Umlando Estonia: ekuhlaziyeni

Umlando Estonia ukubukeka iqala imizana endala ku endaweni yawo, kuye kwavela eminyakeni 10,000 edlule. Amathuluzi we Stone Age atholakele eduze Pulli eduze Parnu yesimanje. Finno-Ugric izizwe evela empumalanga (cishe kusukela Urals) kwenzeka ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka (cishe ngo 3500 BC. E.), Mixed nabantu bendawo futhi sazinza banamuhla Estonia, Finland kanye neHungary. Ezikuthandayo ezweni elisha, futhi balé zokuzulazula eyayiba khona iningi nezinye izizwe zaseYurophu ezako zeminyaka eziyisithupha.

Umlando okuqala e-Estonia (kafushane)

Ekhulwini lesi-9 futhi 10 AD Estonia wayazi amaViking, eyayibonakala inesithakazelo ngaphezulu imizila yezohwebo eya Kiev naseConstantinople, ngaphandle kokunqotshwa ezweni. Kwafika usongo lokuqala lwangempela kusukela abahlaseli abangamaKristu ababevela entshonalanga. Ukufeza uPapa izingcingo ukuze impi ngokumelene amaqaba enyakatho, amabutho Danish kanye Knights German ahlasela e-Estonia, ngo-1208 le nqaba iwine Otepaa. Izakhamuzi sibekezelele ukumelana abanolaka, futhi kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, ngaphambi kokuthi yanqotshwa yoke imikhawulo. Maphakathi nekhulu le-13, e-Estonia lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona Danish nesiJalimane enyakatho kuya eningizimu zamaJalimane Order. Crusaders wafuna empumalanga, zavalwa Aleksandrom Nevskim ka Novgorod ku echibini eqandisiwe Peipsi.

Abanqobi bazinza amadolobha amasha, ngokudlulisela iningi amandla ababhishobhi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 kwi eTallinn naseTartu rose ababhishobhi, kanye Cistercian futhi Dominican oda zenkolo ezakhiwe zezindela, ukuba sishumayele kubantu bendawo futhi ukuba ambhapathize. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abantu base-Estonia baqhubeka ukudlubulunda.

Lo mbhikisho eziphawuleka kakhulu waqala ngobusuku St George (April 23) e 1343 isiqalo sakhe ilawulwa Denmark North-Estonia. umlando wezwe buboniswa ngokuba aphanga izihlubuki Cistercian sezindela Padise kanye nokubulala izindela yakhe. Khona-ke ngesikhathi evimbezela Tallinn futhi Haapsalu Episcopal Castle wabiza usizo abaseSweden. Sweden empeleni wathumela azowalekelela oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, kodwa kwathi sekwephuzile futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ngibuyele emuva ngingahambi. Naphezu ukuzimisela Estonia, lelo tulo eyalimala 1345. Nokho, Danes, banquma ukuthi kwadingeka okwanele futhi ithengiswe Estonia kuya-oda Livonian.

Eyokuqala izikebhe esitolo umthengisi zezentengiselwano uvele ngekhulu le-14., Futhi emadolobheni amaningi ezifana Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi futhi ePärnu, dolobha lake lachuma laba ilungu Hanseatic League. ST. John e Tartu ne ubumba yayo ukubaza ingcebo ubufakazi futhi Western ukuhweba izibopho.

Estonia baqhubeka ukuzijayeza yamaqaba emishadweni, imingcwabo imvelo bakhuleka, ngisho ngekhulu le-15, masiko baba zithandelana ubuKatolika, kanti sebewelele amagama yobuKristu. Ngekhulu le-15 abalimi zaphucwa amalungelo abo futhi ekuqaleni 16 baba serfs.

iNguquko

INkathi Yezinguquko, okuyinto wayedabuka eJalimane, safinyelela Estonia kule 1520s, kanye abashumayeli Lutheran kokufika kwegagasi lokuqala. Maphakathi nekhulu le-16, isonto kabusha, kanye zezindela namasonto zafakwa ngaphansi ukusekelwa eSontweni LamaLuthela. E Tallinn, iziphathimandla Uvale Dominican sezindela (walondoloza Amanxiwa alo umxhwele); Tartu Dominican zezindela Cistercian avalwa.

impi Livonian

Ekhulwini le-16, usongo olukhulu Livonia (manje Northern eLatvia Eningizimu ye-Estonia) wayemelele empumalanga. Ivan Grozny yazibeka inkosi yokuqala ngo-1547, bakhuthalela inqubomgomo ukunwetshwa entshonalanga. amabutho Russian eholwa ezinolaka Tatar abakhwele amahhashi lihlaselwe 1558 endaweni eTartu. Ayalwa babe nobudlova, abahlaseli kwesokunxele nenqwaba nokufa nokubhujiswa. Ukuze Russia wajoyina Poland, Denmark nase-Sweden, kanye nokusebenza gqwa yayiqhutshelwa kulo lonke ikhulu le-17. Ukuhlola kafushane umlando Estonia ayikuvumeli esikhulumi ukwenaba ngalesi sikhathi, kodwa ngenxa Sweden sekukhona elinqobile.

Impi eziphoqelelwe umthwalo osindayo bendawo. Ezizukulwaneni ezimbili (kusukela 1552 ku 1629.), Isigamu yabantu basemakhaya wabulawa, cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine wonke amapulazi abangu ushiyiwe, izifo ezifana isifo, isitshalo ukwehluleka, indlala kanye okwalandela isibalo sezikhungo izisulu. Ngaphezu Tallinn, castle ngamunye futhi isikhungo ezinezivikelo eziqinile yezwe ziye yaphangwa noma zishiswe, kuhlanganise enqabeni Viljandi, ilungu omunye ezinqabeni esiqine eNyakatho Yurophu. Ezinye namadolobha eyayicekeleke phansi ngokuphelele.

Ukudla kwasekuseni isikhathi

Ngemva kwempi, umlando Estonia imakwe inkathi yokuthula nokuchuma okukhulu ngaphansi kokubusa Sweden. Amadolobha, ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba, sakhula futhi bachuma, ukusiza umnotho ukuze silulame izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini. Ngaphansi kwegunya Sweden okokuqala emlandweni united oholwa umbusi olulodwa. Nokho, Maphakathi nekhulu le-17, izinto saqala ukwehla. I Ukuqubuka kobhubhane, futhi kamuva Indlala Omkhulu (1695-97) kwabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane 80 -. Cishe amakhaya angu 20% wesibalo sabantu. Ngokushesha Sweden wabhekana kunosongo Polish Union, Denmark neRussia, efuna ukuba siphinde sithole phansi ulahleke neMpi Livonian. Ukuhlaselwa kwaqala ngo-1700, ngemva zibe nempumelelo ethile, ngo Umq. H. Ukunqotshwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian at Narva, abaseSweden waqala ashona. Ngo 1708 Tartu wabhujiswa, bonke abasinde zithunyelwe eRussia. Ngo 1710 Tallinn capitulated naseSweden wahlulwa.

imfundo

Yaqala umlando Estonia njengoba ingxenye yeRussia. Lutho abalimi ezinhle kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Imphi Nekuhlupheka lesi sifo 1710 kwabulala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Peter mina ezaqedwa izinguquko Swedish futhi ubhujiswe noma yimaphi amathemba enkululeko ngoba serfs waphunyuka ngalobo busuku. Sengqondo maqondana nabo ngeke kushintshe kuze kube isikhathi Ukukhanyiselwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. UCatherine II kuvinjelwe amalungelo elite futhi agcinwe kwekuhlela kabusha athi yeningi. Kodwa ngo-1816, abalimi ekugcineni ebugqilini serfdom. Nabo bamukeliswa amagama abantu inkululeko eyengeziwe ukunyakaza kanye nokufinyelela okunqunyelwe ukuzithiba ukuphathwa. Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, kule ndawo yasemaphandleni waqala ukuthenga ipulazi futhi uhola imali izitshalo ezifana amazambane kanye yefilakisi.

Awakening kazwelonke

Ukuphela kwekhulu le-19 kwaba ukuqala Awakening kazwelonke. Beqhutshwa elite entsha, izwe waya isimo. Iphephandaba lokuqala ngqa ulimi Perno Postimees Estonia uvele 1857. It yanyatheliswa Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, ngomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Estonia" hhayi maarahvas (yasemaphandleni). Enye sazi nethonya kwakungamaHussite Carl Robert Jakobson, abalwela amalungelo alinganayo ezombusazwe Estonia. Wabuye wasungula kazwelonke iphephandaba lokuqala zezombusazwe Sakala.

kokubhikisha kwango

Ukuphela kwekhulu le-19. Kwakuyinkathi kwezimboni kanye ukuvela izimboni ezinkulu kanye Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina nojantshi okuyinto ixhunywe eRussia Estonia. izimo ezinzima zokusebenza okubangelwa ukunganeliseki, futhi osanda kusungulwa iqembu ukusebenza kwaholela imiboniso kanye iziteleka. Imicimbi e-Estonia okuphindaphindiwe okwenzekayo eRussia, futhi lokhu kubhikisha ahlomile Kwagqashuka Januwari 1905. Amaphaphu ukukhwezwa kuze Ekwindla yalowo nyaka, lapho izinkulungwane 20. Abasebenzi bangena esitelekeni. amabutho enkosi isinyathelo ngesihluku, kwashona nabantu 200 kwalimala. Nokucindezela kwavukelwa we Russian kufika izinkulungwane amasosha. 600 base-Estonia namakhulu wathunyelwa eSiberia babulawa. Izinyunyana namaphephandaba okuqhubekayo nezinhlangano zavalwa, nabaholi bezombangazwe baye babaleka kuleli.

Okuningi izinhlelo olukhulu ukuba luthathe Estonia, izinkulungwane abalimi Russian ngenxa Okokuqala Umhlaba atikasetjentiswa. Izwe uyikhokhele imali eshisiwe ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza empini. ayizinkulungwane 100. Abantu baye babizwa ngokuthi, ayizinkulungwane 10 zazo. Killed. Abaningi abantu base-Estonia waya empini ngenxa ukunqoba eJalimane, e-Russia wathembisa ukunikeza wekuba sive wezwe. Yiqiniso, kwakuyicebo lokukhohlisa. Kodwa ngo-1917 le nkinga isixazululekile akuyona inkosi. UNicholas II ephoqwa ukuba asuke, futhi amaBolshevik ashaqe amandla. Russia wahlasela iziyaluyalu, nase-Estonia, wathatha isinyathelo Februwari 24, 1918 imemezele ukuzimela kwayo.

Olusheshayo

Estonia wayebhekene izinsongo ezivela eRussia kanye reactionaries Baltic-German. Kwagqashuka impi, Red Army isihambile ngokushesha, u-January 1919 ashaqe ingxenye yezwe. Estonia ngenkani bavikela, futhi ngosizo yempi yaseBrithani kanye Finnish, amabutho Danish futhi Swedish wahlulwa isitha sakhe esidala. Ngo-December, i-Russia wavuma kuthula, futhi 2 Februwari 1920 Tartu Ukuthula iSivumelwano sasayinwa, owawuthi yena njalo wayenqaba izimangalo insimu yezwe. Okokuqala uvele kumephu emhlabeni ezimele ngokuphelele Estonia.

Umlando isimo kule nkathi libhekene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha emnothweni. Amazwe ukusebenzisa imithombo yabo yemvelo futhi ukuheha utshalomali abavela kwamanye amazwe. Tartu University baba University of Estonia nolimi Estonia saba ulimi yokuxhumana ngamazwe, ukudala amathuba amasha emkhakheni kahulumeni professional kanye academic. Kube omkhulu ukushicilela umkhakha - phakathi kuka-1918 no-1940. ayizinkulungwane 25. Izihloko ziye zanyatheliswa.

Nokho, sphere zezombusazwe wayengekho kamnandi kangaka. Ukwesaba imisebenzi umbuso wamaKhomanisi, ezifana, okwaholela kobuholi Right kuhlulekile umzamo ngo-1924, i-etat Ukuketulwa. Ngo-1934 umholi kahulumeni wesikhashana, uKonstantin Pats ne umkhuzi induna Estonia Army uJohan Laidoner i- uMthethosisekelo ashaqa amandla benze sengathi sivikele intando yeningi evela emaqenjini ziyingozi.

ayehlasela Soviet

isiphetho woMbuso kokuvalelwa lapho eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu eSoviet Union ngemvume isivumelwano imfihlo ngo-1939, eqinisweni, balidlulisele ezinganeni uStalin. Amalungu LamaKhomanisi ihlelwe kwaba nesiteleka ngamanga futhi abantu kudingeka ukufaka Estonia eSoviet Union. UMongameli Pats, Jikelele Laidoner nabanye abaholi baboshwa futhi ethunyelwe emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo eSoviet. Uhulumeni upopayi lamiswa, no-Agasti 6, 1940 , the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Unikeze "isicelo" e-Estonia ngo-ngokujoyina i-USSR.

Ukudingisa kanye neMpi Yezwe II ezibhuqiwe lizwe. Amashumi ezinkulungwane baye babizwa ngokuthi nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi umsebenzi nokufa emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo enyakatho yeRussia. Izinkulungwane zabesifazane nezingane wabelane isiphetho sabo.

Lapho amabutho aseSoviet wabaleka ukuhlaselwa lesitha, Estonia wabingelela amaJalimane njengoba Bakhululi. ayizinkulungwane 55. Man langena amayunithi ukuzivikela futhi Battalion we Wehrmacht. Nokho, Germany azange abe ngenhloso ukunikeza wekuba sive Estonia futhi ubona-ke insimu njengoba ehlasela izindawo zaseSoviet Union. Amathemba ziwile emva ukukhishwa abahlanganyeli. (Were yobuhlanga Estonia, lapho izinkulungwane 5.) 75 ayizinkulungwane. Abantu badutshulwe. Izinkulungwane zabaleka eFinland, futhi labo abasala, yashicilelwa ku ibutho lamaJalimane (mayelana 40 eziyinkulungwane. Abantu).

Ekuqaleni kuka-1944, amasosha aseSoviet ngamabhomu Tallinn, Narva, Tartu nakwamanye amadolobha. ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe Narva khona abashise "we amambuka Estonia."

amabutho aseJalimane zinhlanga ngo-September 1944 Esaba ukuqala iRed Army, abaningi base-Estonia, futhi, wabaleka, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 70. Hit the West. Ngu ekupheleni kwempi yonke Estonia 10 ababehlala kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuvamile, izwe ilahlekelwe abantu abangaphezu kuka-280 eziyinkulungwane: .. Ngaphandle thutha ayizinkulungwane 30 Ayebulewe empini, kanti bonke abanye babulawa, emakamu noma zabulawa emakamu okuhlushwa.

nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngemva kwempi, uhulumeni ngokushesha zathathwa yiSoviet Union. umlando Estonia lonakaliswe isikhathi yokucindezelwa, izinkulungwane bahlushwa noma ithunyelwe emakamu angamajele. 19.000 Estonia babulawa. Abalimi ngesihluku ziphoqelelwa collectivisation nezinkulungwane zabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe batheleka kuleli zwe kusukela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zase-USSR. Phakathi 1939 no-1989. amaphesenti Estonia yomdabu encishisiwe kusuka 97 kuya 62%.

Ukuphendula nokubacindezela ukunyakaza yabashokobezi lahlelwa ngo-1944. ayizinkulungwane 14. "Abazalwane Ihlathi" ehlome ngokwabo futhi yasebenza ngomshoshaphansi, ukusebenza ngamaqembu amancane ezweni lonke. Ngeshwa, izenzo zabo ungazange yimpumelelo, nokumelana ahlomile wacishe aqedwa 1956.

Kodwa wathola amandla ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni ukunyakaza, futhi iminyaka engu-50 ukusayinwa Stalin-Hitler inhlanganiso e Tallinn isingathwe emhlanganweni omkhulu. Kulezi zinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo, imibhikisho wakhula, Estonia yafuna ukubuyiselwa wekuba sive. Iculo imikhosi babé izindlela ezinamandla emzabalazweni. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa iningi labo senzeka ngo-1988, lapho 250 ayizinkulungwane. Estonia babuthana Iculo Festival Grounds eTallinn. It bakhangwa eziningi amehlo omhlaba ukuze isimo emazweni aseBaltic.

Ngo-November 1989, i-Estonian Ephakeme Council wamemezela izenzakalo 1940 isenzo yimpi futhi wamemezela kubo emthethweni. Ngo-1990, ukhetho yayiqhutshelwa lizwe. Naphezu kwemizamo waseRussia ukuvimbela lokhu, Estonia ngasibuyisela sesithola uzibuse ngo-1991.

Estonia Zanamuhla: emlandweni waleli zwe (kafushane)

Ngo-1992, okhethweni lokuqala jikelele ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo omusha, iqhaza amaqembu amasha. Union of Pro Patria iwine nesilinganiso emincane. Umholi wayo, isazimlando oneminyaka engu-32 ubudala Mart Laar baba uNdunankulu. Umlando entsha ye-Estonia njengoba geqe. Laar waqala ukudlulisa umbuso phezu komzila we khulula emakethe umnotho, ukuthi yavela naleli Estonian Kroon futhi waqala izingxoxo ukuhoxiswa ephelele amasosha Russian. Izwe ephefumula impumuzo lapho amakhanda zokugcina kwesokunxele republic ngo-1994, ushiya izwe ezibhuqiwe enyakatho-mpumalanga komhlaba okunobuthi emhlabeni airbases futhi nuclear waste ngesikhathi elisekela asolwandle.

Estonia wajoyina EU ku 1 Meyi 2004 futhi wazitholela euro ngo-2011.