I projectile ka-uranium mpilo: ukuthi kusho ukuthini futhi kusebenza kanjani?

Projectile ne -uranium mpilo abaxhumana punches imbobo target, ukushiswa nokuphangwa ukubola into ezinhlayiyeni ezincane ukuthi asakaze emkhathini. Lapho imuncwe noma udle zingena umzimba, kokudala umonakalo oyinhlekelele ngenxa emisebeni yangaphakathi futhi elisindayo ubuthi metal. kwazo imisebe izothatha eminyaka, ukuvula bendawo kule Hibakusha - izisulu ukuqhuma kwamabhomu zenuzi.

Amagobolondo ne-uranium mpilo, kanti uyini?

Uranium, awasalayo emva ukususwa isotopes enemisebe yezinto ezibonakalayo. zemvelo, ngokuthi isiyaphela. Kuyinto umkhiqizo imfucuza uphethiloli enuzi ngenxa enuzi izitshalo amandla. umsebenzi Its 60% emisebeni kokuqala. Igama impahla kunikeza umuzwa wokuthi akuseyona enemisebe, kodwa akuyona. Amagobolondo ne-uranium mpilo kungabangela ukungcola sina.

Lokhu isibhamu lwakhiwe ibhoboze zempi kanye ukubunjwa izingcezu abukhali okuyinto umonakalo futhi bashise ngaphakathi injongo. Ezivamile ukucupha amagobolondo zimumethe izingoma ukuthi qhumisa phezu umthelela. Ziklanyelwe ukuba abhubhise izimoto armored, kodwa kunalokho kahle ngokuya amandla okubhubhisa. Steel cores Ungangenela, zingene futhi ngezibhakela imbobo indwangu entofontofo kunensimbi. Ababona kulimaza ngendlela efanayo ukuthola incazelo ejulile yalawo steel zempi amathangi.

Ngakho-ke, igobolondo wadalwa uranium mpilo, elikwaziyo ukuba adabule zempi, ashise futhi ababhubhise target ngaphakathi. Lokhu Lwenziwe ngenxa Izakhiwo material.

Amagobolondo ne-uranium mpilo: basebenza kanjani?

Uranium metal - okuqinile kakhulu. inhlanganiso Ezazimzungezile - 19 g / cm ^3, izikhathi 2.4 kunakunoma yensimbi, okuyinto ilingana 7.9 g / cm _^3. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla e yengezwe mayelana 1% molybdenum, futhi titanium.

Projectile DU obizwa nangokuthi zempi Ukubhoboza projectile incendiary ngoba iphula steel igobolondo amathangi, lingena, futhi oshaya izithiyo, ebhubhisa amatilosi, imishini kanye ukusha ngaphakathi inqubo. Njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne cores steel ezilinganayo ngobukhulu, okuyinto abe ukuminyana ngaphansana uranium, lona wamuva ungenza imbobo target lishonile izikhathi 2.4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cores of okuhlinza kumele abe ubude 30 cm, kanye nokwe-uranium - 12. Nakuba kuphela zonke projectiles usebenza emoyeni ukumelana efanayo ngesikhathi kokudubula ijubane lokugcina incipha kancane njengoba izikhathi 2.4 isisindo ngaphezulu unika ububanzi kangcono futhi ngesilinganiso umlilo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-uranium Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe ongabhubhisa a amabanga target isitha unachievable.

ndlu izikhali

ukuqhubeka ukusetshenziswa lempi uranium mpilo - enkulu izinhlamvu ngokuthi betonoboynymi noma bunkeroboynymi ukuthi zingene izinqaba ukhonkolo, etholakala a amamitha ambalwa ngaphansi kwamanzi emhlabathini, bese Blast them they sezivele esetshenziswa ukulwa langempela. Lokhu guided izikhali ngesimo amabhomu futhi uhambe ezicitshwayo eklanyelwe ukuwohloka lukhuni bunkers ukhonkolo futhi bazisebenzisele nezinye izinjongo. Bona icala izakhi-uranium, ngalinye elikwazi nesisindo esingamathani ambalwa. Kuthiwa lezi amabhomu yasetshenziswa sibaningi e Afghanistan ukubhubhisa-al-Qaeda, ezifihle entabeni emihumeni, bese ku Iraq ukubhubhisa Iraq umyalo izikhungo elise ajulile. Isisindo isicelo e-Afghanistan Iraq izikhali equkethe uranium mpilo balinganiselwa ku amathani angaphezu kuka-500.

imithelela

Ingozi main ezibangelwa izikhali ezijikijelwayo ezivuthayo ne-uranium mpilo - ngemiphumela ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Isici esiyinhloko lolu hlobo nezinhlamvu kuyinto radioactivity yabo. metal Uran-enemisebe okuyinto Likhipha α-ray ngesimo helium nuclei athomu kanye gamma rays. Amandla α-izinhlayiya wukukhanya wabo 4.1 MeV. Lokhu kuvumela ecacile 100 ayizinkulungwane. Electron ngibopha molecule ion. Nokho, i-alpha kuyizinhlayiyana uyakwazi kudlule ibangana, ngamasentimitha ambalwa emoyeni futhi engekho ngaphezulu kuka-40 microns, okulingana ukushuba elilodwa ephepheni emanzini noma izicubu womuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, degree of ingozi ka α-izinhlayiya incike ukuma esikhundleni ukuchayeka ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni - ngesimo izinhlayiya noma uthuli ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle komzimba.

ukuchayeka yangaphandle

Lapho i-uranium mpilo ungaphakathi isimo metal, izinhlayiya-alpha wukukhanya ama-athomu yayo phezu ibanga ukushuba iphepha ishidi, awusebenzi ukuhamba, kunalawo ama-athomu sasikhipha phezu ingxubevange. Bar ngamasentimitha ambalwa likhipha obukhulu kuphela emashumini ambalwa ppm of isamba α-izinhlayiya.

Metal ngokujulile zikhanyiswa Ukushisa emoyeni angesabi wokhela uma ngesimo uthuli. Yingakho mpilo uranium projectile ukushaya ilitshe, kweso kukhanyisa.

Uma nje leso sidakamizwa uhlala ngaphandle komzimba ngisho nangemva ukuguqulwa ku izinhlayiya, akusiyo kuyingozi kakhulu. Njengoba ukuwohloka-alpha kuyizinhlayiyana emva ibanga elithile, itholiwe umthamo ngemisebe kuyoba mancane kakhulu kunalawo langempela. Lapho zifakwa emzimbeni womuntu α-reyi angeke sadlulela ngale kwesikhumba. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ukuchayeka ngokoMthetho isisindo kuyoba aphansi. Yingakho i-uranium mpilo ubhekwa eliphansi, futhi ingozi alo ngokuvamile phansi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela esimweni lapho umthombo emisebeni zingaphandle komzimba, lapho kuphephile. Kodwa-uranium uthuli ukungena emzimbeni, lapho kuba emashumini ezigidi ezikhathini eziyingozi kakhudlwana. idatha Kushicilelwe abonisa ukuthi eliphansi emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni ngaphezulu engabangela thuthuva kwamakhemikhali kuka olunzulu ephezulu ezingeni ngemisebe. Ngakho-ke, kungaba yiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi angayinaki le ngozi ukuchayeka umfutho ongaphakeme.

ukuchayeka yangaphakathi

Lapho i-uranium burns esimweni izinhlayiya, lihlaba emzimbeni womuntu ngamanzi okuphuza kanye nokudla noma emoyeni imuncwe. Ngakho zonke yawo yamakhemikhali ubuthi nemisebe zikhishwa. Imiphumela isinyathelo ubuthi ziyahlukahluka kuye solubility of uranium emanzini, kodwa njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Speck ububanzi 10 microns ihlaba umkhosi eyodwa α-kuyizinhlayiyana njalo emahoreni 2, ingqikithi ezingaphezu kuka-4000 ngonyaka. Alpha izinhlayiya uqhubeke ukulimaza amaseli womuntu, hhayi sivumele ukuba alulame. Ngaphezu kwalokho, U-238 onakala ku cindezela-234, isigamu-nokuphila kabani izinsuku 24.1, ka Th-234 onakala ku nkinga-234, isigamu-nokuphila izinsuku 1.17 ka. Pa-234 iba U-234 c 0.24 MYR-ukuphila. Cindezela njalo, nkinga ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana electron beta kwamazinyo. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, afinyelele yakhoibrium enemisebe nge U-238 nge umthamo ofanayo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Kulesi sigaba, mpilo uranium izinhlayiya ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana-alpha izinhlayiya, izinhlayiya kabili beta-gamma rays ohambisana nenqubo kwamazinyo.

Kusukela α-izinhlayiya ungadluli ngaphakathi 40 microns, wonke umonakalo izicubu kuzokwenziwa ngaphakathi lo ibanga. Umthamo yonyaka wayethola isabelo ezilimele kuphela α-izinhlayiya 10 Sv, 10 ayizinkulungwane. Times ephakeme kunaleyo umthamo nokukhawulela.

Inkinga iminyaka

Omunye α-izinhlayiya kudlule amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-athomu ngembi kwekutsi alungise lendzaba, embossing amakhulu ezinkulungwane-electron, ingxenye ama-molecule. nokucekelwa yabo (ionization) kuholela ukulimala kwe-DNA wezakhi izimbangela e kakhulu isakhiwo yeselula. Kukhona amathuba eqinile ukuthi munye kuphela kuyizinhlayiyana ka mpilo uranium imbangela umdlavuza futhi ukulimala kwezitho ezingaphakathi. Njengoba yayo uhhafu-ukuphila kuba iminyaka 4.5 bhiliyoni ubudala, i-alpha emisebeni akuyona siyekethise. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu uranium emzimbeni echayeke emisebeni kwaze kwaba sekufeni, futhi imvelo uzobe ezingcoliswe phakade.

Ngeshwa, oluye lwenziwa amanye ama-ejensi-World Health Organization kanye, ungathinti ukuchayeka yangaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, US Department of Defence uthi awusebenzi ukuthola isixhumanisi phakathi uranium mpilo futhi umdlavuza e-Iraq. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-WHO kanye EU, baye bafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo. Lezizifundo wathola ukuthi amazinga ngemisebe emazweni aseBalkan futhi Iraq akuyona ingozi empilweni. Noma kunjalo, kuye kwaba nezenzakalo abantwana abazalwa nge kwasekuzalweni kanye eliphezulu legciwane umdlavuza.

Ukusetshenziswa futhi kukhiqizwe

Ngemuva zokuqala Gulf War kanye iMpi Balkan, okuyinto esetshenziswa amagobolondo uranium mpilo, onjani isikhali, yabe seyaziwa kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile. Isibalo amacala umdlavuza nomdlavuza yegilo (izikhathi ezingu-20), kanye yokuzalwa bekhubazekile ezinganeni. Futhi hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi amazwe ayethintekile. Amasosha aya lapho, naye yokulinyazwa ezempilo, obizwa ngokuthi i-syndrome-Gulf (noma Balkan syndrome).

Uranium neziqhumane omningi yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sempi Afghanistan, futhi kunobufakazi amazinga aphezulu lokhu metal emisipheni bendawo. Iraq kakade okunobuthi ngenxa zinqobe, waphinda obala kule imfucumfucu enemisebe kanye nobuthi. Ukukhiqizwa izikhali "ezingcolile" elisungulwe France, China, Pakistan, Russia, e-UK US. Ngokwesibonelo, amagobolondo uranium mpilo eRussia ngokuyinhloko yayisebenzisa izinhlamvu ethangini ekupheleni kwawo-1970, ngokuyinhloko 115-milimitha izibhamu ithangi T-62 futhi 125-milimitha izibhamu T-64, T-72, T-80 ne-T 90.

imiphumela engelapheki

Ekhulwini lama-20, isintu liye lasinda ezimpini ezimbili zezwe, ephelezelwa kubulawe mass nasekubhujisweni. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, bonke babeyizidumbu ngomqondo othile emuva. Ingxabano, esebenzisa izinhlamvu ne-uranium mpilo, okubangela unomphela enemisebe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ezindaweni zempi, kanye ukubhujiswa okuqhubekayo komzimba abakhileyo wazo ezizukulwaneni.

Ukusetshenziswa le nto kubangela umonakalo obulalayo kumuntu, ngiyizwe. Uranium Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe, kanye zenuzi kufanele busetshenziswe naphakade.

inhlekelele engehlela

Uma isintu efisa ukulondoloza impucuko adalwe kuye, kuyodingeka anqume phakade makalahle nokusebenzisa ubudlova njengendlela yokuphoqelela abantu nengxabano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izakhamuzi abafuna ukuphila ngokuthula, akumelwe nanini avumele ukusetshenziswa isayensi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokubhubhisa kanye ukubulala, izibonelo okuyizinto amagobolondo uranium isiyaphela.

Izithombe izingane Iraq abaphethwe izifo yegilo kanye nezinkinga ekuzalweni, kufanele ukhuthaze wonke umuntu ukuba zikhulume uranium izikhali, futhi impi.