Imvelo: ngokuchaza, amagama, izimpawu

On iplanethi enguMhlaba, lapho esaphila ndaba. Ukukhuluma ngakho, ososayensi ngokushesha ukuhlukanisa zinhlobo okuyiwona ihlukaniswe. Noma yimuphi umzimba has izimpawu zayo, amagama kanye nezici. It ivumela ukuba kuthiwe ke tinhlobo letehlukene izilwane.

Ukuxolela nzalo kuphela kungenziwa wanezela kuleli cala. Zimelela eyodwa begazi kwezinhlobo (definition cm. Ngezansi), exutshwe nezinye. Nokho, okwamanje laba ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezingajwayelekile, ngakho empilweni yangempela, umuntu ovamile sekunzima ebhekene like. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe iqiniso ezithakazelisayo: ezinye subtypes engavamile avele eyayenziwe ososayensi. Isibonelo kungaba umnyuzi (imbongolo Scion futhi mare) neminyuzi (a isiphambano phakathi imbongolo ihhashi).

Kuze kube manje, umqondo wegama elithi "zinhlobo" lihlanganisa okungaphezu kokuthanda 1 million izilwane nokuxuba izitshalo ezithile, singabali labo angakafakwa wafunda. Minyaka yonke le nombolo kwandisa ngokushesha njengoba njalo ekuvuleni flora entsha ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

Izinhlobo eziphilayo ndaba

Ngakho, empeleni, uhlobo - iqoqo abantu efanayo umsebenzi, ukuziphatha, izici jikelele, ukubukeka kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezithile ukuze isitshalo noma isilwane.

Kumiswa umqondo waqala eduze ekhulwini XVII. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwakuvele kwaziwa inombolo ezanele abamele eziphilayo. Kodwa ngenkathi welithi "zinhlobo" lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela igama collective (kakolweni, oki, i-oats, inja, impungushe, iqhude, futhi Tit t. N.). Lolu cwaningo eziphilayo zalandela kudingeka ukuze izihloko nemfundo kwabantu. Ngo-1735 kwabonakala sengathi umsebenzi Onomusa, okuyinto eye wenza izinguquko ezithile. Basondelana abameleli ababebuthene nokubeletha, kanti isixuku esikhulu ayehlukaniswe amaqembu kanye amakilasi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII izazi zezinto eziphilayo omhlaba anothile sebelithathile la malungiselelo njengoba eziyisisekelo.

Isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze ososayensi izinhlobo zawo ziye uhlelo ivaliwe. Ngaphambili, ngaphansi ibinzana wawunika kusho ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukudlulisela izakhi zofuzo ezintweni ezivela umzimba eyodwa kuya kwenye (enikeziwe okuqondene amasethi ezahlukene eziphilayo ndaba). Ngokuvamile kweqa zinhlobo zitholakala izitshalo. Le nqubo kulula kabusha, uma kuphela ngoba kukhona ngokwabo bakwazi "ukuxhumana" izakhi zofuzo ngaphandle kokungenela wezandla zomuntu. Yingakho zilwane izitshalo ocebile ngakho.

Nokho, namuhla, kukhona nzalo kwezilwane, osekuvele eshiwo ngenhla. Abanye ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo yabo (isib, izinsikazi Leagrove taygonov futhi evundile). Futhi omunye umsebenzi enjalo labelwe (kuba umnyuzi futhi hinny).

izinyoni

Izinyoni abizwa ngokuthi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ekilasini, isici sobuntu okuyinto izimpaphe. Ngaphambili, kwakukhona izinyoni MOA, ukundiza bazalwa. Nokho, baye eside yokuqothulwa, nozalo lwabo ezibhekwa ikiwi.

Ezinye izinhlobo bakwazi Nokho, fly ezifana izintshe futhi penguins beswela lo msebenzi.

Uhambo abavubukuli bavunyelwe ukuthola ukuthi amadlozi ngqo ka zinyoni izibankwakazi. Kukhona umbono, nokuthi mhlawumbe enezimpiko izilwane - abameleli emhlabeni, onguyena kuphela osaphila kwenkathi Mesozoic.

Ngenxa ngezigaba eziphilayo zihlukaniswe ezifuyiwe nezasendle. Ngasinye salezi zinyathelo sehlukaniswe zilwane. Izinyoni zihluke namanye amalungu khona abahlala ndaba ngepeni enamathela edentulous engabophekile kakhulu ngesisindo sezinti skeleton (kodwa uqine ngokwanele), 4-chamber inhliziyo futhi t. D.

abantu

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi indoda iyona esigabeni esiphezulu ukuvela izilwane. Nokho, abanye ososayensi, amaqiniso ehamba phambili ahlukahlukene ukuphikisa lokho kugomela. Neanthropines basonta ekilasini ezincelisayo, futhi oda wezinkawu.

Man njengoba zinhlobo uyakwazi banethonya negalelo elinamandla imvelo. Nokho, umehluko oyinhloko ummeleli jikelele lwezilwane nezinye, kancane athuthukile, kuba phambi ingqondo namandla. Siyabonga kuye, wathola izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi. Kodwa inqubo yentuthuko zilwane ngempela olunzima. Sekukonke 1.5 million edlule, sempilo yomuntu wayeneminyaka engaba ngu-20, kodwa isibalo sabantu akazange idlule ayizinkulungwane 500.

ubufakazi

Noma yimuphi isici kohlobo iqala kokwethula ubufakazi bulunga iqoqo elithile labantu. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalezi zindlela:

• Morphological. It ikuvumela ukuhlukanisa zenye kusuka kwenye, ikhumbula kuphela izici zangaphandle.
• Ngokwendlela umzimba owakheke ngayo kanye kwamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalesi ososayensi umbandela ukwabelana ezahlukene amakhemikhali izakhiwo nemisebenzi ngabanye.
• Geographic. Ngena ngemvume kubonisa lapho angazamukela eyodwa noma olunye uhlobo, kanye impela lapho isakazwa futhi yenziwe yaba yasendaweni okwamanje.
• Environmental. Lokhu umbandela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ufunde mayelana imizamo ukuze axazulule phansi, kanye ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi uluphi uhlobo endaweni yokuhlala efanelekayo xaxa eziphilayo ezithile.
• Ezalayo. Ukhuluma okubizwa ngokuthi ngabodwa zokuzala. Sikhuluma zezici athiya ukudlulisela izakhi zofuzo ngisho abantu abahlobene eduze.

Lezi izimpawu ezivamile futhi eziyisisekelo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo kukhona abanye: isivivinyo chromosome, nokunye ..

Uhlobo ngalunye ine uhlelo ngabanye yofuzo, okusho, esikhundleni salokho, ivaliwe. Lokhu kubonisa ukungakwazi kokuzalela zemvelo phakathi kwamalungu imiphakathi ehlukene.

Ngenxa yokuthi yinoma uluphi uhlobo (izibonelo enikezwa esihlokweni) kuncike izimo zezulu nezinye izinto, abantu endaweni eyodwa ibekwe Ukuboshelwa. Ayavumelana sabantu.

Amafomu nazo ihlukaniswe zenyathi. Kwakamuva bahlanganiswe jikelele indawo noma yizici zemvelo.

Isimo sokunquma uthayiphe: morphological

Lesitshalo babe izici ezivamile, ebonakaliswa ukubukeka. It isici morphological ikuvumela ukuba uhlangane ku ngabanye iqembu elilodwa neblizkorodstvennyh. Bonke abantu, ngisho ingane encane iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa ikati inja, omdala - inja kusuka impungushe, kodwa fox we impungushe ngaphandle kolwazi efanele kuyoba nzima ukuhlukanisa.

Nokho, le ndlela yokunquma morphological akuyona kuzo zonke izimo, ngokwanele abanekhono. Ezweni kukhona izinhlobo ezifanayo kakhulu nomunye. Lapho kuvela izinkinga ezinjalo phakathi, ososayensi eqoqwe babonisana futhi ehileleke ukuhlaziywa abamele ezihlongozwayo. Kwezelamani zinhlobo akuyona ovamile kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo kukhona, futhi kufanele zihlukaniswa bona. Ngoba kungenjalo nezinxushunxushu kuyofika.

izimpawu Cytogenetic futhi yamangqamuzana esinokuhleleka

Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yalesi umbandela kubalulekile ukukhumbula esikoleni biology Yiqiniso. Thishela uchaza ukuthi ummeleli kohlobo ngalunye has a isethi othize wama-chromosomes, esibizwa ngokuthi i-karyotype. abantu Ezihlobene babe isakhiwo esifanayo, umsebenzi, inombolo, usayizi izakhiwo aqukethe izakhi zofuzo. Kuyinto sibonga lesi sici ungabahlukanisa kusuka nomunye by the okuthiwa kwezinhlobo kwezelamani.

On izimvukuzane Ngokwesibonelo ongabonisa indlela aggregate sihluke nomunye. Enibaziyo kukhona 46 Ama-chromosomes e ku Eastern Europe kanye Kyrgyz - 54 (yabo ingafani isakhiwo iyunithi kwesakhiwo) ku Transcaspian - 52.

Nokho, ngisho Kulokhu, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho. Indlela okuchazwe akuyona njalo olunembile ikakhulukazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ikati lasendulo yayingesinye ncamashi karyotype abafanayo, nakuba ayengafani awase ezingaba.

ngabodwa zokuzala

Lokhu isici kubonisa khona irherho le-closed zofuzo. lokhu umbandela kumelwe siwaqonde kahle. Abamele uhlobo olulodwa kusuka imiphakathi ehlukene bayakwazi hybridize nabantu kusuka kwenye ekuhlanganisweni. Ngenxa yalokhu ithuba isakhi sofuzo ku endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele lokuhlala.

ngabodwa ezalayo kwenzeka futhi ngenxa izakhiwo ezahlukene umthondo, amasayizi kanye nemibala. Lokhu awasebenzi kuphela izilwane kodwa futhi izitshalo. Kuyadingeka ukuba bayihlole wezitshalo - "alien" sinqatshiwe impova imbali stigmas hhayi okucatshangelwayo.

amagama zinhlobo

Zonke amagama zinhlobo akhiwa ngaphansi kohlelo jikelele futhi, njengoba umthetho, ebhalwe ngesiLatini. Ukuze ukugqamisa abameleli ezithile, kuthathwe igama elivamile uhlobo lwe, epithet ethize bese wanezela kuso.

Njengoba kungenzeka isibonelo liphathwe Petasites fragrans noma Petasites fominii. Njengoba singabona, izwi lokuqala njalo ebhaliwe ngohlamvu capital, kanti owesibili - kusukela ovundlile. I-Russian igama ulimi ihumusha ngokuthi "Petasites fragrans" futhi "butterbur Fomina," ngokulandelana.

I kokuhlukana kwezinhlobo

Yinoma uluphi uhlobo olukwazi ushintsho zofuzo. Kungaba siphishekele kokubili lonke labantu futhi umuntu. Hlukanisa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zofuzo kanye ukuguqulwa. Eyokuqala ivame ukuba nomthelela izakhi zofuzo kanye Ama-chromosomes e, kanjalo ekushintsheni karyotype ejwayelekile besikhumba saleso silwane. akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula le nkinga, futhi umzimba uhlala naye ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuguqulwa kokuhlukana akuphazamisi inzalo esizayo, njengoba akuthinti izakhi zofuzo kanye chromosome isethi. Inkinga kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya nezici ezithile. Kufanele balahle kubo ngokushesha nje lapho izinguquko uzonyamalala.

izinguquko bofuzo futhi ukuguqulwa

kokuhlukana ngayinye ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana. Ukuze izinkinga zofuzo esivela izinqubo ezifana: ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye zofuzo kwakwakhe.

Ngoba ukuguqulwa - ngesilinganiso ukusabela. Ngaphansi umphumela le nqubo ehloselwe imvelo ambient phezu genotype, lapho kukhona izinguquko ezihlukahlukene esikhathini karyotype. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi umzimba ngeke ukuzivumelanisa, kuba yinkinga khona asivelanga.