Experience Stern - cwaningo zokuhlola theory yamangqamuzana-kinetic

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ukutadisha Brownian (kunezinxushunxushu) ezinyakazayo zishintshe okubangelwa esijulile of zesayensi eziningi ezincwadini isikhathi. Yasungulwa ngu usosayensi Scottish James uMaxwell imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka kwama-molecule-kinetic kwendaba nakuba kwathiwa ngokuvamile abantu bayabona emphakathini kwesayensi eYurophu, kodwa kwakungekho kuphela ifomu yezinto. Ayikho esisebenzayo kuqinisekiswa ke kwakungeyona. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela zishintshe wahlala ezingafinyeleleki observation eqondile yokukala ijubane abo abonakala zingenakunqobeka nje udaba ngokwesayensi.

Yingakho ucwaningo ezingaba practice ukufakazela iqiniso we ukwakheka kwama-molecule we ketshezi futhi ukunquma ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya izinhlayiya zayo ongabonakali, ekuqaleni waqonda njengoba eziyisisekelo. ukubaluleka Esibalulekile zokuhlolwa okunjalo Science kwakusobala, njengoba kuvumela ukuthola substantiation esisebenzayo kanye nobufakazi ukuba semthethweni omunye nezinkolelo isihambile esikhathini esiningi - ngisho nezinhlayiya-kinetic.

Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isayensi izwe kuye kwafinyelela izinga eyanele yentuthuko ukuvela amathuba yangempela yokuqinisekisa zokuhlola theory Maxwell sika. physics German Otto Stern ngo-1920, isicelo nezinhlayiya ugongolo indlela, okuyinto yasungulwa ngo waseFrance Lui Dyunoye ngo-1911, unyaka, uphatha ukukala ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya gas molecule esiliva. Experience Stern irrefutably kwafakazela ubuqiniso umthetho wokusabalalisa Maxwell sika. Imiphumela yomzamo waqinisekisa ukuhlolwa zibonise ukwethembeka kusho velocities ama-athomu okuyinto sasivela imibono yezinto esenziwe Maxwell. Yiqiniso, ebabuza ngesivinini ukushiyana kwezidalwa isipiliyoni Stern wakwazi ukunikeza ulwazi kuphela esinzima. Olunye ulwazi isayensi kwadingeka alinde omunye iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.

Ngokucophelela okukhulu umthetho wokusabalalisa ungase uhlole Lammert ngo-1929, eziningana ethuthukisiwe Stern ngu edlulisa ugongolo yamangqamuzana ngokusebenzisa pair of akwazi ukugcina ligijima, kwadingeka izimbobo osabalalayo futhi benani nomunye engela ezithile. Ngu obuhlukahlukene ijubane ukujikeleza iyunithi kanye igebe eliphakathi izimbobo, Lammert angase behlukene amangqamuzana ngamanye ugongolo, ezithinta ukusebenza ezahlukene isivinini. Kodwa okwenzeka Stern kwaphawula ukuqala abacwaningi zokuhlola emkhakheni theory yamangqamuzana-kinetic.

Ngo-1920 isethaphu kuqala zokuhlola yadalelwa ucwaningo yalolu hlobo. Wawunamabhodi yebhangqa amasilinda, eklanyelwe ofaka Stern. Ngaphakathi divayisi ibekwe-platinum induku elincanyana nge enamathela nesiliva, ayahwamuka ngenxa yokushisa amalahle-eksisi kagesi. Imibandela cleaner adaliwe ngaphakathi kweyunithi, ugongolo ewumngcingo zama-athomu esiliva labetibambile elahliwe umqhewu longitudinal besika kobuso isilinda, yalungisa esikrinini ekhethekile zangaphandle. Yiqiniso, umshini iragela phambili, futhi ngenkathi ama-athomu sifinyelele isikhathi ubuso ukuze ujike ngokusebenzisa engela ezithile. Ngale ndlela, Stern kunquma ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya yabo.

Kodwa kuyimpumelelo yesayensi ka-Otto Stern hhayi kuphela. Ngemva konyaka, lapho Wajoyina Walter Gerlach inhlolo-vo, eyaqinisekisa ebukhoneni spin-atom amancanyana kanye ukufakazela iqiniso quantization yabo ngekwendzawo. Stern-Gerlach experiment yafuna ukusungulwa kwesiGungu isethaphu ekhethekile zokuhlola nesilingo esinamandla uzibuthe unomphela phansi yayo. Ngaphansi kwethonya kazibuthe eyenziwe le ngxenye enamandla izinhlayiya aphansi baphambukile orientation ngokusho siqu spin yabo kazibuthe.