Abalimi basendulo eGibhithe. Ancient Egypt: Ezolimo

Esikhathini umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo ekuqaleni kwenkathi dynastic - isikhathi ukuthi ihlanganisa ibhodi mina-II amakhosi. Ngokuphathelene Old Kingdom, sasimelela wokubusa III-IV amakhosi. Kwenqwaba kolwazi ephathelene yenkathi enikeziwe ifinyelele kubantu yesimanje ngesimo kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe futhi imifanekiso (upende ngesineke). Khangela, basibekele izindonga kwamakamelo kwangaphakathi emathuneni yabakhulu yaseGibithe lasendulo.

Ukulima Ancient Egypt: Umlando

Ezolimo esikhathini isisekelo emnothweni. Ezolimo eGibhithe lasendulo kwakubhekwa ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa yezwe. Lokhu kungenxa ezingeni intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye izici kwemvelo. Ngakho, abalimi eGibhithe lasendulo zazinamandla angalingani kakhulu umkhiqizo ukukhula. Abantu kwakudingeka isidingo sokuhlakulela izikhukhula yaminyaka yonke emfuleni. Kungaba ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. Yini ongawenza Dolina Nila, ukube bekungengenxa ukunisela yayo futhi liphume igazi? Kungaba njengezwe eliphansi boggy phakathi anesihlabathi esinemibala kwethunzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa Neolithic

bokuqala Izizwe wezolimo asikwazanga ukuboleka amakhono izitshalo ezikhulayo eMpumalanga Eseduze. Futhi, abazi uxhumane labantu yase-Aramu Naharayimi, Palestine kanye Yemen. Kungaba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho Old Kingdom. Iminonjana lokuqala ezolimo Ethiopia sangomhla III yeminyaka BC. e. Mhlawumbe kungenzeka ukuthi okusanhlamvu zasendle kwaba eNyakatho Afrika. Kuleli zwe esikhathini Neolithic abangu libhekene ezimanzi izimo zezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi kungaba Sikhombisa ukuthi abalimi basendulo eGibhithe ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yayo by ezimele.

The main eqabulayo izici

Abalimi eGibhithe lasendulo wabhekana Ukuwohloka imvelo, okuyinto ngokungangabazeki abathintekayo ezimpilweni zabo. Sikhuluma ezinkangala empumalanga nasentshonalanga iNayile. Lokhu isici kungase kubonise ukuthi abalimi basendulo eGibhithe baphoqeleka ukuba ngokushesha kuxazululwe phezu lomfula futhi alwe amahlozi nasemaxhaphozini kwesigodi. Okuthuthukisiwe ngamathuluzi, kanye nethusi amathuluzi yavela. Ngenxa yalesi abalimi basendulo eGibhithe singabala netshe, nokhuni iqoqo amathuluzi yayidingeka ngenjongo ukusebenza kahle futhi ukusika sezihlahla (izimbazo, adzes, amageja). Ngenxa yalokho, isivuno liye lenyuka kakhulu. Osebeni lomfula iNayile entabeni abavubukuli zemvelo ziye zathola nemizana abalimi ekuseni abangabakhe wesibili isikhathi pre-dynastic. Lapho beshintsha bekhuluma ngendlela okunethezekile zokuphila. abalimi basendulo eGibhithe baye bafunda ukusebenzisa uzamcolo enamandla emfuleni izidingo zabo. Bona kwakhiwa izihlahla bakudala ukuthi waqhubeka amanzi kampompi Amasimu.

ukuqhubeka

A uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi amachibi uvele hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kwakuyoba khona ngenxa yomsebenzi buhlungu futhi kanzima, kanye nakho imisebenzi amanzi esigodini kanye neNayile Delta. Lokhu kuloluhlelo lwemfundo lidlule ngezigaba. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa amadamu, imiphini njalo njalo. Ngakho, kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi Neal osinikeza Ancient Egypt. Ezolimo uye waqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha. Ukwakha amachibi ngenkasa izinhlelo, abameleli asimeme we izikebhe usebenzisa sendawo yezwe futhi imininingwane yalolu amanzi umbuso lomfula. Nile kuyachichima ngonyaka. Sikhuluma izehlakalo eziqhelekileko ezisuke Juni kuya ku-October. Flood aphume embhedeni saseNayile waphuphuma esifundeni esisogwini futhi ngenyusa kuya Amathafa ehlane. Lezi zindawo ngesikhathi ezahlukene eyihlanze-asemaqeleni kwezimila.

Izici amathuluzi

Ekuqaleni kwenkathi dynastic babengabakho, empeleni, kuyafana lasendulo. Ngokuqondene isikhathi sakamuva, kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zibhamu kancane neliphelele kunalelo. Amadivayisi amaningi ehlukene yasungulwa abantu abahlala eGibhithe lasendulo. Ezolimo athuthukiswe futhi saba negalelo ekwakhiweni zomculo ezintsha. Plough uhlobo bakudala okuboniswe iskripthi wemidwebo, ezihlobene nesikhathi Dynasty II. Inkosi lesikhumbuzo libonisa hoe. Kokunye emathuneni okuqondene phakathi mina Dynasty, inqwaba amasikela lokhuni ne-plug ngemicu Flint izingcezu zitholakele. Njengoba for okusanhlamvu, kwenziwa ngesandla. grater amaqhafuqhafu walondoloza kahle. Bona Sasakhiwa amatshe amabili phakathi lapho okusanhlamvu titrated. izitshalo wokudla kakhulu, okwakukhona ngesikhathi the Old Kingdom, kwakwaziwa ukuthi abaseGibhithe ngenhlupho, kodwa ngasekuqaleni. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emkhiwaneni, wesundu, umvini kanye nezinye. Phakathi imifino, futhi, akunakwenzeka ukuba kube kwezinhlobo ezintsha (ulethisi, ukhukhamba, u-garlic, u-anyanisi, imifino izimpande, nokunye).

Izici sokudalwa wokunisela izinhlelo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ifilakisi ngempela athuthukile ngisho nangaphambi izikhathi Old Kingdom. Lapho likhuluma ngokudalwa yesimiso sokunisela ngenkasa, lokho kuzodinga amakhono ezehlukile kanye nokusebenza kanzima. kudingeka Futhi kukhona ngokujulile ulwazi lebhizinisi ukwakhiwa, hydraulics, izibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ezolimo ngokuphelele esekelwe uhlelo umcengezi wokunisela. Ngakho, womjikelezo waminyaka yonke abasebenzi sincike umbuso emanzini omfula.

Ukusungulwa ikhalenda wezolimo

Abalimi (futhi izazi zezinkanyezi kamuva) kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kwaphawuleka ngokuba esheshe avuke kuqala we Sirius inkanyezi. Lokhu kwaba isiqalo unyaka omusha futhi kwakulandelwa ukukhuliswa emanzini omfula. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, abaseGibhithe bawabona baziqambela ikhalenda wezolimo. Kuyinto ngokugcwele oluhambisana umbuso emanzini omfula. Amagama zonyaka zibonisa ngokuyisisekelo umsebenzi wezolimo.

nezindaba yenhlangano

Abasebenzi amahhala ukulahla izwe lakhe. Ivunyelwe umnikelo, ukudayiswa kanye isivumelwano. Omunye wohlanga olukhulu bebengaba kwababusi eziningana. Nazo ngokufanayo, kwakungamadodana abaphathi avelele amapulazi. Sibukela amaqembu ukusebenza wasebenza ngesikhathi zokutshala nokuvuna. Ukwahlulela nge Londoloza Isithombe they Yayinesikhwanyana ngokuphelele phakathi kwabantu. ' Trend kwaba womama. Uma wohlanga olukhulu kwaba nomarhi, abavuni akwanele ke ukusiza amasosha abo, wayengase ukuheha "inkosi" abantu. Kuyinto umbuzo abalimi-abavamile. Fields ayetshala yizigqila.