Imisebenzi kanye nezinhlobo izicubu (Biology)

Umzimba eminingi engokwemvelo ophilayo yakhiwa kwezicubu. Okuhlukile zonke unicellular futhi amaningi, amanye, isibonelo, izitshalo aphansi, okuyinto zihlanganisa ulwelwe, futhi ulele. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izinhlobo izindwangu. Biology etadisha isifundo, okungukuthi kwesigaba yayo - Histology. Igama Ilenkundla emazwini Greek "indwangu" futhi "ulwazi." Kunezinhlobo eziningi kangaka izindwangu. Biology izifundo, kanye nezitshalo nezilwane. Sinenkosi umehluko omkhulu. Izicubu, izicubu izinhlobo biology izifundo isikhathi eside. Bakhandwa echazwe okokuqala, ngisho nalabo yezazi zasendulo ezifana Aristotle Avicenna. Izicubu, izicubu izinhlobo biology uyaqhubeka ukuhlola eminye - ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, ziyaphenya enjalo ososayensi abaziwayo njengoba Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig nabanye. Nge iqhaza kwazo, izinhlobo ezintsha cell imiphakathi wafunda imisebenzi yabo Kwatholakala.

Izinhlobo izindwangu - Biology

Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi nezicubu esivela ezitshalweni, aziyona into evamile izilwane. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo izicubu biology zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Bobabili ukuhlanganisa inani elikhulu zezitshalo. Lezi siyakuvuna uqhubeke ukuxoxa.

Izinhlobo kwezicubu isilwane

Okokuqala, kuba seduze kakhulu nathi. Njengoba singabakaJehova kwezilwane, umzimba wethu siqukethe ngokunembile kwezicubu, okuyinto izinhlobo sekuzokwenziwa kuchazwe. izicubu Animal izinhlobo angaqoqwa amaqembu amane ezibanzi: EPITHELIAL, imisipha, zezinzwa futhi ethukile. Izifiso zakhe zokuqala ezintathu zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi. Kuphela iqembu lokugcina imelelwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela. Ngokulandelako, cabangela zonke izinhlobo izindwangu, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi ukuthi kukhona isici kubo ukuze.

izicubu sezinzwa

Njengoba kuyintando ezihlukahlukene eyodwa kuphela, ukuqala naye. Amaseli ijwabu okuthiwa izinzwa. Ngamunye wabo siqukethe umzimba, i Axon futhi dendrites. I last - ke icubungula ngawo imiyalezo edluliselwa ngogesi sisuka kwiseli uye kwenye. I Axon ka namangqamuzana ezinzwa kwelinye - kungcono inqubo eside, dendrites eziningana, mancane kakhulu kunesokuqala. Umzimba esitokisini ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-cytoplasm zitholakala kangaka okuthiwa Nissl amaseli - Analogue retikulluma endoplasmic, mitochondria ezikhiqiza amandla, futhi neyrotrubochki ukuthi iqhaza conduction ka inhliziyo kusukela kwesinye isitokisi bazifake kwesinye. Kuye imisebenzi yabo, izinzwa zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. Uhlobo lokuqala - sezinzwa, noma afferent. Baqhuba izinzwa izitho umqondo kuya ebuchosheni. Eyesibili uhlobo namangqamuzana ezinzwa - associative, noma usuke. Behlaziya ulwazi wathola ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese ukukhiqiza ishayela ukubuya. izinhlobo ezinjalo izinzwa ezitholakala asebuchosheni nomgogodla. Lesi sakamuva ezihlukahlukene - motor noma afferent. Bathwala ugaye kusukela namangqamuzana ezinzwa associative kwezitho. Futhi kule izicubu sezinzwa izimfanelo ezibalulekile intercellular. It eyenza umsebenzi obalulekile kakhulu, njengoba kunikeza elikuyo esikhaleni izinzwa ohilelekile ukususwa amaseli kusuka izinto ezingafuneki.

EPITHELIAL

Lezi izinhlobo izicubu zabo amaseli eduze eduze komunye nomunye. Zingaba ezihlukile, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi abasondelene. Zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene izindwangu yaleli qembu zifana nokuthi imfuyo intercellular kuzo akwanele. It is ikakhulukazi amelwe ngesimo uketshezi, kwezinye izimo kungase kungabi. Lokhu izinhlobo kwezicubu zomzimba, okunikeza Ukuvikelwa, futhi usebenza secretory umsebenzi. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana. Kuyinto flat, cylindrical, cubic, touch, ciliated futhi epithelium yezindlala. Kusukela igama laleso naleso Ungaqonda kulokho ifomu zenziwe amaseli. Imihlobo ehlukeneko kwezicubu EPITHELIAL zihlukile futhi indawo yayo emzimbeni. Ngakho, emigqeni flat ngalo ingaphakathi elingenhla ipheshana yesisu - emlonyeni emphinjeni. epithelium columnar esiswini namathumbu. Cubic zingatholakala ku tubules kwezinso. Thinta imigqa ngalo ingaphakathi acinene, kuso kukhona villi ekhethekile, ukuhlinzeka bezibona iphunga. Ciliated epithelium amaseli, njengoba kusobala isihloko sakho, ifa cilia cytoplasmic. Lolu hlobo izicubu abami yomoya ukuthi ingaphansi ingaphakathi acinene. I cilia, okuyinto kweseli ngayinye yenza umsebenzi ukuhlanzwa - basuke kancane ehlungiwe emoyeni lapho sidlula emizimbeni izungezwe lokhu kubukwa epithelium. Lezi zilwane zokugcina zalesi izicubu iqembu - epithelium yezindlala. amaseli lakhe enze umsebenzi secretory. Atholakala nezindlala, kanye ngaphakathi komgodi kwezitho ezithile ezifana esiswini. Amaseli yalolu hlobo epithelium ukwenza kwama-hormone, earwax, juice esiswini, ubisi, sebum, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.

kwemisipha izicubu

Leli qembu ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu. Imisipha kuyinto bushelelezi, striated futhi inhliziyo. Zonke izicubu imisipha zifana nalezo akhiwa amangqamuzana eside - fibre, ziqukethe eziningi kakhulu mitochondria, njengoba zidinga amandla amaningi ukuze ukunyakaza. Smooth kwemisipha izicubu imigqa ngalo ingaphakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi. Ukuncishiswa imisipha asikwazi ukulawula ngokwabo, njengoba bebizwa innervated ngu autonomic nesimiso sezinzwa. Amaseli striated kwemisipha izicubu zinezikhathi ngalolo ziqukethe mitochondria ezingaphezu kuka yokuqala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi badinga amandla. imisipha Striated bayakwazi ukunqabela okuningi ngokushesha ezingaphezu kuka bushelelezi. Siqukethe imisipha lwamathambo. Basuke innervated yi ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo isimiso sezinzwa, ukuze sikwazi uyaqaphela ukuyilawula. izicubu imisipha yenhliziyo ihlanganisa ezinye izici ezimbili zokuqala. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi njengoba ngenkuthalo futhi ngokushesha kuzoncipha njengoba striated, kodwa innervated by isimiso sezinzwa autonomic, kanye bushelelezi.

izinhlobo Connection izindwangu kanye nemisebenzi yabo

Zonke izindwangu yaleli qembu zinezikhathi inombolo enkulu lomcebo intercellular. Kwezinye izimo, kubonakala sengathi esimweni liquid, abanye - in the ketshezi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - ngesimo an mass amorphous. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa. Kuyinto fibre aminyene futhi okuxekethile, amathambo, uqwanga, reticular, adipose, igazi. Kwenye indlela ehlukile lokuqala fibre wabusa. Itholakala emhlabeni izitho zangaphakathi. Umsebenzi Its ukubanika eguquguqukayo kanye nokuvikelwa. I okuxekethile fibrous izicubu mass amorphous ubusa ngaphezu by le micu. It igcwalisa ngokuphelele igebe phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi, kuyilapho obukhulu amafomu fibrous kuphela uhlobo igobolondo emhlabeni yokugcina. Iphinde kudlala indima zokuzivikela. Amathambo kanye uqwanga izicubu obumba skeleton. Yena wenza emzimbeni umsebenzi ukwesekwa kanye zokuzivikela ingxenye. Amaseli kanye ketshezi intercellular yibona bone izinto wezinto ezingaphili, ikakhulukazi calcium compounds nezinhlobo zikasawoti. Idatha exchange of izinto phakathi skeleton negazi alawule hormone ezifana calcitonin futhi paratireotropin. Umsuka isekela namathambo avamile kokuhileleka kunoma yiluphi ukuguqulwa phosphorus ne-calcium ion in the kwakwakhe organic, lilondolozwe lwamathambo. Isizathu sesibili, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nge nokuntuleka la ma-athomu egazini kuphakamisa ukuthola kubo ezicutshini lwamathambo.

Igazi eqhukethe ketshezi izidakamizwa intercellular, ubizwa ngokuthi plasma. amaseli wayo kunalokho svoebrazny. Bona zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu: zegazi, amangqamuzana abomvu amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Eyokuqala banesibopho igazi ekunqandeni. Kule nqubo, ke bakha thrombus encane okuyinto evimbela okwengeziwe ukopha. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi banesibopho ukuthwala umoya-mpilo wonke umzimba futhi babanike zonke izicubu kanye izitho. Kungenzeka aglyutinogeny ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama - A no B. oketshezini olungenambala lwegazi kungase aglyutininov okuqukethwe kwe-alpha noma i-beta. Ziyakwazi anti-aglyutinogenam. Ngenxa yalezi izinto, kunquma iqembu igazi. Iqembu lokuqala e-amangqamuzana abomvu igazi ningagcini aglyutinogenov plasma ezimbili zama aglyutininy ngokushesha. Iqembu lesibili has aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A ne-beta. Okwesithathu - B, kanye-alpha. Ngo-plasma, yesine kungekho aglyutininov, kodwa amangqamuzana abomvu igazi aglyutinogeny kokubili A no B. Uma A itholakala ku-alpha noma ku-beta, kukhona okuthiwa agglutination ukuphendula, okuholela amangqamuzana abomvu egazi afe futhi ifomu amahlule. Lokhu kungenzeka uma ukumpontshelwa igazi ezinombono ohlukile iqembu. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ukumpontshelwa asetshenziswa erythrocyte kuphela (plasma siqedwa kwelinye ukucutshungulwa igazi izigaba), umuntu ngegazi lakhe kuphela kungenziwa elampontshelwa eqenjini sokuqala iqembu yesibili - Igazi wokuqala neqembu lesibili, lesithathu - amaqembu wokuqala nowesithathu, owesine - kunanoma iyiphi.

Futhi phezu abomvu egazi kungase kube antigen D, wona inquma RH isici, uma ikhona, lo somabhizinisi uthambekele kokuhle, uma akukho - akukho. Ama-lymphocyte banesibopho amasosha omzimba. Basuke ngamaqembu amabili main: B-lymphocyte ne-T lymphocyte. Okokuqala akhiqizwa umnkantsha wethambo, kwesibili - e-thymus (indlala esemva breastbone). T-lymphocyte zihlukaniswa T-inducers, T-abasizi ne-T-suppressors. izicubu reticular zezinzwa sakhiwa inqwaba extracellular matrix kanye stem cells. Kulawa, yakha egazi. Lokhu Indwangu oluyisisekelo umnkantsha kanye nezinye izitho hematopoietic. Kukhona izicubu adipose, emangqamuzaneni aqukethe lipids. It wenza ibhekhaphu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa umsebenzi zokuzivikela.

Kanjani izitshalo?

La magciwane, njengezilwane, yakhiwa lokubolekwa lamaseli nempahla intercellular. Izinhlobo izicubu isitshalo sichaza esilandelayo. Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningi amakhulu. Lena zokufundisa, enamathela, conductive, mechanical eziyisisekelo. izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo kwezicubu, kusukela kungokwalabo ambalwa eqenjini ngalinye.

zemfundo

Lezi zihlanganisa apical, lateral, nesilonda ejotshelelwayo. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - ukuqinisekisa ekukhuleni kwesitshalo. Zakhiwa amaseli elincane ukukhuthalele sokuhlukanisa, bese ukuhlukanisa ukwakha yiluphi uhlobo ihlule. Apical kukhona at the amathiphu ngeziqu kanye izimpande, lo lateral - ngaphakathi stem, ngaphansi yangetulu, Ifaka - e lezisekelo interstices, isilonda - endaweni yokulimala.

Ukumboza

Basuke izimpawu obukhulu iseli izindonga sakhiwa cellulose. Badlala indima zokuzivikela. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu: i-epidermis, Cork, Cork. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zalesi sihlahla. Angase abe zokuzivikela waxy enamathela, njengoba yizinwele zakhe, stomata, cuticle ikhule ezimbotsheni. Cork ihlukile kuleyo hhayi bekulokhu, ngoba zonke ezinye izici, ke kufana epidermis. Stopper - coverslips kukhona kwezicubu efile ukuthi yakha amagxolo esihlahleni.

conductive

Lezi izindwangu beze izinhlobo ezimbili: xylem futhi phloem. Umsebenzi wawo - ezokuthutha izinto ziyoncibilika amanzi kusukela ezimpandeni kwezinye izitho, noHezekeli. kwakhiwa Xylem is of ezitsheni ezakhiwe amangqamuzana afile nge amagobolondo ngesandla esiqinile kufanele webs transverse. Bona ukuthutha phezulu uketshezi. Phloem - ngesihlungo amashubhu - ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, ezingenakho nuclei. ulwelwesi Cross babe ikhule ezimbotsheni emikhulu. Nge ezihlukahlukene isitshalo kwezicubu izinto ziyoncibilika emanzini, kuthiwa zithutha phansi.

mechanical

Futhi ukuza e izinhlobo ezimbili: collenchyma futhi sclerenchyma. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukuqinisekisa amandla zonke izitho. Collenchyma emelelwa amaseli nge amagobolondo bok eziphilayo uvalwe eduze komunye nomunye. Sclerenchyma yakhiwa side amangqamuzana afile nge amagobolondo kanzima.

main

Njengoba kubonakala kahle igama labo, zingabantu ngesisekelo zonke izinhlaka plant. Ziyakwazi nokwenziwa kanye esikhundleni. Eyokuqala engxenyeni ezinombala oluhlaza amaqabunga kanye stem. La mangqamuzana kukhona chloroplast, okuyinto banesibopho-photosynthesis. Kwezicubu isitoreji buthelela udaba eziphilayo ezimweni eziningi lesi isitashi.