupheleni ucwaningo ngo-1975 wayiswa emzini Kalinin endaweni yokukhanda. Ngokusekelwe imiphumela eyatholakala ngokuhamba umsebenzi kwenziwe, sadalwa ukuba kwezinguquko olufanele kulentuthuko entsha imboni ezifana RT 200 esitimela nesitimela ER 200.

I esidabukisayo nokuguga

Ukuze afeze isabelo yayo, futhi akekho ke oyifunayo, imoto-indiza iminyaka eyishumi kwaba yemboni sidings ahlukahlukene, rusting, futhi equliswa kuphangwa. Ekugcineni, phakathi nawo-80s izingane engumthengisi kusukela kwamiswa iKomiti YCL wendawo necebo umbono ukuze uyenze ibe imfashini leyo minyaka, igumbi ividiyo, usebenzisa le njongo umzimba ukuthi wabheka engavamile kakhulu ukukhwezwa nge motor.

Lathi ─ kwenziwe. imoto Abandoned wahudulwa kusukela sump kwisitezi kwemboni, futhi zalungiswa ngokuhambisana esabelweni sakhe esisha. Zonke ukugxusha ubudala baxoshwe kuye, futhi ezindaweni abakhululiwe esungulwe imishini ezibukwayo futhi izihlalo izibukeli. Esikhathini cab wangaphambili futhi Umpheme eduze ahlelwe ibha. Phezu kwakho konke isuswe ukuthomba yangaphandle futhi zaveza jet wakhe ekamelweni isiqophi tones blue and white.

Kunengqondo, lapha futhi uqale ukuphila kwakhe entsha, kodwa ngokuya commercial Komsomol sekungene inkinga ngeshwa ─ behluleka ukuvumelana nezigilamkhuba lendawo ku isamba elamukelekayo pullback kusukela enzuzweni. Wasetshibilikela imoto yakhe yokuhlaselwa ekupheleni efile, lapho afike achitha khona eminye iminyaka engu-20, ekugcineni abe elachitheka enamasondo.

Ngakhumbula ngakho kuphela ngo-2008, lapho ulungiselela sigubha iminyaka le-110 zalesi sihlahla. Its ovikelekile futhi osungulwe kanye zonke imithetho yezinto ezihamba emoyeni ka ukuncishiselwa ekhaleni, sihlanza zaveza isetshenziselwe ukudala udonga yesikhumbuzo, efakwe eduze kwesango endaweni yokukhanda. isithombe sakhe uqeda i-athikili yethu.