Lapho inguquko kwaba eRussia? Izimbangela, umlando izenzakalo, imiphumela

Ukuze uqonde, lapho ngifunda u-inguquko Russian, kubalulekile ukubheka emuva ngenkathi wokubusa uNicholas II. Kwakuwusuku uMbusi lokugcina Romanov lwamakhosi izwe wazamazama crisis eziningana zomphakathi ezaholela izenzo abantu ulwa nohulumeni. Izazi-mlando ukuhlukanisa inguquko ka 1905-1907., I-February Revolution kanye Okthoba Revolution-1917 ngonyaka.

izimfanelo linemibhikisho

Kuze 1905, uMbuso Russian wahlala ngaphansi kwemithetho yokubusa kwamakhosi ngokuphelele. Inkosi le autocrat kuphela. Kuphela kwakuxhomeke kuye ukwenza izinqumo isimo kubalulekile. Ekhulwini XIX, isimo esinjalo olandelanayo wezasekhaya akazange zihambelane stratum encane kakhulu umphakathi nongqondongqondo kanye ukuhluleka ukuhambisana kahle. Laba bantu ugxile West, lapho isikhathi eside njengesibonelo engokomfanekiso kwakukhona French Revolution. It phephetha amandla Bourbons futhi wanika izakhamuzi inkululeko civil wezwe.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba inguquko sokuqala senzeka e-Russia, inkampani wathola ukuthi ukwesaba zezombusazwe. ejenti Radical yokushintsha wathatha izikhali ihlelwe kokubulawa izikhulu eziphezulu zikahulumeni ukuphoqelela iziphathimandla ukuba banake izimfuno zabo.

Tsar u-Alexander II ethathe ubukhosi phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea, okuyinto Russia walahlekelwa ngenxa ehlelekile igebe kwezomnotho kanye West. ukunqotshwa Umunyu ophoqelelwe le nkosi abasha ukuze uqale kabusha. Chief phakathi kwawo kwakukhona ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861. Lokhu kwalandelwa Zemstvo, komthetho, ukulawula kanye nezinye kabusha.

Nokho, ezizivelelayo amaphekula zazisekhona enganelisekile. Abaningi babo safuna ohlanga yomthethosisekelo noma ukubhujiswa kombuso. Populists imitamo kweshumi ku-Alexander II. Ngo-1881, wabulawa. Ngaphansi indodana yakhe, u-Alexander III, umkhankaso mva wethulwa. Amaphekula izishoshovu zezombusazwe sezibekwe yokucindezelwa ngendluzula. It wathulisa kafushane isimo. Kodwa intuthuko lokuqala eRussia ayehlaselwa namanje isiseduze.

UNicholas II Amaphutha

Alexander III wafa ngo-1894 e-yokuhlala YaseCrimea, lapho ukulungiswa kwempilo yakhe ebuthaka. Umbusi kwakuhunyushwa abasha (eneminyaka engu-49 kuphela ubudala), futhi ukushona kwakhe ukumangala okuphelele lizwe. Russia eba yiqhwa ilindele. Phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi kwafakazela eyizibulo Alexander III, Nicolas II. Ukubusa kwakhe (kwasekusithi lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso Russian) kusukela ekuqaleni kwafiphala izenzakalo ezingajabulisi.

Okokuqala, omunye ukubonakala lokuqala zomphakathi inkosi yathi ukuthi ukuphishekela benhlalakahle yomphakathi ushintsho kuyinto "amaphupho ongenangqondo." + Ngenxa yalesi ibinzana Nicholas wagxekwa yibo bonke abaphikisi bayo - kusuka Liberals ukuze Socialists. Monarch ithole ngisho umbhali omkhulu Lva Tolstogo. Bala chwaneka uMbusi iwubuphukuphuku ethi esihlokweni eyabhalwa umbono ayekuzwa.

Okwesibili, ngesikhathi somkhosi we wokugcotshwa uNicholas II, le ngozi yenzeke eMoscow. Neziphathimandla zedolobha bahlele umcimbi okhethekile abalimi nalabo abadla imbuya ngothi. Bakhandwa wathembisa "okukhona" khulula esivela enkosini. Ngakho izinkulungwane zabantu ayesezibhebheni Khodynka Field. Esikhathini esithile waqala kuminyanise, amakhulu abedlula ngendlela babulawa ngenxa ngalo. Kamuva, lapho sengifunda inguquko isiRashiya, abaningi baye ngokuthi Lezi zenzakalo kungabhekisela okungokomfanekiso ukunikele enkingeni Ngokuzayo ngaphezulu.

I linemibhikisho Russian babe izizathu inhloso. Yiziphi? Ngo-1904, uNicholas II ngagxila ekulweni Japan. Ingxabano yagqashuka ngenxa yethonya amandla emibili engqubuzanayo eliseMpumalanga Ekude. ukulungiselela nokuwubuwula, welula zokuxhumana shapkozakidatelskih isimo sengqondo isitha - konke lokhu kuye kwaholela kokunqotshwa ibutho Russian empini. dweba thula vumelwane sasayinwa ngo-September 5, 1905. Russia wanika Japan sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Sakhalin Island, kanye namalungelo ukuqasha kuya osendaweni ezibalulekile South Manchuria sesitimela.

Ngesikhathi kuqala impi ezweni kwakukhona unentshiseko ubuzwe ubutha komunye izitha kazwelonke. Manje, ngemva kokunqotshwa, ngamandla ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili le ukuvukela 1905-1907. eRussia. Abantu babefuna izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuphila isimo. Ikakhulukazi Ngazizwa ukunganeliseki phakathi kwezisebenzi kanye abalimi, ogama izinga lokuphila uphansi impela.

olunegazi ngeSonto

Isizathu esiyinhloko kokugqashuka angaba nempi yombango ukwedlula babe sibhicongo Petersburg. Januwari 22, 1905 ithimba abasebenzi kusukela Putilov Works waya Sasebusika nge isicelo enkosini. Abasebenzi ebuzwa le nkosi ukwenza ngcono izimo zabo zokusebenza, ukwandisa inkokhelo, njll Kwakukhona izimfuno zezombusazwe, ebaluleke kunazo zonke okuyinto ukuba abize LoMhlangano ababamele - .. ukumelwa Yabantu phezu Western imodeli ePhalamende.

Amaphoyisa ahlakaze imashi. nezibhamu yasetshenziswa. Kulinganiselwa ezihlukahlukene, baye bafa esuka kubantu 140 200. Le nhlekelele yase yaziwa ngokuthi ngeSonto Bloody. Uma umcimbi waziwa kulo lonke leli zwe, iziteleka mass waqala eRussia. Ngemva kokubona izisebenzi ukuthi owabangelwa Abavukeli professional kanye bagqugquzela leftist, babehola kolunye oluke komhlaba kuphela. It kuya kuqina futhi le ukuphikiswa ovulekile.

Eyokuqala revolution Russian

Iziteleka kanye iziteleka babe kwemibala ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi esifundeni umbuso. Yenguquko 1905-1907. eRussia ikakhulukazi kanzima yayishuba emaphethelweni kahulumeni kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Socialists Polish banxenxa hhayi ukuya emsebenzini abasebenzi kungathi izinkulungwane 400 embusweni Polish. nezibhelu Okufanayo okwenzeka emazweni aseBaltic kanye Georgia.

Radical Lepolitiki (amaBolshevik futhi SRS) uthathe isinqumo sokuthi lena amathuba wabo wokugcina ukugumbuqela umbuso kunoma lizwe ngosizo ukuvukela kwabo. I bagqugquzela babephathwa hhayi kuphela abalimi kanye nezisebenzi, kodwa futhi amasosha abavamile. Khona-ke kwaqala sevukelombuso kuhlonyiwe ibutho. Leso senzakalo edume kakhulu uchungechunge kuyinto kwavukelwa phezu yempi "Potemkin".

Ngo-October 1905, it iqala umsebenzi wayo ahlanganisiwe Saint Petersburg Soviet, okuyinto esihlelwe abashayayo yonkana inhloko-dolobha yombuso. Imicimbi inguquko wathatha okukhulu kakhulu ngo-December. Ngo eMoscow, abaqaphele kuvukela wahola ezimpini at Presnya futhi kwezinye izindawo edolobheni.

Manifesto ka-October 17

Ekwindla ka-1905 uNicholas II waqaphela ukuthi ukulawula labalahlekile isimo. Ayengakwenza ngosizo ibutho ukucindezela wavukela eminingi, kodwa ngeke kungisize ukuqeda ukungaboni ngaso ezijulile phakathi kukahulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Monarch baqala ukuxoxa nge izinyathelo eseduze ukufinyelela ukusilela ne ukukhononda.

Umphumela ngesinqumo sakhe sasifana Manifesto Okthoba 17, 1905. Kutfutfukiswa idokhumenti waphathiswa esemthethweni owaziwa futhi ohlakaniphile Sergei Witte. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, waya asayine ukuthula ne-Japanese. Manje kudingeka Witte kwaba ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ube nesikhathi ukusiza inkosi yabo. Isimo nzima yokuthi ngo-Okthoba, bangena esitelekeni abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Iziteleka baye bawusibekela cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yezezimboni. It sasishwabene izitimela.

Manifesto ka-October 17 waletha ushintsho oluphawulekayo ukuze isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona of the Empire, Russian. UNicholas II phambi ephethwe amandla kuphela. Manje wakunikela ingxenye amandla alo imithetho, umtimba lomusha - State Duma. Wayefanele bakhethwe ngevoti ethandwa futhi abe imizimba kweqiniso ummeleli.

Ngamisa izimiso zomphakathi ezifana inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko kanembeza, inkululeko yokuhlangana, kanye bangasephula umuntu. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaba kuyingxenye ebalulekile imithetho isimo eziyisisekelo of the Empire, Russian. Ngakho yokuthi kwakungekho umthethosisekelo lokuqala lukazwelonke.

phakathi revolution

Incwadi ka the Manifesto ngo-1905 (lapho kwakukhona revolution Russia) esiye sasiza iziphathimandla ukuletha isimo ngaphansi kolawulo. Iningi lezi zihlubuki esehlise umoya. ukusilela yesikhashana yathinteka. Echo Revolution okuzwakele ngo-1906, kodwa manje isimo apharathasi zokucindezela kwaba lula ukubhekana nokukhumbula izimbangi zabo ezibuhlungu abenqaba ukuba abeke phansi izikhali.

Yaqala okubizwa ngokuthi inter-wamavukelambuso sikhathi, lapho 1906-1917 GG. IRussia ingelinye amakhosi ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Manje Nicholas kwadingeka ukuba nibhekane ngokubona State Duma, okungase ungathathi imithetho yakhe. I last nkosi isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ngokwemvelo olandelanayo. Akazange ukukholelwa imibono ovulekile wacabanga igunya lakhe yedwa inikezwe azoyithola kuNkulunkulu. Nicholas walenza ezivuna kuphela ngoba wayengamzondi okukhipha eside.

Laba bobabili yimihlangano lokuqala Duma State ongazange asebenze wazibeka phansi isikhathi umthetho. isikhathi engokwemvelo yokusabela iphutha ngenkathi le nkosi wathatha kumeshi. Ngalesi sikhathi, le kumhlobo eyinhloko uNicholas II baba uNdunankulu uPyotr Stolypin. Uhulumeni wahluleka uvumelana Duma kwamanye ezisemqoka inqubomgomo. Ngenxa yalokhu ingxabano, Juni 3, 1907, uNicholas II ziyoncibilika inhlangano omele futhi wenze izinguquko uhlelo lokhetho. III futhi IV nomhlangano isakhiwo ubelokhu kancane olukhulu kunezokuqala ezimbili. Phakathi Duma futhi uhulumeni usuqalile inkhulumomphendvulwano.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu inguquko eRussia sasihlanganisa amandla ematheni le nkosi, kuvimbela amazwe ezingabakhona. Lapho isimiso autocracy eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule, isimo uhlaliseke. Kukhula kwemnotfo uqalile. KokuLima kabusha Stolypin wasiza abalimi ukumisa okwabo siqu amapulazi abo amancane ngasese. Kukhona isigaba esisha kwezenhlalo. Izwe uye savela futhi yaceba phezu kwamehlo.

Pho kungani nikhuphukele iphutha revolution okwalandela eRussia? Kafushane, uNicholas wenza iphutha lokukhathalela ukuhileleka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914. amadoda esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana ayebuthelwe. Njengoba kunjalo nge umkhankaso Japanese, okokuqala, izwe sihlangabezane umoya wokushisekela izwe. Lapho kwegazi esalibele, futhi kusukela Phambi kwazo kwakumiswe imibiko ukulimala, inkampani waqala ukukhathazeka futhi. Akekho ngempela owakwazi ngokuqiniseka kakhulu kangakanani empini udonsa on. Inguquko in Russia uzobuya.

Februwari revolution

Ngo historiography kukhona elithi "I-Great Revolution Russian". Ngokuvamile, leli gama ejwayelekile libhekisela izenzakalo kuka-1917, ngesikhathi izwe amasu okugumbuqela imibuso emibili nje. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ishayé umnotho wezwe. phansi okuqhubekayo sabantu. Ebusika 1917 e Petrograd (uqambe kabusha ngenxa bazonde-German) waqala imiboniso mass lezisebenzi futhi izakhamuzi abangajabule nge amanani eliphezulu isinkwa.

Kusukela Februwari Revolution eRussia. Izinto zashintsha ngokushesha. UNicholas II kwaba ngalesi sikhathi endlunkulu Mogilev, eduze phambi. Inkosi osezwile mayelana kwemibhikisho enhlokodolobha, ngathatha isitimela esiya ukubuyela Tsarskoye Selo. Kepha kwase kwephuzile. Ngo Petrograd ibutho ukukhononda waya kulo amavukela-mbuso. Idolobhana lalibuswa eyisihlubuki. Mashi 2 waya enkosini izihambeli, ukukholisa kuye ukungena ngemvume abdication yakhe. Njengoba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa Februwari eRussia kwesokunxele kwamakhosi zokugcina.

Eyaluzayo 1917

Ngemva ekuqaleni inguquko kwakudingekile Uhulumeni Yesikhashana kwamiswa Petrograd. Kuhlanganisa izinqubomgomo, owayekade aziwa Duma State. Kwakumelwe ikakhulukazi Liberals futhi Socialists ngokulinganisela. Inhloko Uhulumeni Yesikhashana Wayengubani u-Alexander Kerensky.

Anarchy kuleli zwe uyokhulisa nezinye amabutho olukhulu zezombusazwe efana amaBolshevik kanye Social Abavukeli. Ukulwela amandla. Ngokusemthethweni, uhulumeni wesikhashana kwaba ukuze usinde kuze nomhlangano we ababamele Assembly, lapho jikelele suffrage izwe akwazi ukunquma indlela okumele aphile ngakho. Nokho, lapho namanje kwaba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi izikhonzi akafunanga angalwamukeli usizo kubangane bawo esikhathini Entente. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza iconsi elibukhali ukuthandwa Yesikhashana Uhulumeni wezempi, kanye phakathi kwezisebenzi kanye abalimi.

Ngo-August 1917, General Lavr Kornilov wazama ukuhlela etat Ukuketulwa. Wabuye kuqhathaniswa amaBolshevik, uwabheka usongo olukhulu eRussia ngakwesokunxele. Ibutho wayeseGibithe Petrograd. Ngalesi sikhathi, uhulumeni kanye nabasekeli Lenin kafushane united. KwamaBolshevik bagqugquzela wabhubhisa ibutho Kornilov ngaphakathi. I mutiny kuhlulekile. Uhulumeni wesikhashana basinda, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside.

kwamaBolshevik revolution

Kuzo zonke linemibhikisho yasekhaya utho lwesikhala waziwa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi idethi wakhe - Novemba 7 (okusha Style) - iminyaka engaphezu kuka-70 kuye kwaba iholide kazwelonke kulendzawo yangaphambilini umbuso Russian.

Kwaholela elinye Icebo lika wema uVladimir Lenin futhi Leon Trotsky. Abaholi KwamaBolshevik Party, iwine ukusekela Petrograd isikaniso. Okthoba 25, isitayela ubudala amaKhomanisi asekelwe amabutho ahlomile ashaqe amaphuzu ayinhloko Petrograd zokuxhumana - lo yocingo, ngeposi, ujantshi. Uhulumeni Yesikhashana ahlukanisa kule Winter Palace. Ngemva lokushaya kafushane yangaphambili esigodlweni ngokuvumelana ezikhonzini baboshwa. Uphawu lokuqala operation juqu baba shot nalutho udubule impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora". Kerensky wayengekho edolobheni, futhi kamuva waba sesimweni esamsiza ukuba bathutha Russia.

Ekuseni ngo-October 26 amaBolshevik wayesevele amakhosi Petrograd. Ngokushesha kwafika izimiso lokuqala uhulumeni omusha - Isinqumo ku Ukuthula Isinqumo ku Land. I Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kwaba engathandwa ngokunembile ngenxa nesifiso salo ukuqhubeka impi yokulwa eJalimane Kaiser, kuyilapho ibutho Russian ukulwa ukhathele futhi demoralized.

iziqubulo Simple futhi ecacile amaBolshevik yayithandwa phakathi kwabantu. Abalimi ekugcineni walinda ekubhujisweni yezikhulu futhi bokuhlukaniswa ubunikazi ezweni labo. Amasosha wafunda ukuthi impi lingabacindezeli iphelile. Nokho, e-Russia ngokwayo kwakusala kude nezwe. waqala Yombango. AmaBolshevik iminyaka 4 ukulwa nezitha zabo (omhlophe) kulo lonke izwe, ukuze amise ukulawula nendawo eyayikade Empire Russian. Ngo-1922, iSoviet Union kwamiswa. Okthoba Omkhulu lwesikhala lwaba isenzakalo esivelele ukuthi kwaletha inkathi entsha emlandweni hhayi kuphela Russia kodwa umhlaba wonke.

Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wesimanje at amandla isimo bangamaKhomanisi olukhulu. Okthoba 1917 wamangaza futhi kwaziphithanisa emphakathini waseNtshonalanga ye wobunxiwankulu. AmaBolshevik babenethemba lokuthi iRussia iyoba zithuthukisa ekuqaleni inguquko emhlabeni futhi ukuqedwa capitalism. Lokhu akwenzekanga.