Life kanye namasiko kwekhulu le-18 e-Russia: Umlando

wokubusa Epochal kaPetru mina, kanye kwekuhlela kabusha yayo eminingi okuhloswe ngaso westernization nokuqedwa izinsalela medieval ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kanye nezombusazwe, baba nethonya elikhulu endleleni yokuphila zonke izigaba zombuso.

ezintsha ezihlukahlukene, ngenkuthalo wethula ku ekuphileni kwansuku namasiko abaseRussia ekhulwini le-18, wanikeza umfutho onamandla ekutjhugulukeni Russia zibe sesimweni ukukhanyiselwa European.

kwekuhlela kabusha Peter mina sika

Peter mina, kanye esikhundleni sakhe phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi uCatherine II, abangababi bemisebenzi yaso eyinhloko ekwetayeta abesifazane okukholakala zokuphila futhi accustom abavelele emphakathini emphakathini Russian nemithetho yokuziphatha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, usethe imfundo ekhethekile nesiqondiso; Izicukuthwane Young watadisha nemithetho yokuziphatha enkantolo futhi wathumela ukufunda emazweni aseNtshonalanga, lapho emuva liphefumulelwe yisifiso sokwenza abantu Russian ukukhanyiselwa futhi zanamuhla. izinguquko Iningi zazithonya wokuziphilisa ukuphila, umkhaya yokuphila awuzange ushintshe - inhloko umndeni wayengumuntu, namanye amalungu omkhaya Kwakumelwe bamlalele.

Life kanye namasiko kwekhulu le-18, eRussia langena ngxabano ezinkulu emisha, eqinisweni yaqhakaza absolutism futhi izinduna ubudlelwane akazange avumele kobuhlungu futhi esheshayo ukufeza amacebo ngoba Europeanization empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kwakuhlukile ecacile ekuphileni izigodi abacebile serfs.

Inkantolo ukuphila ekhulwini XVIII

Life kanye namasiko emagcekeni ezigodlo engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili kwahluka okunethezeka engakaze ibonwe, bayamangala ngisho nabantu bokufika. Zonke wazizwa kakhulu ukuthonywa Amathrendi Western: eMoscow Petersburg, kwakukhona othisha, abafundisi, abalungisa izinwele, milliners; sesibopho ukuthobisa isifundo ulimi French; imfashini Special wethulwa ladies, ababesedwaleni inkantolo.

Ukuqamba, evele in Paris, qiniseka ukuba ufunde kokuhlangenwe izikhulu Russian. Inkantolo etiquette efana ukusebenza ezigcawugcawu - imicibisholo esinesithunzi, curtsies udale umuzwa okukhulu affectedness.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eziningi udumo kwaba ethiyetha. Phakathi nale nkathi avele futhi ababhali bemidlalo wokuqala Russian (uDemetriyu Sumarokov).

Growing wayefisa ukuthola izincwadi French. abameleli Izicukuthwane ngokwethukela igxile ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano ubuntu yehlukene kaningi okubalwa - kuba uhlobo uphawu zizwakale kahle.

Esikhathini 30s - 40s kwekhulu XVIII, phakathi nokubusa Anny Ioannovny, omunye ekuzijabuliseni okuthandwayo, ngaphandle chess kanye Checkers, isibe umdlalo amakhadi, elalikade sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi okuyihlazo.

Life kanye namasiko kwekhulu le-18 e-Russia: impilo yezikhulu

Inani labantu base-wonke uMbuso Russian namakilasi amaningana.

Esikhathini isikhundla nenzuzo kakhulu babe izicukuthwane emadolobheni amakhulu, ikakhulukazi Saint - Petersburg naseMoscow: impahla inhlalakahle nokuba nesikhundla esiphezulu emphakathini, kubenze uphile engenzi lutho, ngakho konke isikhathi ukuhlela nokuya emibuthanweni yokuzijabulisa.

qikelela sakhokhwa emakhaya abo, ilungiselelo okuyinto kakhulu kuthonywa amasiko aseNtshonalanga.

oluphethe Izicukuthwane okunethezeka ovelele nangobuciko: amakamelo ezinkulu, Tastefully banikwa ifenisha European, Chandeliers omkhulu nge amakhandlela, umtapo ocebile nge izincwadi abalobi Western - konke lokhu kwenzeka ukuze kuzaliseke izinzwa zokunambitha futhi babe ubufakazi izikhulu nomndeni. namakamelo abanzi kwezindlu evumela umnikazi ukuhlela amabhola aminyene reception wokuziphilisa.

Indima imfundo ekhulwini XVIII

Life namasiko isigamu kwekhulu le-18 yesibili abangu esihlobene eduze ithonya impucuko yaseNtshonalanga eRussia: kwaba nokucwala imfashini ahlukile, lapho eyisimanga mpikiswano ngezombusazwe, ubuciko, izincwadi, mpikiswano yayiqhutshelwa phezu izindikimba zefilosofi. Adume kakhulu sasiwulimi isiFulentshi, lapho izingane yezikhulu kusuka ebuntwaneni abaqeqeshiwe othisha ngokukhethekile waqasha abantu bezinye izizwe. Ukufeza 15 - engu-17 wanikeza intsha ezikhungweni zemfundo yohlobo avaliwe izinsizwa babefundiswa lapha yamasu lempi, amantombazane - imithetho zizwakale kahle, kanye nekhono ukudlala ezihlukahlukene zomculo, ukuphila komkhaya.

I Europeanization zokuphila futhi izisekelo kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni kwakubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa izwe lonke. Innovations kwezobuciko, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo, ukuthenga ukudla, izingubo ngokushesha singagxila amakhaya yezikhulu. Kwahlanganiswa ne ubudala imikhuba Russian kanye namasiko, bazimisele ukuphila namasiko kwekhulu le-18 e-Russia.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emisha musa lasakazeka ezweni lonke, wamboza kuphela ethuthukile iningi ezifundeni zalo, waphinda egcizelela ngayo igebe phakathi kwabantu echumayo izingqimba abampofu.

Izicukuthwane Life yesifundazwe

Ngokungafani ukuhlonipheka inhlokodolobha, abameleli izikhulu yesifundazwe wahlala ngaphezulu ngesizotha, yize wazama nakanjani ukufana Izicukuthwane ophumelelako. Ngezinye izikhathi lesi sifiso ku-ingxenye wabheka pretty cartoonish. Uma wazi inhlokodolobha babeziphilisa Holdings zaso ezinkulu futhi ngokusebenza kuyo izinkulungwane serfs: ngumndeni emadolobhaneni yesifundazwe nasemalokishini imali main livela intela abalimi kanye engenayo kusuka emapulazini abo amancane. inxuluma yesikhulu kwakukhona okufana yezindlu dolobha kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa umehluko enkulu - eduze nendlu atholiwe izindlu eziningi.

Izinga lemfundo yezikhulu yesifundazwe uphansi impela, ukuqeqeshwa ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe kungagcini izinto eziyisisekelo lolimi arithmetic. Abesilisa ukuchitha yokuzilibazisa isikhathi sabo, kwenzekani wokufuna, nabesifazane phoshoza ngokuphila enkantolo futhi imfashini, ngaphandle kokuba lokhu ngobuqotho.

Abanikazi izigodi yasemakhaya bezihlobene eduze ne abalimi, owenza indima abasebenzi kanye nezisebenzi emizini yabo. Ngakho-ke, izikhulu lasemaphandleni useduze nakakhulu abavamile kuka aristocrats wedolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicukuthwane abafundisekile kahle, kanye abalimi, zazivame kakhulu kusukela ezintsha kwangena, futhi uma wazama ukuhambisana imfashini, kwathi kungcono kwamahlaya ezingaphezu kuka enkulu.

Abalimi: impilo kanye namasiko kwekhulu le-18 e-Russia

Esinda zonke kwadingeka lombhalo aphansi of the Empire, Russian - serfs.

Ngisebenza izinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto ngoba umnikazi enganikanga isikhathi umlimi ngcono yokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. iziza siqu komhlaba ababenakho ukusingatha ngamaholide nangezimpelasonto, ngoba imindeni abangafundile babebhekwa kokuba izingane eziningi, futhi kuye kwadingeka ukuba ngandlela-thile ukuwondla. Nge emisebenzi unomphela kanye nokuntuleka isikhathi khulula nezisetshenziswa bambophile ukuphila okulula abalimi: izinkuni endlini, anolaka ingaphakathi, ukudla mancane futhi izingubo ezilula. Nokho, konke lokhu ayiwathiyi beveza kumnandi: emikhosini ezinkulu yayiqhutshelwa umdlalo omkhulu, kwakwenziwa umdanso iculo ayehlatshelelwa.

Abantwana bakwa-abalimi, ngaphandle kokuthola iyiphi imfundo, okuphindaphindiwe isiphetho abazali babo, futhi baba izinceku serf futhi izikhulu lapho izigodi.

Ithonya West ukuthuthukiswa waseRussia

Life kanye namasiko abantu Russian ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII iningi lazo lalingabantu kuthonywe ngokuphelele lokushumayela entshonalanga ye-Amathrendi emhlabeni. Naphezu ukuzinza kanye rigidity amasiko ubudala Russian kanye izitayela lamazwe yanda kancane kancane sangena ekuphileni sabantu of the Empire, isiRashiya, okwenza kube ingxenye ochumayo a abafundile kakhudlwana futhi ukufunda nokubhala. Leli qiniso siqinisekiswa ukuvela izikhungo ezahlukene enkonzweni eyayihlanganisa esenizitholile izinga elithile lemfundo, abantu (isib izibhedlela kamasipala).

ukuthuthukiswa Cultural kanye Europeanization kancane kancane labantu ngempela zibonisa ngokucacile umlando Russian. Life kanye namasiko kwekhulu le-18, sibonga inqubomgomo ukuguqula imfundo kaPetru mina, aphawula ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa global yamasiko eRussia kanye nabantu balo.