Kuyini isici? Amayunithi yokukala nesiphambeko nesilinganiso

Abantu babhekana yokuthola ubukhulu bomzimba. Kulokhu sikhulume mayelana nokulinganisa into. Igama elithi sivela isayensi ngokuthi Metrology. Kuyini isici?

definition

Ukumeda yinqubo sokunquma eliningi ngokomzimba yokulinganisa izindlela usebenzisa empirically. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi inqubo ukulinganiswa - kubalulekile amayunithi esamukelekile, okuthiwa evumelekile.

Isimiso yokukala ibizwa ngokuthi into ngokomzimba noma ngaphezulu kulezi zinkanyezi, okuyinto yakha isendlalelo sokobana nesilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, nesilinganiso lokushisa usebenzisa umphumela thermoelectric.

Iyini indlela yokukala? Kuyinto iqoqo izindlela kwesicelo zomculo wokulinganisa izimiso zabo enjalo. Futhi iyini indlela yokukala? Lawa ngezinto zobuchwepheshe ukuthi babe izakhiwo metrological, amazinga okuhambisanayo.

izinhlobo izilinganiso

Ngakho, liyini nesilinganiso njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, kuyaqondakala. Kodwa kukhona zilwane, esigabeni lapho wenziwa ngesisekelo kanjani ukubaluleka kulinganiswa incike uhlobo ezothando isikhathi, izimo ukuthi sithole ukunemba imiphumela nesilinganiso, kanye zezindlela lezi Imiphumela eshiwo.

Bethembela isikhathi

Ukunaka ukwencika ukubaluleka, okuyinto kukalwa isikhathi, futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo izinyathelo ungabahlukanisa:

• izilinganiso Dynamic yilezo, lapho ukubaluleka izinguquko ngesikhathi. Isibonelo kungaba lokushisa noma ingcindezi izilinganiso phakathi kwenqubo ye igesi kokucindezelwa kule amasilinda injini.
• Ngokuthi nesilinganiso static lapho ubuningi edingekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aliguquki. Izibonelo: lokushisa nesilinganiso, a ingcindezi njalo, Ubukhulu.

Bethembela kwesibalo

A indlela yokukhiqiza imiphumela kunqunywa uhlobo equation for izilinganiso lihlukana yokulinganisa nenkhulumombiko, kanye ngokuhlanganyela kanye ezuziwe.

• Uyini oqondile nesilinganiso? Kuyinto nesilinganiso lapho ukubaluleka wayefisa ubuningi ngokomzimba eyatholakala ngokuqondile idatha etholwe ngenxa nakho. Izibonelo nesilinganiso ngqo zihlanganisa: yokukala izinga lokushisa nge izinga lokushisa, nesilinganiso ububanzi umkhiqizo usebenzisa micrometer noma caliper nesilinganiso engeli usebenzisa protractor.
• Uyini nesilinganiso kungaqondiwe? Lena nesilinganiso lapho ukubaluleka target kunqunywa esekelwe ubuhlobo phakathi kwalabo eziningi okuyizinto ngokusebenzisa nesilinganiso eqondile ukubaluleka oyifunayo. Izibonelo izilinganiso ezifana: nesilinganiso ngentambo ubukhulu-indlela izintambo ezintathu, ekutholeni ivolumu umzimba nokusetshenziswa izilinganiso ngqo of Ubukhulu bayo. izilinganiso ongaqondile kuvamile kakhulu lapho ukubaluleka kunzima kakhulu noma kungenzeki nhlobo ukukala ngqo. Kwenzeka ukuthi kuphela ukubaluleka oyifunayo lingalinganiswa ngokungaqondile. Lezi zihlanganisa nesilinganiso usayizi izindikimba zasezulwini.
• Uyini yokukala Imininingwane? Kuyinto nesilinganiso lapho amagugu oyifunayo zinqunywa ngokwentando imiphumela izilinganiso eziningana for inhlanganisela ezahlukene amagugu. kakhulu lokho okushiwo ubukhulu engaziwa kunqunywa ngokuxazulula uhlelo of zibalo, okuyinto kuthiwa babhala kusuka uchungechunge izilinganiso ngqo. ISIBONELO izilinganiso ezuziwe: ukuzimisela nenqwaba ngamunye isethi isisindo, isb it is ulinganiswe ngu izisindo eyaziwayo isisindo, kanye imiphumela izilinganiso ngqo nokumadanisa ubungako sezisindo inhlanganisela.
• nesilinganiso Joint walibiza, okuyinto eyenziwa kanyekanye eziguquguqukayo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu anamagama ahlukene ukuze uthole ubuhlobo obusebenzayo phakathi kwazo. Isibonelo kungaba kwencazelo obuphelele into sika, kuye ngokuthi lokushisa.

Kuye ngokuthi izimo

Ngokusho izimo, enquma ukunemba umphumela, kungenzeka ukuba kwahlukaniswe izilinganiso ngezigaba ezintathu:

1. Ukunemba Ukumeda, okuyinani eliphakeme. Lezi zihlanganisa nesilinganiso ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nenombolo yeriferensi.

2. checkout. isiphambeko sabo nge okungenzeka kumele singeqi inani elithile kusengaphambili.

3. Technical. Lokhu nesilinganiso, lapho yokugcina iphutha value kunqunywa izici kusho esetshenziswayo nesilinganiso.

Kuye mode of nkulumo yemiphumela

Ngokusho indlela yokukhuluma yokukala Imiphumela zingahlukaniswa zibe ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo.

• Uyini yokukala ngokuphelele? Lena nesilinganiso ukuthi kusekelwe nesilinganiso ngqo ubuningi noma isicelo lamanani kwezinye constants ngokomzimba. Izibonelo: ekutholeni amperage, ubude ngamamitha.
• Uyini yokukala isihlobo? Kuyinto nesilinganiso lapho oyifunayo yenani kuqhathaniswa nenye value, edlala indima noma iyunithi utholwa for the yokuqala. Isibonelo izilinganiso ezifana: ukuzimisela nomswakama isihlobo, ichazwa ngokuthi ratio umhwamuko ngalinye imitha cubic air nesibalo umusi yokumatisa imitha cubic umoya ezingeni lokushisa inikezwe.

kwesistimu yokulinganisela

Traceability kusho ukuvumelana osayizi bonke osayizi. Lokhu kusobala, uma silalelisisa yokuthi ukubaluleka Kungashiwo okufanayo kukalwa kokubili izindlela nenkhulumombiko. ukungaguquguquki okunjalo bungatholakala ngokwakha uhlelo amayunithi. Uhlelo lokuqala enjalo yethulwa kwekhulu le-18. It kwaziwa yibo bonke ohlelweni imethrikhi. Futhi uhlelo ubufakazi-based lokuqala amayunithi kwaba uhlelo ezihlongozwayo Karlom Gaussom. It akhethwa njengosuku ngesisekelo amayunithi ezintathu: yesibili, milimitha futhi angu. Kuyinto uhlelo lesimanje amayunithi Yakhiwa ngesisekelo uhlelo ngalowo mqondo.

Kuyini yokukala futhi ukuthi banjani

Iyunithi ibizwa ngokuthi i-value athize kunqunywa futhi esabekwa sivumelwano. Namanye amagugu wakhe zifakwa kumephu uhlobo olufanayo yokuveza yobukhulu bawo isihlobo ngobuningi wathi.

ezidlula ngamunye kulinganiswa ngokomzimba kumelwe ilingane siqu wokulinganisa iyunithi. Ngakho, amayunithi ngabanye ayadingeka ukuze ukulinganisa isivinini, ubude, ivolumu, isisindo, ibanga kanye nokunye. iyunithi ngalinye linganquma ngokukhetha ejwayelekile. Isimiso Sokuthungatha amayunithi isimo sikuvumela, uma iqukethe amayunithi embalwa nje ukuthi akhethwa ezinkulu, kanti bonke abanye abazimisele ngokusebenzisa kwabo. Ukubhekisela iyunithi ubude m. Kubhekwe le, iyunithi endaweni kubhekwe imitha square, iyunithi isivinini - amamitha ngomzuzwana, futhi umthamo unit - Cubed imitha.

iphutha

Kuyini nesilinganiso ukungaqiniseki? Le nkulumo ibhekisela ukuphambuka yokukala Imiphumela kusuka ukubaluleka langempela noma kunjalo ngezinkolo ubuningi ukuthi kukalwa. Inani True alwaziwa. Sisebenza kucwaningo theory.

Ngezinye izikhathi umbuzo "yini iphutha nesilinganiso" ungezwakala njengempendulo kwenye definition - "Iphutha isilinganiso". Kodwa kungcono hhayi ukusebenzisa ngoba ayiphumeleli kahle.

izinhlobo amaphutha

Izinhlelo Iphutha nesilinganiso iyona ingxenye isiphambeko nesilinganiso umphumela wokugcina, okuyinto uhlala njalo noma kuyahlukahluka njalo nge izilinganiso ngokuphindaphindiwe we ubukhulu bomzimba. uhlamvu nesilinganiso uhlukanisa ukucwasana kwezinhlobo eziningana.

• Iphutha unomphela - ke kuyiphutha yokuthi azigcina inani layo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lolu hlobo yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi.
• Iphutha Progressive - nguye ngokuqhubekayo ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa. Lokhu kungafaka amaphutha ezenzeka ngenxa ukugqoka yokulinganisa amadivayisi noma terminals ukuthi uxhumane imininingwane.
• Iphutha Periodic - leli phutha, ukubaluleka okuyinto umsebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile isikhathi noma ezihambayo idivayisi pointer, elisetshenziswa ukulinganisa.
• Iphutha, okuyinto kukalwa umthetho kuyinkimbinkimbi - nguye kungenxa izenzo elalelayo emaphutsa lambalwa ehlelekile.

Instrumental iphutha ingxenye okuthiwa Iphutha nesilinganiso okuyinto kubangelwa nephutha izindlela ezisetshenziswa.

Ukunemba indlela yokukala iyona ingxenye, okuyinto kubangelwa ukungapheleli indlela, okuyinto iye yamukelwa ukukala.

Umphumela nesilinganiso

Uyini umphumela nesilinganiso? Lokhu ukubaluleka ubuningi ngokomzimba, okuyinto etholwe sokusikala.

Uncorrected nesilinganiso yi okubhekiselwe ubuningi ukubaluleka okuyinto etholwe ngesikhathi nesilinganiso ngaphambi laqanjwa ukulungiswa yeziphambeko ehlelekile.

Ilungisiwe yi inani liyinani okuyinto etholakala uma wokulinganisa elicwengisiswe ngokwethula izilungiso kunesidingo.

Kuhlanganiswa imiphumela nesilinganiso wabhekisela budebuduze imiphumela, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa futhi usebenzisa amathuluzi esifanayo, indlela efanayo futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

Uyini reproducibility imiphumela? Lokhu ukusondela ukuba nomunye imiphumela eyatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene nangezikhathi okungavamile eziqhutshwa izindlela ezahlukene sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kodwa okuyinto eye yabizwa ngawo izimo ezifanayo.

Okulandelayo nesilinganiso yi ukulandelana yamanani we eliningi efanayo okuyinto zathathwa uchungechunge nesilinganiso, kulandela nomunye.

idatha isilinganiso

Namuhla awukwazi kuphela ukukala lucobo. Njengoba inkathi ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, sisebenzisa ulwazi ngendlela yedijithali. Kungenzeka futhi ukukala. Kuyini nesilinganiso ulwazi? Lenchazelo idatha, okuyinto kuvetwa amayunithi abo. A Imininingwane inkomba yokulinganisa Phiko kancane okuyinto inani Imininingwane okwenzeka izenzakalo lapho equiprobable. Ngokwesibonelo, phosa uhlamvu lwemali kungaholela emiphumeleni amabili ngokulinganayo kungenzeka. Ukulahlekelwa omunye izinhlangothi yakhiwa Imininingwane ivolumu kwelinye kancane.

Igama lalesi iyunithi kuyinto segama elithi "kanambambili". Lena inombolo okungathatha amanani amabili kuphela - eyodwa noma zero. Lezi zinombolo asetshenziswa kuzozonke izinhlobo imishini computer ukunikeza noma iluphi ulwazi. Njengoba kancane uphiko encane kakhulu nesilinganiso kolwazi, kuyisiko ukupha abashadayo zisebenzisa emikhulu. Kuyinto amabhayithi, amakhilobhayithi, wamamegabhayithi, GIGABYTES, terabytes, nokunye.

Umqulu, okuyinto ethatha yimuphi uhlamvu langena kusukela ikhibhodi ingenye ibhayithi. Lokhu 8 izingcezu.

Imiphumela

Ngakho, bonke imiqondo asetshenziswe nesilinganiso kwaxoxwa. Leli phutha nesilinganiso uhlelo nezinhlobo zayo, imiphumela. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuthi iyunithi efana zokulinganisa, nokuthi lezi units. Konke lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ukwazi abantu ekubhekaneni isayensi, ikhompyutha, noma nje izinkumbulo. Phela, engu kolwazi nobuchwepheshe ngokuhlakanipha efanele lolo lwazi - amandla.