Umuzi wasendulo wase-Russia lasendulo: amagama, imfundo nentuthuko

Ngokuvamile umlando eMpumalanga Yurophu, lapho lalihlala lwamaSlav, ekuqaleni ukuhlola ekusungulweni Kievan Rus. Ngokusho imfundiso engokomthetho, lena isimo kuqala kula mazwe, okuyinto wayaziwa emhlabeni naye babebhekwa njengabantu futhi ihlonishwe ababusi. Omunye ngemva komunye, kukhona imizi yasendulo eRussia lasendulo, futhi le nqubo wayeka kuphela ayehlasela amaMongol. Nge ayehlasela izindimbane uya lwanyamalala, futhi isimo ngokwayo, wahlukana phakathi neenzukulwani ezinengi.Zaba wezikhulu. Kodwa sizoxoxa usadlondlobele yakhe, uzokutshela ukuthi yiziphi imizi Russia lasendulo.

A kancane mayelana lizwe

Igama elithi "Russia sidilizwa" ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi isimo united emhlabeni Kiev, obabukhona kusukela ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye kuya phakathi namakhulu eminyaka nantathu. Empeleni, kwaba isikhathi ukuvumelana kwezingqondo ababusi, kanye labantu empumalanga lwamaSlav, subordinated lokuya e-Grand Duke. i-Union labetibambile ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu, ibutho lalo (squad), owasungulwa umthetho.

Lapho umuzi wasendulo wase-Rus lasendulo ebuKristwini, waqala ukwakhiwa asebenzayo amathempeli itshe. Nkolo entsha uye waqinisa okwengeziwe ngamandla isikhulu Kiev futhi lula ubudlelwane inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane amasiko eByzantium nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile.

Gardarika

Ukuvela amadolobha aseRussia lasendulo yayingesinye ka uhlamvu eziyaluzelayo. Hhayi ize emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke Western Gardarika ibizwa ngokuthi, okungukuthi, imizi yezwe. Emithonjeni ebhaliwe esukela IX-X eminyaka, it is ukuthi amadolobha amakhulu 24 eyaziwa, kodwa sikholwa wukuthi babebaningi kakhulu. Amagama la nemizana babe ngokuvamile Slavic. Ngokwesibonelo, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili, indima amadolobha aseRussia lasendulo asinakuqhathaniswa ngempela: kwakukhona kakade 238, bona laqiniswa kahle, babe Emazikweni ezombusazwe, ukuhweba, imfundo kanye namasiko.

Isakhiwo izici lamalokishi ezinsukwini ubudala

City eRussia lasendulo - le ndawo, ngoba ngalo akhethwe kahle indawo. Insimu kufanele kube ukhululekile ngokuya ukuzivikela. Kulona kanye igquma, njengoba umthetho, eMnyangweni emfuleni, kwakhiwa ingxenye ezinezivikelo eziqinile we (ezibiyele). izindlu Ukuhlale atholiwe eduze komfula, noma emathafeni, kwathiwa, kwi umphetho. Ngakho, edolobheni lokuqala eRussia lasendulo lalinabashumayeli central okuyingxenye - enqabeni, kahle futhi uvikeleke, futhi kuwusizo kakhudlwana, kodwa ivikeleke kancane ezohwebo kanye izikebhe izicucu. Kamuva ngo-imizana zenzeka nedlelo noma elaliphansi.

umuzi wasendulo wase-Russia lasendulo eyakhelwe hhayi itshe, njengokuthile iningi nemizana eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngesikhathi, futhi ezenziwe ngokhuni. Ngakho weza igama eliyisenzo elithi "ukusika" edolobheni kunokuba ukwakha. Ukuqiniswa isithiyo kwakhiwa aletha lokhuni lwamakholi kumakhabheni ayigcwalisa ngomhlabathi. Thola ngaphakathi kwaba kuphela kungenzeka ngesango.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Rus lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi edolobheni nje kuphela indawo, kodwa ucingo, uthango, inqaba. Ngaphezu enqabeni, okuyinto iwuMnyuziyamu izakhiwo eziyinhloko (Cathedral Square, lesitsha somnikelo umtapo), futhi ukuhweba kanye wezandla ikota ukuthi ngempela ukudayisa endaweni futhi esikoleni.

Umama amadolobha Russian

It is kule epithet waklonyeliswa mlando ezinkulu isichotho isimo. Inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia lasendulo laliwumuzi Kiev - amahle elula kakhulu ngokuya indawo. Abantu ababehlala kule ndawo kakade ayizinkulungwane 15-20. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. I edume Prince Kyi, umsunguli waleli dolobhana, cishe wahlala phakathi isiko Chernyakhov. "Veles Book" lithi kwaba ongowokudabuka eNingizimu aseBaltic nasengxenyeni wahlala cishe phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Kodwa isisekelo castle sihlehlela emuva umthombo kwesikhathi umSkithe ukuthi ligamanxa umyalezo uHerodotus cobble ndawonye. Mhlawumbe Polyansky Prince akazange ukubeka idolobhakazi, futhi bayiqinisa futhi wabhekisela. Academician Rybakov wathi Kiev yasungulwa kamuva, ngekhulu 5-6, lapho lwamaSlav endaweni ngenkuthalo ugcwale ku Dnieper kanye iDanube, saqhubekela iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan.

Ukuvela amadolobha aseRussia lasendulo ngemva Kiev kwakuyinto eyimvelo, kusukela for izindonga abantu bazizwe bephephile. Kodwa ekuqaleni isimo Amasimu inhloko-dolobha faka Khazar Khanate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, McDermott bahlangana umbusi WaseByzantium, mhlawumbe nge Anastasia. Ngokuthi ubani obusa isichotho ngemva kokufa umsunguli walo alwaziwa. Umlando ukhuluma kuphela amagama ezimbili zokugcina ababusi ngaphambi kokufika amaViking. Oleg Lesiprofetho ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi ashaqe Kiev, wawenza inhloko-dolobha yakhe, kwaphoqa abayimizulane, kwakulimaze Khazar Khanate wahamba lo offensive yokulwa iConstantinople.

isikhathi Golden Kiev

Ama-Movie Oleg futhi umlandeli wakhe, Igor futhi Svyatoslav le Abanesibindi akanikelanga ekuthuthukiseni edolobheni. Imingcele yayo kungukuthi enwetshiwe kusukela Kia, kodwa eye yazibonakalisa esigodlweni, ezakhiwa yobuqaba futhi kwathuthukiswa obuKristu. Ukuze ilungiselelo isiphetho wawuvule Prince uVladimir, futhi ngemva umbhaphathizo Rus 'likhule shrine itshe izindunduma konkulunkulu bakudala bawubhubhisa phansi. Ngaphansi Yaroslav eyakhelwe endaweni St Sophia Cathedral kanye Gate Golden, futhi Kiev futhi bakhona liye landa izikhathi eziningana. Ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa yezandla, ukushicilela, imfundo. Amadolobha aseRussia sidilizwa kuba more, kodwa isichotho Kyi namanje ophethe. Namuhla, ingxenye eyinhloko-dolobha Ukrainian ungabona izakhiwo esakhiwe sokuthuthwa kwempahla isimo.

Izikhangibavakashi yenhloko-dolobha Ukrainian

umuzi wasendulo wase-Russia lasendulo ayemahle kakhulu. Futhi-ke, inhloko-dolobha iyathinteka. Namuhla, esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo langaleso sikhathi ukunikeza ithuba ukwethula ubukhazikhazi Kiev. The izinto ezivelele kunazo - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, eyasungulwa Anthony indela e 1051. Lesi sakhiwo sinamagumbi amathempeli itshe ehlotshiswe yasezindongeni, amaseli, emihumeni komhlaba, imibhoshongo enezivikelo eziqinile. Isango Golden eyakhelwe ngaphansi Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile - isikhumbuzi esiyingqayizivele bokwakha ukuzivikela. Namuhla kukhona Museum ngaphakathi naseduze izakhiwo Square ihlukaniswe, lapho kumi lesikhumbuzo ukuze kokwesikhulu. Kuwufanele ngokuvakashela abadumile St Sophia Cathedral (1037), i-St Michael Cathedral Vydubychi Monastery (XI -. XII leminyaka) (. Ekhulu XII), uCyril, zintathu Gate Church, iChurch of uMsindisi ku Berestove.

Veliky Novgorod

Okukhulu Imizi Russia sidilizwa - akuyona Stolny kuphela Kiev. Kuyinto enhle Novgorod, lapho okuye kwalondolozwa kuze kube namuhla, ngoba ubengahambisani eshukunyiswa amaMongol. Ngemva kwalokho, ukuze agcizelele indima ebalulekile emlandweni waleli dolobhana, igama elisemthethweni neziphathimandla baye banezela Isiqalo "Omkhulu".

Amazing Castle, ihlukaniswe emfuleni Volkhov, yasungulwa ngo-859. Kodwa lena usuku lapho le ndawo kuqala ezincwadini ezibhalwe. Chronicle ukhuluma ukuthi 859 bafa Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl ngakhoke Novgorod wayesevuka ekuseni, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokushaya Rurik phezu ubukhulu. Imivubukulo iye yabonisa ukuthi kula mazwe abantu esezinzile ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka. Encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla empumalanga kwekhulu leshumi ubizwa ngokuthi-Slaviya (Inkazimulo, Sala), omunye izikhungo yamasiko Rus. Ngalokhu ehloselwe edolobheni Novgorod futhi esasisandulele - edolobheni elidala Ilmen lwamaSlav. Futhi, kufaniswa zaseScandinavia Holmgard, inhlokodolobha Gardariki.

Izici we dolobha le Novgorod Republic

Njengazo zonke emadolobheni enkulu ERussia yasendulo, Novgorod waba yizinqamu. Kwakukhona omakhelwane izikebhe benhlangano uya khona, izindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle ezitaladini, izinqaba. kwakhiwa Detinets is kudala njengoba 1044. Ngaphandle kwakhe, kuze kube namuhla bahlala kushaft nokumhlophe (Alekseevskaya) umbhoshongo. Eminyakeni 1045-1050 emzini ukwakhiwa St Sophia Cathedral, ngemva kwesikhashana - UNicholas Dvorischenskogo, eSt George futhi kukaJesu the Virgin.

Lapho kwakhiwa it is Funky Republic, izimbali zawo ziwukudla idolobha izakhiwo (lapho esikoleni Novgorod bokwakha). NezeNgcebo abalahlekelwe ilungelo ukwakha amasonto, kodwa imatasa izakhamuzi, abathengisi kanye abashisekeli. amakhaya Yabantu, njengoba umthetho, zazenziwe ngokhuni, kanye ngamatshe kuphela izindawo zokukhulekela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho ngaleso sikhathi eNovgorod esebenza kunomsele ngamapulangwe, ngakho la ezitaladini zase kwavula emabhuloki itshe.

ekhazimulayo Chernihiv

Ngokutadisha emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Russia lasendulo, ingasaphathwa Chernigov. Eduze komnikazi yesimanje zabantu eziye zaphila kule 4 yeminyaka BC. Kodwa njengoba isichotho Waqale ezincwadini ezibhalwe ngonyaka 907. Ngemva Battle wokhuni oluqinile 1024 Mstislav umzalwane Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv kwenza dolobha yakhe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abelokhu ngenkuthalo asathuthuka, ezikhulayo futhi nakhiwa. Lapha esakhiwe Ilyinsky futhi Eletskii zezindela, okuyinto isikhathi eside ube isikhungo obungokomoya balabo ubukhulu, ogama indawo prostilalas ukuba Murom futhi Kolomna Tmutarakani.

Ukuhlaselwa AmaTatar wayeka ukuthuthukiswa obunokuthula yedolobha, okuyinto yayishiswa kwamasosha Chingizid Mongke ngo-Okthoba 1239. Nge izikhathi kwesikhulu kwaba sezikhathini zanamuhla safinyelela yobuciko eziningana lathumela, nabo, futhi aqale ukuhlola umuzi, zikhanga izivakashi. Lokhu uMsindisi Cathedral (XI isenti.), St Elias Church, sts kanye Cathedral of kweNyuka, Yelets Uspensky Monastery (zonke -. XII c), St ngoLwesihlanu Church. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Neziphawulekayo Anthony Umgede (XI-XIX c.) Futhi Black izindunduma Grave, promenades kanye Nameless.

Staraya Ryazan

Kwakukhona nesinye inqaba, kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu. Amadolobha aseRussia lasendulo babebaningi, kodwa akuwona wonke kwaba maphakathi ubukhulu. Ryazan, phansi ngokuphelele by Batu Khan, ayizange wavuseleleka. Ngo 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, okuyinto ezikude kusukela elidala nemizana kwesikhulu ku 50 km, wanikezwa igama elisha - Ryazan, kodwa ulisebenzise isiqalo "Entsha". Amanxiwa castle lasendulo namuhla Sinesithakazelo esikhulu mlando nabavubukuli. izinsalela nezivikelo kuphela hlala amahektha angaphezu kuka ayisithupha. Esiqiwini bemivubukulo sihlanganisa amanxiwa ezindaweni unogada, New Fortress Olga, ngubani uvikelekile eduze Zonke-Russian rodnovercheskoe Sanctuary.

ezimangalisayo Smolensk

Esikhathini sifinyelela ongenhla Dnieper lingumuzi wasendulo futhi muhle kakhulu. PlaceName Smolensk iphindela isihloko Smolnya emfuleni noma igama wesizwe Smolyan. Libuye kungenzeka ukuthi le nqaba waba ogama lakhe behlonipha yokuthi elele umzila kusuka amaViking to the Greeks, futhi kwaba yindawo lapho abahambi ngetiyela isikebhe. Waqale ezishiwo "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" at 862 futhi ubizwa ngokuthi maphakathi inyunyana tribal Krivichy. Emkhankasweni ngokumelene waseConstantinople Askold futhi Dir wazungeza Smolensk party ngoba wayefuyile kakhulu enezivikelo eziqinile. Ngo 882 enqabeni lathunjwa Oleg Lesiprofetho futhi aba yingxenye amandla akhe.

Ngo 1127, edolobheni kuba okuningi Rostislav Mstislavovitch owaphana 1146 ngaphambilini ukwakha umfundisi weSonto SS uPetru noPawulu, Smolensk, iChurch of Ioanna Bogoslova. Ngaphambi amaMongol ahlasele Smolensk ifinyelela isiqongo sayo esiphezulu. Wathatha amahektha mayelana 115, futhi kukhona labantu umhlali ayizinkulungwane 40. Abantu emakhaya namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili. ayehlasela zidlamlilo ayizange isichotho wathinta, owamsiza ukuthi ugcine ezikhumbuzo eziningi. Kodwa njengoba ilahlekelwe inani layo wawa ngaphansi ukuncika yezinye principalities.

namanye amadolobha

Njengoba ubona, ukuthuthukiswa okusezingeni eliphezulu lwedolobha ERussia yasendulo wabavumela ukuba hhayi kuphela isikhungo nezombusazwe esifundeni, kodwa futhi ukusungula ubudlelwane angaphandle namanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Smolensk wayesondelene nge Riga kanye nobudlelwane ukuhweba Novgorod ngokuvamile ziyaphawuleka. Yimaphi amanye nemizana yayikhona eRussia?

• Polotsk, etholakala kwi owumthelela eWestern Dvina. Namuhla uyisikhonzi ensimini ka Belarus nabathandwayo, zikhanga izivakashi. Mayelana inkathi kwesikhulu bube yindilinga St Sophia Cathedral (ngekhulu le-11, babhujiswe futhi zakhiwa ngekhulu le-18) kanye isakhiwo endala itshe kuleli zwe - the isimo Church (ngekhulu le-12).
• Pskov (ngonyaka 903).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• UVladimir (ngonyaka 990). Lo muzi ubizwa kufakwe Golden Ring of Russia, Uspensky ezidumile Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Golden Gate.
• Moore (862), lishiswe ngesikhathi amaMongol ahlasele, kabusha ekhulwini weshumi nane.
• Yaroslavl - idolobha iVolga, eyasungulwa Yaroslav Ohlakaniphile ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi.
• Terebovlya (Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu), kukhulunywa okokuqala lomuzi sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1097.
• Galich (Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu), ukuzwa kukhulunywa ngezintaba ebhaliwe yokuqala ke sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1140. Nokho, e-epics of Duke Stepanovich ke lithi 'wayengumshumayeli ungcono Kiev phakathi nokuphila Ili Muromtsa, futhi ayebhapathizwa eside ngaphambi iminyaka 988.
• Vyshgorod (ngonyaka 946). Le nqaba sasinjalo isimo Princess Olga nendawo eyithandayo. Kulapha wahlala nezancinza ezingamakhulu amathathu, Prince uVladimir engakabhapathizwa. Kusukela enkathini Old Russian zazifile ngokukhulekelwa esakhiweni esithile kuphela.
• Pereyaslavl (lanamuhla Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Ngo 907 kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala e imithombo ebhalwe phansi. Namuhla emzini ungabona izinsalela ezivikelweni 10-11 eminyaka.

esikhundleni isiphetho sendaba

Yiqiniso, asazi ngokuthe ohlwini yonke imizi kuqala inkathi ekhazimula Eastern lwamaSlav emlandweni. Futhi ikakhulukazi abakwazi ukuchaza kubo ngokugcwele njengoba okubafanele, ngenxa ubukhulu elilinganiselwe izihloko zethu. Kodwa sinethemba lokuthi isithakazelo siphaphama ekuhloleni esidlule.