Ukuzihlukanisa izindlela eziphilayo. Izinhlobo ukuzihlalela izindlela izibonelo

Akekho ongaphika ukuthi i-ngokoqobo elisizungezile ivumelane ne ephelele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi noma okholelwa nabantu ababemzungezile kodwa akaboni kuphela nangobuhle nokuhlukahluka, kodwa futhi ukuze ivumelane lapho ayikho indawo esibanga isiyaluyalu. Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile ebonakaliswa nenshisekelo okucacile ezweni eziphilayo. Zonke ababuthakathaka, ugly, ngaphandle ikhono nokuzala umntwana ophile ishanelwe eceleni umphumela ukuvela izici, okokuqala kunakho konke, by ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Hhayi indima yokugcina idlalwa kanye inqubo yemvelo njengoba ngabodwa zokuzala.

Lokhu, kanye nezinye izinhlobo izindlela zokuzivikela, emi unogada phezu ichibi isakhi sofuzo zezitshalo, izilwane nabantu, esizoyicabangela kulesi ephepheni.

Ukudlulisa zezici lezinceku - impahla eyinhloko eziphilayo ndaba

Lokuzaliswa - inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ngazo ukuba khona lomkhuba zokuphila kungenzeka Emhlabeni. Kungakhathaliseki ezingeni yenhlangano yayo, kusukela elula ziphethe ezincelisayo, fertilization (izitshalo - impova), okuholela ukuvela a iphila inzalo evundile, kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu ilungu lalolo zohlobo olulodwa kuphela. Kusobala ukuthi kukhona yemvelo ekuvikeleni izindlela ukulawula impova noma copulation.

Yiqiniso, akuwona kwakuthuthukisa ukuba nokwenzeka kwemacala beyizalaniselana. Bona kwenzeke kokubili ngokwemvelo futhi eyayenziwe labetibambile - indoda, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi zisenza sibe nzalo nge ukusebenza kahle noma nzalo oyinyumba. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula neminyuzi nenzalo - inzalo etholwe ukweqa imbongolo kanye mare. Njengoba singabona, kukhona amabutho athile okungase kubhekwe njengendlela ezinye izinhlobo zawo ukuzihlalela izindlela. Sichaza ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukwahlukanisa izinqubo okuholela ukuzinza pool isakhi sofuzo kwenani

Ngo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuyinto umkhiqizo womsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela yesayensi ososayensi ezifana uCharles Darwin, AN Severtsev, G. Spencer, cabangela okulandelayo, okuyizinto imihlola okwandile anomthelela ukuzinza khona kwezinhlobo: inyumbazana womhlaba, imvelo kanye zokuzala. Biology Isigaba - labantu zofuzo, kuyinto nokutadisha izinguquko ezenzeka echibini isakhi sofuzo kwemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo. Ziyakwazi umphumela izinto ezifana amagagasi zokuphila futhi drift zofuzo.

Igatsha ezilandisiwe biology usungula indima izici zokuzivikela, okuhloswe ngaso ekulondolozeni conservatism karyotypes abantu ezweni elinabantu nokuvimbela inter-labantu iziphambano. Ngokulandelayo, sizothola ukuthi onjani ukuzihlalela indlela okuthiwa kwemvelo, futhi siyini ukubaluleka kwawo ekugcineni Ukwakheka njalo zofuzo labantu.

Indima zezemvelo ekulondolozweni echibini isakhi sofuzo kwemiphakathi eziphilayo

Ngenxa phylogeny - ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kwezinhlobo, abantu bayo, yakha labantu abaphilayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele insimu elibizwa ngokuthi ndawo. Izimila nezilwane uxhumana yizici zemvelo, kanye nemiphakathi nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni, ukuthi, hlala niche ethile emvelweni. Ukuze banciphise umfutho wokuncintisana phakathi imiphakathi efanayo zilwane, kuneendlela ezithile ngabodwa ukuqinisekisa, isibonelo, umehluko izimfuneko eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu mayelana uhlobo lokudla. Ngakho, ipea Weevil ibhungane edonsa imiphakathi emibili isinambuzane: omunye odla imbewu uphizi, elinye - ubhontshisi.

Isikhathi zokuzala, ngoba izilimo ifolishi sikhule zokuzamazama ezahlukene, ababili imiphakathi eziphilayo ungaweqi nomunye.

Imigomo yokuzalana kanye ukubaluleka kwabo ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza labantu zofuzo

Izinto kakhulu kuthiye ngisho ukucindezela ngokuphelele impova noma copulation phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo izigaba ehlelekile zihlanganisa izindlela ukuzihlalela ukuthi ukulawula isikhathi kabusha ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, zom edlelweni utshani, okuyinto likhula izizalo zemifula, izindawo correlatively ehlangene ukumisa okwesikhashana kazamcolo entwasahlobo. Izitshalo ezihlala ngqo ogwini futhi esikhathini uzamcolo lide ngaphansi kwamanzi, yokuqhuma kamuva kunalawo abantu ababehlanzekile ngaphansi kwethonya uzamcolo yesikhashana, noma kungekho izikhukhula. Ukuze sobala izizathu panmixia (cross-impova) phakathi kwezitshalo abahlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ezimfundeni, sishoda, kusukela nokuvuthwa impova zenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, izithombe kwenani eziningana edlelweni utshani, ezahlukene zizalela nezikhathi.

Iqhaza yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukwahlukanisa

Population zofuzo isungule yokuthi ukungakwazi isakhi sofuzo exchange inqubo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo bezinhlanga ezahlukene noma umphakathi kuholela yokuthi ukuthi genotypes ngabanye zenzeka izinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuphelele yezinguquko, futhi sishintsha imvamisa nesenzakalo njengoba alleles ephezulu kanye esikhubazayo. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi amachibi isakhi sofuzo kwenani ezahlukene ezingaphezu kusuka komunye nomunye. Lokhu iphutha ngeke zithinta, okokuqala kunakho konke, amafomu okuzivumelanisa izici abiotic kwemvelo. On kuthini zincike?

imiphumela olunzulu izinhlobo ezahlukene ukwahlukanisa

Kusekelwe oxhumene kwemvelo nekutala ukuzihlalela izindlela. Biology, ikakhulukazi esigabeni yayo - mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ikhomba umthelela wabo okubonakalisa le nqubo yonke, kwehlukana, ie izici kwehlukana nezakhiwo eziphilayo. It kusenhliziyweni ka microevolution - inqubo okuholela ukwakheka kuqala sub-zilwane, bese, futhi ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ngokwemvelo.

Kanjani ngabodwa kwendawo

Ngo ezesayensi yezitshalo nokunakekelwa kwezilwane ososayensi balalela sina nezici ezinciphisa cishe ukugxila ematfuba Ukunqamula khulula phakathi kwabantu zohlobo olulodwa. Wathola igama ngabodwa kwendawo. Kwavela ukuthi ushintsho ecijile sezwe is ngempela ephelezelwa ukuvela izithiyo zisenza sibe umehluko oyisisekelo kwezinto eziphilayo.

Basitshela, ngokukhethekile, isikhathi gamete nokuvuthwa nesikhathi copulation noma impova. Zonke lezi zici zingahlanganiswa esinye isikhathi - Ukukhipha zokuzala. Iyini imiphumela ukhona labantu kuholela?

izimpawu kwehlukana

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi imiphakathi zezinto eziphilayo kufanele genomes efanayo ekuqaleni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekubeni izici ezinkulu etshiyeneyo ngenxa ukunyamalala njengendlela ukudla olulodwa, kanye nokwenzeka Ukunqamula khulula. izithiyo zingangentaba ngokomzimba ngesimo waphuka emazweni, nokuvusa izintaba, imifula igeleze umphakathi angawodwa abantu kusuka komunye nomunye. Kuyinto ngale ndlela eba izilwane zasendle. Izibonelo inikezwe emuva kwalokhu ukufanekisa ngabodwa ezindawo njengenhlangano indlela ebalulekile speciation. Ngakho, iqembu lase-Australia ezincelisayo marsupial emva ngokuhlukana yayo esuka ezwekazini Gondwana lasendulo, babe kokungafani okukhulu yokwakheka bokuphila ezilwaneni yesimanje European ukuthi kwavela ngemva glaciation Omkhulu.

NoCharles Darwin izindlela speciation

UMdali abaziwa umhlaba wonke inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, semvelo oyiNgisi uCharles Darwin, luvete amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuholela ukuvela entsha amakilasi, oda kanye nemindeni yezinto eziphilayo. Futhi e usosayensi imisebenzi wachaza yendawo emvelweni ngabodwa izindlela. Izibonelo lokhu kubonakaliswa, uye wabuthela kusuka okwaphawulwa phakathi kohambo lwakhe oludumile emhlabeni wonke. Darwin wabona futhi sketched izinhlobo ezihlukile zezintaka abahlala Galapagos Islands. Izinyoni ayengaboni ngaso linye okukhulu esime usayizi umlomo wenyoni, esifubeni, wapha ukudla ezahlukene.

Lapho ewela nomunye ngabanye siye baphelelwa akwazi ukwakha inhlobo inzalo evundile. Ngokwe-abacwaningi, amabanga ezinkulu phakathi ziqhingi ukuhlukahluka flora yabo nezilwane kuye kwaholela ekwakhekeni zenyathi eziningana ke savela zibe zinhlobo ehlukile. Sesihlole omunye umugqa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha, lapho wonke ihamba izilwane zasendle ezikhona manje. Izibonelo esixoxe ngayo ngasenhla, khombisa indima ebalulekile izindlela lwezendawo ukuthi luvimbele amathuba iziphambano phakathi imiphakathi ehlukene eziphilayo eyogcina isiholele ukubukeka Emayunithi lamasha ehlelekile.