Amaprotheni Simple futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi, izindawo, izici, izibonelo amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi

Omunye izincazelo zokuphila simi ngale ndlela: "Ukuphila mode khona imizimba amaprotheni." Eplanethini yethu, ngaphandle kokukhetha eziphilayo ziqukethe okubalulekile ezifana organic, ezifana amaprotheni. Lesi sihloko sizosisiza ukuchaza amaprotheni elula eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhonjwe umehluko ukwakheka kwama-molecule, abuye acoce imisebenzi yabo kuseli.

Yiziphi amaprotheni

Kusukela umbono we-biochemistry - high isisindo yamangqamuzana polymers organic, monomers okuyizinto izinhlobo ezihlukene ezingu-20 amino acid. Basuke akuhlanganisileyo ngu covalent chemical izibopho, peptide eyaziwa okuhlukile. Njengoba amaprotheni monomers kukhona compounds amphoteric, ziqukethe kokubili iqembu acid kanye carboxyl iqembu sokusebenza. Chemical isibopho CO-NH phakathi kwabo kwenzeka.

Uma polypeptide siqukethe acid acid izinsalela izixhumanisi, it yakha amaprotheni elula. La ma-molecule ye-polymer, eminye ehlanganisa metal ion, amavithamini, ama-nucleotide, carbohydrate - ngamaphrotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokulandelayo, sicabanga isakhiwo kwezendawo polypeptides.

Amazinga yenhlangano wamaprotheni molecule

Tiniketwe eSitatimendeni ukucupha ezine ezihlukene. Isakhiwo lokuqala - yomugqa, kuba elula kakhulu futhi ine uhlobo neketanga polypeptide ngesikhathi anda yayo kumiswa ezengeziwe hydrogen izibopho. Bona ekulinganiseni Helix ebizwe isakhiwo yesibili. Izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kufanele amaprotheni elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, iningi nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli. kuphakama quaternary ku ukuxhumana zishintshe eziningana isakhiwo bomdabu, coenzymes united, okungukuthi namaprotheni anjenge babe isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, usebenza imisebenzi ezihlukahlukene zomzimba - Lesi sakamuva ukumisa.

A ezihlukahlukene amaprotheni elula

Leli qembu akuyona polypeptides eziningi. molecule awo aqukethe kuphela amino acid izinsalela. Ukuze zihlanganisa amaprotheni, ezifana histones globulin. Eyokuqala amelwe isakhiwo core, futhi kuhlangene molecule e-DNA. Iqembu lesibili - globulin - izingxenye eyinhloko plasma yegazi. iprotheni ezifana-gamma globulin, wenza imisebenzi ukuzivikela mzimba futhi i omzimba. Lezi zinto zehlela ungakheka izakhiwo, aqukethe carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi namaprotheni. Okunjalo amaprotheni fibrillar elula efana collagen futhi mithambo ine-elastin, ayingxenye zezinzwa izicubu, uqwanga, imisipha, isikhumba. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - ukwakhiwa kanye nokwesekwa.

Tubulin amaprotheni eyilungu microtubules, okuyizinto izingxenye cilia futhi flagella eziphilayo unicellular ezifana ciliates, Euglena, flagellates yisinanakazana. Lokhu amaprotheni efanayo eyilungu eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi (flagella spermatozoa, cilia ova, epithelium ciliated emathunjini amancane).

Amaphrotheni albumin ukhonza isitoko umsebenzi (isib, iprotheni amaqanda inkukhu). Esikhathini endosperm imbewu okusanhlamvu - rye, irayisi, ukolo - amaprotheni molecule buthelela. Zibizwa ngokuthi inclusions yeselula. Lezi izinto asetshenziswa embryo imbewu ekuqaleni sokuthuthuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni wokuqukethwe eziphakeme Weevil kakolweni kuyinto kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu izinga kafulawa. Isinkwa wabhaka ngofulawa gluten-ocebile has a high ukunambitheka izinga nokuningi ewusizo. Gluten aqukethe okuthiwa kakolweni kanzima. I ekujuleni kolwandle izinhlanzi plasma inamaprotheni ukuthi ukuvimbela ukufa kwabo ngenxa yamakhaza. They possess izakhiwo emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni, ukuvimbela ukufa umzimba emazingeni okushisa amafishane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lichaza ekwakheni udonga cell-bacterium thermophilic e imithombo komhlaba equkethwe amaprotheni efanela ukugcina ukucushwa yemvelo (isakhiwo ephakeme noma quaternary) yayo futhi akusho denature okushisa ezisukela +50 ukuba + 90 ° C.

proteid

Lawa amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimpawu ukwehluka okukhulu ngokuqondene imisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyenziwa kubo. Kodwa njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, iqembu polypeptides, ngaphandle ingxenye amaprotheni iqukethe iqembu zokufakelwa. Ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene ezifana izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, esindayo zensimbi, bagxila alikhali futhi acid eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni ungashintsha ezakheke kwendawo, lula-ke. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi denaturation. Isakhiwo amaphrotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi iphazamisekile abaphukile hydrogen ukuboshwa, amangqamuzana ulahlekelwe impahla yabo nemisebenzi. Njengoba umthetho, denaturation awushintsheki. Kodwa ezinye polypeptides isinyathelo kulethe, ukushayela futhi okuwuphawu imisebenzi, kungenzeka renaturation - ekubuyiseleni isakhiwo kwemvelo proteids.

Uma isenzo kuyinto isici esidala ukungazinzi uya okwesikhathi eside, i-molecule ye amaprotheni libhujiswa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuholela ukudabuka of peptide izibopho isakhiwo eyinhloko. Buyisela protein ne umsebenzi walo engasakwazi. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi ekubhujisweni. Isibonelo salokhu ukupheka amaqanda: amaprotheni uketshezi - albumin, i elise isakhiwo ephakeme libhujiswa ngokuphelele.

amaprotheni biosynthesis

Nakulokhu futhi, khumbula ukuthi esikhathini polypeptides eziphilayo siqukethe 20 amino acid, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi Irreplaceable. Lokhu lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, nokunye. D. Bangenela egazini lisuka emathunjini amancane emva yehlukanise ke imikhiqizo amaprotheni. Synthesize kubalulekile amino acid (alanine, proline, noSerine), isikhunta nezilwane zisebenzisa izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe. Izitshalo, ngokuba Autotrophic, ngokuzimela akha kudingekile abamelwe monomers emelela amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalesi nokwenziwa ukusabela zingabantu nitrate esetshenziswa, i-ammonia, noma i-nitrogen khulula. Kwezinye izinhlobo nezilwanyana ezincane ukunikeza ngokwabo nge isethi ephelele amino acid, kuyilapho abanye nje abanye kwemiqondo monomers. Izigaba biosynthesis amaprotheni zenzeka kumaseli sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Emongweni umbhalo kwenzeka, futhi cytoplasm yengqamuzana - ukusakaza.

Isinyathelo sokuqala - synthesis we mRNA eyandulela kwenzeka yi-polymerase enzayimu i-RNA. Uyaphula izibopho hydrogen phakathi amaketanga DNA, futhi omunye wabo isimiso complementarity iqoqa zangaphambi mRNA-molecule. It echayeke slaysingu ukuthi sesivuthiwe, bese siphuma nucleus kuya cytoplasm, ukwakha isithunywa ribonucleic acid.

Ukuqalisa esigabeni sesibili kudinga ethize organelles - ribosomes nolwazi ezinto uthumele acid ribonucleic. Esinye isimo kubalulekile kuba phambi ATP, njengoba ukusabela umzimba plastic, okuyinto kungokwalabo biosynthesis amaprotheni kwenzeka nge ukumuncwa amandla.

Enzyme, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo

Lona iqembu elikhulu amaprotheni (mayelana 2000), wenza indima izinto ezithinta izinga ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni. Zingaba elula (trepsin, pepsin) noma ibe yinkimbinkimbi. amaprotheni Inxanxathela sakhiwe apoenzyme futhi coenzyme. I ngokucacile amaprotheni ngokuhlobene compounds okuyiwona wona izenzo, inquma coenzyme, futhi proteids umsebenzi siyenzeka kuphela esimweni lapho ingxenye amaprotheni ixhunyaniswe apoenzyme. Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba enzyme izimele engqamuzaneni, kodwa kuphela isikhungo asebenzayo. isakhiwo sayo kulingana isakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto catalyzed ngu isimiso 'ukhiye-lock ", ukuze isenzo enzyme esokuba ethize. Imisebenzi amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ku iqhaza izinqubo umzimba futhi ukuzisebenzisa njengoba acceptors.

Amakilasi amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi

Bona ezakhiwa biochemists, esekelwe 3 zindlela: physico-chemical izakhiwo, izimpawu kanye nezici kwesakhiwo proteids ngokucacile. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa polypeptides kuhluka izakhiwo electrochemical. Basuke ihlukaniswe eziyisisekelo, ongachemile ene-asidi. Isihlobo namaprotheni amanzi kungaba hydrophilic, amphiphilic futhi hydrophobic. Iqembu lesibili enzyme okuye kubhekwe ngaphambili. Iqembu lesithathu lihlanganisa polypeptides ukuthi kuhluke Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali iqembu wokufakelwa (kuyinto chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Cabanga izakhiwo amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi kabanzi. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, amaprotheni esidi ukuthi kuyingxenye ribosomes, iqukethe 120 amino acid futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga. Itholakala ku organelles amaprotheni-Kuhlanganisa, kokubili amaseli prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic. Enye laleli qembu - S-100 amaprotheni, siqukethe ngamaketanga amabili exhumene calcium ion. Iyilungu sezinzwa glia - asekelayo izicubu ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa. Impahla elivamile laso sonke amaprotheni esidi - wokuqukethwe lelisetulu acid dicarboxylic: glutamic futhi aspartic. Ngu amaprotheni ane-alikhali zihlanganisa histones - amaprotheni ezakha RNA ne-DNA acid nucleic. I engavamile of the ukwakheka kumakhemikhali semali lysine futhi arginine. Histones, kanye zenuzi chromatin chromosome ifomu - ezibucayi iseli isakhiwo ufuzo. Lezi amaprotheni zinengxenye izinqubo of umbhalo kanye wokuhumusha. amaprotheni Amphiphilic kabanzi amelwe cell ulwelwesi, ukwakha bilayer Esilula. Ngakho, iqembu watadisha okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, nje sesiqiniseka ukuthi zabo physico-chemical izakhiwo ngenxa isakhiwo esemazweni amaprotheni namaqembu zokufakelwa.

Ezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi cell ulwelwesi amaprotheni bayakwazi ukuqaphela ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, ezifana antigen futhi sisabele kahle lapho kubo. Lokhu kunikeza uphawu lokuthi umsebenzi proteids, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze abakhethayo ukumuncwa izinqubo, izinto ezivela imvelo bangaphandle, futhi ivikelekile.

Glycoproteins futhi proteoglycans

Ziyakwazi amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi kuhluka kwamakhemikhali Ukwakheka amaqembu zokufakelwa. Uma izibopho zamakhemikhali phakathi ingxenye amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate ingxenye - covalently-glycoside, izinto ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama glycoproteins. Apoenzyme ayethula molecule mono- futhi oligosaccharides, izibonelo namaprotheni anjenge kukhona prothrombin, fibrinogen (amaprotheni ehilelekile igazi coagulation). hormone Kortiko- futhi gonadotropic, interferon, enzyme ulwelwesi kukhona glycoproteins. Ngo-molecule amaprotheni proteoglycan part% 5 kuphela, kanti iqembu wokufakelwa (geteropolitsaharid). Bobabili izingxenye axhunyiwe ngesibopho glycosidic we OH iqembu-threonine futhi arginine amaqembu kanye NH₂-glutamine, futhi lysine. molecule Proteoglycan bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu emanzini-usawoti umzimba amaseli. Ngezansi ithebula amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, safunda.

metalloproteins

Lezi izinto aqukethe njengengxenye ion yayo yamangqamuzana eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Cabangela izibonelo amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi bohlanga ngenhla. Kuyinto ngaphezu kwawo wonke ama-enzyme ezifana cytochrome oxidase. It is elisoGwini cristae we mitochondria futhi oyenza isebenze synthesis ATP. Ferrin futhi transferrin - proteid equkethe athomu okusansimbi. Umsuka ezifakwa kubo kumaseli, kanti eyesibili ukuthuthwa amaprotheni igazi. Enye metalloproteins - alfaamelaza iqukethe calcium ion likhona yokwakheka ngamathe futhi juice pancreatic, ukubamba iqhaza wokuqhekeka isitashi. I-hemoglobin yindlela metalloproteins futhi hromoproteidov. Usekhonza njengephayona amaprotheni ezokuthutha oqhubeka umoya-mpilo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka elibona nxazonke oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation we-carbon monoxide, noma i-carbon monoxide okuthiwa, i-hemoglobin-molecule ayo yakha asishintshi neze kwakwakhe erythrocyte. Kwasheshe usabalala kwezitho nezicubu zomzimba, okubangela iseli ubuthi. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho ephefumula ngemva nokunwetshiwe carbon monoxide bayafa ngenxa ukuklinya. I-hemoglobin kancane ithwala ne-carbon dioxide kwakheka izinqubo catabolic. Kusukela ekusakazweni igazi-carbon dioxide emaphashini nezinso, futhi kubo - ukuze imvelo bangaphandle. Ezinye ezinamagobolondo futhi molluscs ezokuthutha amaprotheni oqhubeka oksijini, kuyinto kakhiye. Esikhundleni sensimbi liqukethe ion ithusi, ngakho igazi lezilwane akuyona obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

chlorophyll umsebenzi

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, amaphrotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ungakheka izakhiwo kanye zombala - izinto ezinemibala organic. umbala wabo incike amaqembu hromoformnyh ukuthi ngokukhetha ukuncela spectra ezithile elangeni. Ngo plant cells has plastids oluhlaza - chloroplast equkethe chlorophyll. It is zenziwe ngama-athomu magnesium ugologo polyhydric, phytol. Zihlotshaniswa amaprotheni molecule ngokwabo aqukethe chloroplast thylakoids (amapuleti), noma ulwelwesi kuhlotshaniswa izitaki - isici. Ziyakwazi zombala photosynthesis - chlorophyll - futhi carotenoid ezengeziwe. Nazi zonke enzyme asetshenziswe ukusabela photosynthesis. Ngakho chromoproteids, okuhlanganisa i-chlorophyll, imisebenzi ebalulekile umzimba, okungukuthi ukusabela nokwenziwa kanye dissimilation.

amaprotheni viral

Bahlanganisa abameleli amafomu non-yeselula wokuphila, bangene embusweni Onezinwele. Amagciwane akudingeki siqu apharathasi yabo amaprotheni-Kuhlanganisa. acid nucleic, DNA noma RNA, Ingabangela synthesis izinhlayiya kakhulu amaseli siqu itheleleke nge igciwane. amagciwane Simple aqukethe kuphela amaprotheni amangqamuzana, ubumbene ehholweni isakhiwo Helical noma umumo polyhedral, ezifana ugwayi KaMose igciwane. amagciwane Inxanxathela babe ulwelwesi ezengeziwe eziyingxenye ulwelwesi plasma iseli aphethe. Njengoba kungahlanganisa glycoproteins (ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo B igciwane, ingxibongo igciwane). Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-glycoproteins - ukuqaphela receptor ethize ku ulwelwesi aphethe cell. Ukwakheka ezengeziwe ulwelwesi viral namaprotheni zihlanganisa enzyme ukuhlinzeka reduplication ye-DNA noma RNA umbhalo. Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, omunye singaphetha okulandelayo: viral kuyizinhlayiyana amaprotheni Amagobolondo isakhiwo ethile, kuye namaprotheni ulwelwesi yeseli aphethe.

Kulesi sihloko siye sanikelwa izimfanelo amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, wafunda lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo amaseli eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene.