Ngabodwa ezalayo: Definition, Ubangela. Amafomu engayodwa zokuzala: izibonelo

Ngezinye eziphilayo panmiktichnyh (ezocansi ekukhiqizweni) uthayiphe - iqoqo eziphilayo zifana ngezindlela lahlukene izimfanelo ezingaba ngokukhululekile hybridize ukwakha inzalo evundile. Umqondo ukwahlukanisa isetshenziswa umongo microevolution, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, - speciation. ngabodwa ezalayo iqala inqubo kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha futhi iqeda ke. Kodwa akubona bonke izinhlobo zalesi simo kuzoholela ukuvela uhlobo olusha, njengoba akuzona zonke ukwahlukanisa kuholela dissociation yokugcina imiphakathi zokuzala.

izindlela Ukuzihlukanisa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo

Abantu ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo kunamaqembu - izakhamuzi. Kufana labantu njengoba iyunithi microevolution ukukhonza njengoba impahla for kumiswa zilwane ezisanda kutholakala, kwehlukene eyizibulo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo phakathi kwemiphakathi nesidoda okunikelwe kushintshwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza butjha. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ikhono okuzala ka emzimbeni. Lapho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibangelwa yini, lokhu exchange phakathi imiphakathi ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo lilinganiselwe noma kungenzeki nhlobo nhlobo ukusho ukuthi ngabodwa zokuzala. Incazelo lamasu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo wukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu kwenani ezahlukene ngeke zikwazi ukuveza inzalo. Umlando ukuvela uhlobo olusha - uchungechunge izinhlobo ezahlukene ngabodwa zokuzala, esikhundleni noma ezedlulayo, okwenza division of the labantu engelapheki.

ngabodwa ezalayo: ngezigaba

Kukhona imiqondo ezimbalwa ngezigaba kwezinhlobo imiphakathi ekhishwe inyumbazane. nenqubo abahlukahlukene zithathwa ngokuthi isici esiyisisekelo lidlulisele ezithile ukudideka. Ake sithathe njengesisekelo ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa zokuzala njengoba unomphela izivimbelo panmixia (Ukunqamula khulula) - lokhu esigabeni lokugcina, speciation sokugcina. Abasekeli balobu Ngenxa inyumbazana ngenxa zinhlobo-ziye eyaziwa ososayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo FG Dobzhansky (1900-1975 GG.) Futhi E. Mayr (1904-2005 GG.). Izindlela zika ngabodwa nekutala le ndlela ngeke zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

• ngekwendzawo ngokwahlukana (ezindawo);
• ukwahlukanisa kwemvelo (izindlela ukuvikelwa);
• efanele indlela zokuzala ehlanganisa dokopulyatsioinnye (ukwakha zygotes) kanye poslekopulyatsionnye (ukubhanqa kwenzeka, kodwa iqanda kuyinto elivundisiwe noma cha, noma efa, noma nzalo oyinyumba) izithiyo.

Lapho nanoma yikuphi ukukhishwa izuzwe panmixia komkhawulo: ngokugcwele noma kancane. Kafushane, eqenjini ngalinye sizoxoxa izinhlobo ngabodwa zokuzala. Izibonelo efanekisa kubo kuyosisiza ukuba siqonde okushiwo lokhu noma lokhuya fomu.

ngabodwa Spatial kwenani izindlela

ngabodwa indlela ehambisana nezinguquko sezwe ehlukahlukene (nesenzakalo izithiyo ngesimo emikhulu noma emfuleni) noma bazinze ezindaweni ezinkulu efomini. Uma ukwephula ka isakhi sofuzo ukugeleza phakathi imiphakathi ahlukaniswe kwenzeka ngabodwa zokuzala. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu lesi simanga ukwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo angabhekwa esiqhingini Creepers Galapagos, okuyinto eyaba omunye izibonelo Darwin "Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection." Noma isibonelo blue izinyoni, omunye labantu ukuthi uhlala e-China, kanye nezinye - eSpain.

izindlela ngabodwa Environmental

Izimbangela ngabodwa zokuzala yalolu hlobo abahlangene umehluko imiphakathi izimo ezifanelekayo ukufuya zenye ophilayo afanako, okungukuthi endaweni efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, zizalela noma izimbali zonyaka musa luqondane. Ogwini California afanako kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zemithi zikaphayini: uhlobo olulodwa impova yithela ngo-February, futhi elinye - ngo-Ephreli. ngabodwa kwesizini emvelweni isibe ukwanda kwabo. ISIBONELO ngabodwa zokuzala, kodwa kwathi ngenxa ezahlukene aklaba yolwazi ukukhombisa izinhlobo ezintathu lwezimpawu Antarctic elafika komunye ukhokho phylogenetic. Seal Veddelya esidla izinhlanzi kuphela, ulwandle ingwe - penguins nezimvu zamanzi, kanye Ross uphawu - cephalopods.

amafomu Dokopulyatsionnye engayodwa zokuzala

ngabodwa Mechanical - ngaphandle umphumela ukubhanqa kubangelwa isakhiwo ezahlukene Izitho zokuzala noma copulative. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo ezahlukene esikweyoku ehlukile imbali ukuma futhi impova nezinye izinyosi. Ukuhlanganisa efanayo phakathi orchid nezingu-hummingbird. Interspecies kokuzalela izimpukane Drosophila kuholela yokulimala noma yokufa umngane.

ngabodwa Ethological - hhayi yokuhlanganisa ngenxa umehluko ukuziphatha kobulili (e sokuqomisana, ukucula, ukudansa, luminescence noma pheromone umehluko). Ngokwesibonelo, esihlobene zinhlobo ngokhanyikhanyi ngesikhathi owesifazane ngokushesha ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa ezahlukene agqoke (nge obuhlukahlukene imvamisa nobude). Futhi, ingashiwo khona kulo mongo, kwezinhlobo eqondene izingoma kusuka ondlunkulu namaselesele. Futhi phezu kokuzalela imicikilisho izinyoni ukwazi konke.

ngabodwa Gametic - yokuntuleka nokuxhumana gametes noma gamete ukufa. Ukuba khona kwalesi uhlobo ukwahlukanisa kubonakaliswa Ucwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo ezimbili-sea urchin zidla nge kokukhulelwa zangaphandle sawela zofuzo American futhi Denis Brachet. Egg is avundiswa kodwa umbungu ushonele endaweni kusaqalwa gastrulation.

amafomu Poslekopulyatsionnye engayodwa zokuzala

Lokhu kubhekisela kulokho-non-ukusebenza iqanda eselivundisiwe nokufa ombungu e kusaqalwa ontogeny. Noma ukufa usana olungakazalwa (noma abantu) ukuba ukufinyelela izinga lokuzala. close kakhulu umqondo engayodwa gametic.

I inzalo kwezilwane hybrid

Iningi izilwane ngasinda interspecific nzalo azinamagciwane, ie hhayi ukwazi ukuveza inzalo. Ukukhethwa kungenzeka nzalo semisterile. Mshini zalesi simo kuyinto ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi, esekelwe isakhi sofuzo, chromosome noma izizathu cytological. Nazi nje izibonelo nzalo interspecific, aziwa zonke.

Hybrid lembongolo futhi mare - umnyuzi. Ukuthi mkhulu kune udumbana bengabona ezincane kuno ihhashi, ngaphezu, aqukethe izilwane kulula. Nzalo zenyathi ehlobene eduze izinja nezimpisi (volkosob, poluvolk) ziye zasungula ukuhlukanisa nokukhuthazela kuka inja ezivamile. Abaningi aquarium inhlanzi - amafomu hybrid (Aulonocara ezimibalabala). Zinhle, kunangendlela amafomu abazali, kodwa uma uthenga kufanele ucacise umsuka inhlanzi, kungenjalo ngeke ulinde inzalo. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi imbewu izitshalo kutshalwa (utamatisi, ukhukhamba), ezinophawu F-1, - ifomu hybrid. Izithelo lezi zitshalo kwesokunxele ukuze ibe yimbewu.