Ukuhlolwa engu-

Test cross - esiphambanweni-ukufuya abantu hybrid ne analyzer ekhethekile. Njengoba i analyzer akhethiwe ngabanye homozygous, imfanelo noma izimfanelo ezibonakaliswa kabani esikhubazayo sabonakala phenotype. cross Test kabanzi zokuzalanisa izitshalo nofuzo ukucacisa genotype.

Njengoba ayaziwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho zofuzo, ne esikhubazayo imfanelo monohybrid engu- ingekho isizukulwane sokuqala. Esizukulwaneni yesibili, lapho ebonakala kuphela ngesikhathi esisodwa-nesithupha ngabanye. imfanelo esikhubazayo lilondolozwe genotype of isizukulwane sokuqala abantu, kodwa akusho ubabonise ngaphandle. Ngakho, isizukulwane ngabanye kuqala kokuba genotype esikhubazayo, phenotype akahlukile zezinhlobo monohybrid ngoba imfanelo evelele. cross Test ihlose ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nokuba khona noma ukungabi khona isici esikhubazayo ku genotype.

Cabanga indlela yokunquma genotype ka izimpukane ngabanye grey. umbala Mpunga is trait evelele maqondana black Umbala we emzimbeni wesinambuzane. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo kweqa grey impukane nge omnyama ihlola inzalo ewumphumela. Ukube nje bonke abantu babe grey umbala, wabe esefunda impukane kwaba evelele kuphela genotype. Uma ingxenye izimpukane okuholela ube nombala omnyama, kungenzeka yini futhi ukuphetha khona isici esikhubazayo.

Nge ukubusa ongaphelele genotype ngamunye oluhambisana phenotype yabo. Ukuze lithole ukuthi iyiphi ebonwe abantu ngemvume umphumela ukubusa akuphelele noma ukuzilimaza uphawu ezabekwa zofuzo, futhi kuyadingeka ukuba aqhube ukuhlolwa esiphambanweni. Uma imfanelo okukhulunywa kuwumphumela ukubusa akuphelele, ngaleso sikhathi kuyoba khona ukuqhubekisela phambili "nesiphithiphithi" yakhe ne esikhubazayo imfanelo analyzer. Uma ithegi kwaba ezimele, kuyothiwa lidlule ingashintshiwe bonke abantu, uma ukuhlola ndlovu kuyinto homozygous, noma kubantu abathile, uma kuba heterozygous. Ngokwesibonelo, uma Ukunqamula izimbali pink nomhlophe ukunikeza pink ukukhanya, kukhona ukubusa akuphelele. Uma zonke nzalo ye-oda uqale pink izimbali, bese lesi sici ifakwe allele njengochwepheshe abazimele ephezulu phezu emhlophe. Kulokhu, oyedwa homozygous uphenyo. Uma ingxenye nzalo ngofuzo umbala pink of the amacembe, kanti enye ingxenye yaba idluliselwa emhlophe, pink kuwuphawu ezimele, evelele, ngamunye uphenyo idlulisa genotype kokubili izimpawu.

Ekusebenteni, ukucacisa genotype akwanele ukwenza engu- test njalo. Isibonelo abangena ngaphansi komkhakha okuhlukile kungenzeka echazwa ngokuthi omunye ezintathu izindlela nonallelic isakhi sofuzo ukuxhumana: epistasis, polymers noma complementarity.

Lapho epistasis ukubonakaliswa eyodwa allelic ambalwa izakhi zofuzo becindezela izakhi zofuzo ngaphandle nezinye pair allelic. Suppressors okuthwala imfanelo kokubili ephezulu kanye esikhubazayo. Ngenxa epistasis e owela abantu homozygous nge izimbali ezibomvu (evelele) kanye nabantu homozygous izimbali ezimhlophe (imfanelo esikhubazayo) e isizukulwane sokuqala nzalo ngeke utshale kuphela izimbali ezibomvu, kanti eyesibili - 3/4 nzalo kuyodingeka umbala obomvu, 3 / 16 - omhlophe futhi 1/16 ifa attribute nezinye alleles (isib ophuzi).

isibonelo okulandelayo ukuchaza izenzo lo mkhuba polymer. Izimbali aqukethe alleles eziningana heterozygous nithela izimpawu abomvu (evelele) nomhlophe (esikhubazayo) imibala amacembe. I nzalo ngaphezulu isizukulwane sesibili abantu esikhubazayo, imbali mhlophe. Ephambi kwezinduna alleles ngazinye njengoba imfanelo evelele, noma ngaphandle, ngokusobala kubonakala okuthile phakathi lezi zimpawu. Ekunqumeni genotype ngokusebenzisa test engu- polymer kuyinto udidekile kalula ukubusa akuphelele.

Lapho complementarity izakhi zofuzo nonallelic kuyaphelelisana kanye neqhaza ukusiza akha imfanelo entsha.