Inhlanzi iBaikal: incazelo uhlu

Elikhulu kunawo wonke angenasawoti echibini emhlabeni - iChibi iBaikal. ukujula Its 1637 metres, futhi engu-kulomzimba esiyingqayizivele yamanzi, ngokososayensi, ingaphezu iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

umbono ocatshangelwayo phakathi abacwaningi sechibini iBaikal - iyona ocean esizayo: wangabe izimpawu zokuguga, ogwini lwayo njalo uyanda. Okuwukuphela umfula kusuka echibini, kuyinto Angar, ogama ubude - 1779 amakhilomitha. Angara okubanzi (863 m) kanye enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

inhlanzi iBaikal lisuke hhayi kuphela eSiberia, inkazimulo kudala ewela imingcele yezwe lethu laziwe. Mayelana ukunambitheka kwakhe the zinganekwane. Omisiwe noma ngibhema omul - isipho yendabuko Siberians ukuletha abangani bakho emadolobheni amaningi Russia. Uma uzama izitsha ezivela iBaikal inhlanzi, abahambi kakhulu uhlela uhambo elilandelayo iChibi iBaikal, ukuze aphinde athole uhlobo omangalisayo futhi ukunambitheka ngibhema whitefish, Grayling kanye nephunga elimnandi ngosile whitefish ngibhema futhi golomyanka omisiwe.

iBaikal reserve

Ukuze alondoloze esiyingqayizivele imvelo zonke eChibini iBaikal ngo-1969 Biosphere Reserve, esemgwaqweni ogwini olusempumalanga ye echibini yasungulwa lapha. It ithatha insimu enkulu - ku amahektha 167.871 of Ukhahlamba Khamar-Daban. Imingcele iBaikal egicna imvelo kukhona phezu kwemifula kanye Mishikha Vydrin. IBaikal ezintabeni ezizungezile - kuba isithiyo yemvelo ngokumelene emoyeni ukusakaza nithela ukukhululwa okukhulu inhlabathi.

Esiqiwini igcinwa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo eziyingqayizivele yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. abameleli ezingavamile zezwe kwamanzi abadumile iBaikal Reserve. Fish butholakala zinhlobo nambili. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu yefilakisi, trout futhi Grayling. Lezi izinhlobo eze ngesikhathi zidala emfuleni, futhi ekupheleni ehlobo futhi ubuye echibini, lapho bachitha khona ebusika.

Izinhlobo iBaikal izinhlanzi

Futhi nje kwechibi (kuhlanganise iziqiwi), kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka amahlanu kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Kuphela nanhlanu ezihlobana inani lokudoba. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke bangabantu Grayling, whitefish ne-Cisco. Ngo abambalwa ezivamile ezifana izinhlanzi iBaikal ezibalulekile njenge iBaikal Sturgeon, trout, umbokwane kanye yefilakisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlala echibini perch, ide, roach.

Ngokusho idatha yamuva, biomass ingqikithi izinhlanzi kuleli chibi cishe amakhulu amabili namashumi amathathu amawaka amathani, kuhlanganise amathani eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha yokudoba. Ukuze kwandiswe isibalo sezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi eyigugu Irkutsk sidalwe Ltd. "iBaikal inhlanzi", imisebenzi okuyinto sizoxoxa kamuva.

Ngezansi sethula uhlu lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu echibini izinhlanzi:

• trout;
• yefilakisi;
• Cisco;
• wezinhlamvu Arctic;
• whitefish;
• Grayling;
• Pike;
• ide;
• bream
• dace eSiberia;
• minnow;
• roach eSiberia;
• minnow;
• carp;
• lin;
• Amur carp;
• wezinhlamvu eSiberia;
• Amur eyikati;
• ESiberia Chipper;
• burbot;
• esivuthayo esithungela Rota;
• 27 Kunezinhlobo shirokolobok;
• golomyanka;
• sculpin.

Jwayelana eminye imininingwane.

whitefish

Le nhlanzi echibini abandayo ukuthi spawns ohlala echibini. Labantu imelelwa echibini futhi umfula nechibi amafomu, kokuba isimo zenyathi. Ziyahlukahluka kuye kunombolo gill rakers, izikali perforated elise-lateral line. ifomu Fish iBaikal echibini whitefish has amabili nanhlanu kuya amathathu nanhlanu gill rakers. Lezi zinhlanzi bathambekele eziyizimbangela echibini.

Sig-umkhomo whitefish - ifomu emfuleni kokuba stamens kakhulu kancane, esiphezulu amabili nane. izinhlanzi echibini, kanye nemingenela yayo kuyinto emnyango, uchitha ukuphila e kufuduka njalo. Ngokuvamile spawns emifuleni, 250 km kusuka umlomo, futhi okuphakelayo echibini amanzi. Ngokungafani izihlobo zabo kwechibi uphansi impela futhi ezikubambayo izikali umzimba.

Whitefish ukusakaza cishe wonke kuleli chibi, kodwa emakamu ngobukhulu uphawuleka Barguzin futhi Chivyrkuisky Bay, kwi Selenga emanzini angajulile nasoLwandle Amancane. Ngokuvamile, kwenzeka endaweni pre-estuarine imifula kanye Upper Angara Kichera. Whitefish ukhetha emanzini angajulile inhlabathi anesihlabathi. Abamele amafomu echibini-emfuleni siphile amamitha amabili ezijulile. Ebusika baba wehlele ezweni of 150 m ukujula, futhi entwasahlobo nasehlobo - 40-50 amamitha.

Isisindo esivamile zezinhlobo ezinhlanu kuyinto 500 amagremu, eziyisikhombisa-CIG ukala isigamu kilogram, futhi lapho sengineminyaka engu-15 isisindo izinhlanzi ongafinyelela 5 kg. Abadobi bathi bakwazi ukubamba whitefish enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angaphezu 10 kg. Whitefish - inhlanzi iBaikal ezibalulekile, okuyinto izinhlanzi, ngokososayensi, manje ukunciphisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi zidala. Ukuze kwandiswe isibalo saso kumelwe abe zizalela yokufakelwa ne obligatory gazinga ukukhulisa. Le nqubo uyakucabangela izici nezemvelo abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene entuthuko.

omul

IBaikal izinhlanzi omul uvezwa imiphakathi ezinhlanu echibini:

• amanxusa;
• Selenga;
• Chivyrkui;
• North iBaikal;
• Barguzin.

Ngisho engakafiki echibini, uzothola edume kakhulu futhi okumnandi Omele whitefish - North iBaikal. It kungabonakala kuwo wonke Izitolo emadolobheni, eziteshini zesitimela, ezindaweni ezincane zasemaphandleni. Endleleni abendawo ngeke ukukunikeza omisiwe omul usawoti, futhi uma ufika echibini ungabona fresh-wabanjwa Arctic Cisco.

IBaikal Omul - inhlanzi okuqondene uhlobo lwe-whitefish, salmon umndeni. I kanye omkhulu futhi sezithandwa kakhulu owakhileyo Lake iBaikal, namuhla kakhulu kwehle ngobukhulu, futhi, ngeshwa, kuyinto onqenqemeni yokuqothulwa. Ubude umzimba wayo manje ingeqi ngamasentimitha amahlanu nesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu amathathu.

Ethandwa kakhulu phakathi izivakashi, ngalokho, kwathi nabomdabu bakule ndawo ukujabulela - Cisco ngabhema. It ngempela uju kuyiqiniso kwabaningi, hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi phesheya. Lokhu iBaikal izinhlanzi eyigugu, inyama okuyinto kunobuciko ekhetheke kakhulu ukuthi akakwazi kudidaniswe nezinye. Kuyinto soft kakhulu futhi okunamafutha. Nge ukulungiswa kwesokudla kubonakala ukunambitheka engavamile okuyiwona futhi siyijabulele. Iningi izivakashi okokuqala ukunambitha lokhu ukuphelela, ukuphikisana ngokuthi kukhona lutho okumnandi ngaphezulu ayidlanga empilweni yami bona.

izinyathelo zokuvikeleka

Le nhlanzi iBaikal ngenxa ukudoba olunzulu kakhulu kakhulu kunciphisa inani imiphakathi. Kuleminyaka nanamashumi amahlanu eminyaka ke ubanjwe ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane quintals zezinhlanzi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uhlelo esikhethekile whitefish ekubambeni yasungulwa futhi bamukela ngo-1982, okwenza bakwazi ukubala izinqolobane, kanye ukuthuthukisa izindlela ukuze ngezizathu okunengqondo. Eminyakeni yamuva, ngokwethukela asesebenzisa efukamela Cisco. Sithemba ukuthi sibonga lo msebenzi nokuvikeleka iBaikal inhlanzi izithombe ongawabona ngezansi, zizogcinwa, labantu kuyokhula.

Grayling

IBaikal Grayling White kuyinto zenyathi Grayling laseSiberia. Ngo iChibi iBaikal, le nhlanzi uhlala cishe ogwini, ivamile esempumalanga, lapho ukujula ingeqi amamitha amathathu. Ukuze zidala Irherho ukhetha angajulile isihlabathi uhlalwane futhi ezansi noma imiqulu. Zidala iqala ngasekupheleni April futhi ihlala kuze kube maphakathi no-May. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi zokhahlamba kusuka 7.5 kuya +14,6 ° C.

Phakathi nenkathi kokuzalela, Grayling ushintsho umbala: umzimba besilisa iba grey amnyama, ngombala metallic sheen. Futhi phezu amaphiko okhalo, amaphiko fin ivele izindawo ithusi-bomvu. Unqenqema engenhla fin amaphiko lihlotshiswe umngcele amnyama abomvu. ukuthuthukiswa Egg yalolu hlobo sihlala nesikhombisa izinsuku.

Sturgeon

Kuyinto omdala nezinhlanzi ezinkulu kuleli iBaikal eKamchatka. Ulwazi lokuqala ngakho ingatholakala imibiko Nikolaya Spafariya futhi avvakum, owayevakashela chibi elihle kangaka ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII. Inombolo enkulu Sturgeon e lakhomba I. G. Gmelin (1751), lapho emchaza nohambo lwakhe ngokusebenzisa eSiberia. I. G. Georgi - eyaziwa semvelo-wamazwe - ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII, ichazwe kabanzi kule amanothi akhe Sturgeon ukuthi uhlala kuleli chibi, kanye yokudoba le nhlanzi emfuleni Selenga.

Iminyaka eminingi wayenesifo wafunda iBaikal Sturgeon A. G. Egorov. Wenza umsebenzi omkhulu ku ekutadisheni izizalo zemifula, amatheku, echaza lingakanani, ukusatshalaliswa, biology zokudoba ezindaweni ezahlukene echibini. Adume umbhali Russian V P. Astafev wambiza ngokuthi "iNkosi inhlanzi".

Sturgeon - kuphela omele lezinhlanzi cartilaginous echibini. umbala amabanga kusuka brown ukukhanya kuya konsundu, isisu njalo kakhulu ukuxegiselwa wayo. Kanye wonke umzimba kukhona imigqa emihlanu ithambo zhuchek ekhethekile, futhi phakathi kwawo - amathambo amapuleti elincane kokuba simise ezahlukene. fin caudal, ngokunembile, Lobe layo elingenhla isikhathi eside ukwedlula phansi.

Lapho Sturgeon ezivamile?

I Sturgeon ezivame kakhulu kuleli delta ka emfuleni Selenga, e amatheku zonke eChibini iBaikal. Uphila ngesikhathi amamitha angu-mahlanu ukujula. Ngo ekwindla, ngesikhathi imimoya enamandla, kungaba ukuya 150 amamitha ukujula. Ubusika emilonyeni imifula emikhulu imigodi. Ngonyaka izinhlanzi ikhula ngesilinganiso esingu-5-7 cm. Umuntu omdala ifinyelela imitha noma ngaphezulu ubude nesisindo 100 kg. Sturgeon iBaikal lisuke ezisohlwini Red Encwadi Russia nase Buryatia, njengoba oluthile lwento ephilayo, akuvamile.

sors inhlanzi

Ukuze imifula letinkhulu naletincane echibini "woza" Kwaziwa kahle eSiberia izinhlanzi: perch futhi Pike, Ides futhi Dace, roach futhi carp Nokho, iBaikal ezijulile bengalamukeli, ngoba kukhona esinye ukujula, okunye ukudla, lokushisa ezahlukene. Lezi zinhlanzi zijwayele nangezinhlaka - ku amatheku engajulile zonke eChibini iBaikal, futhi ulwandle trout futhi Lenka yawela echibini phezu nemingenela enkulu iChibi iBaikal, futhi kungatholakala zemifula.

Izakhamuzi fresh ajulile

iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu amabili edlule, inhlanzi cottoid waqala ukungena emfuleni, uzama ukujwayela ukuphila emanzini angenawo usawoti. Kanye emifuleni nasemithonjeni bangena echibini. Ekuqaleni bahlala emanzini, bese - ajulileyo, futhi ikholomu amanzi. Namuhla kule imifula kanye namachibi ezintaba zase-Eurasia, kuhlanganise eziqhingini zaseJapane, uhlala 14 zinhlobo izinhlanzi cottoid echibini futhi zazo zikhona 33 zilwane.

Iningi (84%) cottoid izinhlanzi eziphila ezansi iChibi iBaikal. Ngokuvamile, basuke nje "ahlale" phansi. Abakwazi uthinte ngisho isandla sakhe, futhi kuphela kuleli cala bathi "kuzuba" kuya amane - ngamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili futhi iqhwa futhi, bephonsa emhlabathini.

Ezinye kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi phansi uthanda bembe esihlabathini noma odakeni, ukuze kuphela ngamehlo akhe ayizindilinga kungabonwa ngaphezu komhlaba. Ngokuvamile ngalinye lala masonto izinhlanzi ezitholakala ngaphansi kwamadwala (avame Ngenxa yalokho libizwa ngokuthi sculpin), emigodini, ematsheni. Ngo-1977, abacwaningi kusukela ngwenya yesayensi "Pisces kwekilasi submergence ezijulile imoto", kubonakala ngesikhathi 800 m obomvu sculpin ukujula. Yena wemba lolu daka, okuyinto thatha, abeke phambili kuphela ikhanda kanye ehlaselwa, ngomkhumbi esidlule indawo yokucasha wakhe, ezinamagobolondo, amphipods.

umbala

IBaikal izinhlanzi ubanjwe emanzini ajulile, kukhona umbala onhlobonhlobo. zinhlobo Coastal, bathambekele abe izikali grey noma grey-oluhlaza, futhi ezinhlangothini umzimba kuyabonakala amnyama. Ngezikhathi ezithile kukhona inhlanzi, ababethi yisimaragidu umbala engavamile eluhlaza. Njengoba kwanda izidalwa kwamanzi coloration izinguquko ukujula kusuka obomvu imivimbo grey, pink, pearl grey, onsundu, orange.

golomyanka

Naphezu izici ezithakazelisayo zezinhlanzi cottoid, esiyingqayizivele kunazo babo kufanele baqaphele golomyankas. Lona labantu elikhulu kunawo wonke kuleli chibi. biomass kwayo ngokuphelele cishe kabili, zonke ezinye izinhlanzi ezihlala kuleli chibi. Kuyinto amathani angaphezu kuka-mathandathu, anamanci mahlanu amawaka. Kuyinto bukhoma esindayo inhlanzi, okungadingi eziyizimbangela: uzala siphile gazinga.

IChibi iBaikal iyikhaya ezimbili kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi - ezikulu nezincani. Bobabili atholakala ekujuleni ezahlukene, kuze kube yilo kanye phansi. Golomyanka ngaphandle zooplankton udle kanye nenzalo yabo. Futhi ngisho naphezu kwalokhu, ukukhula yaminyaka yonke le nhlanzi amathani cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nezinkulungwane. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphambi konyaka owodwa, libuyekezela sabantu ngokuphelele.

On golomyanka kungenzeki ukuhlela ezimbonini ekubambeni ngoba ukusakaza olude futhi iyona ukudla iBaikal seal omul. Amalungu elikhulu zilwane afinyelele 25 cm ubude (nabesifazane), abesilisa - 15 cm.

LLC "inhlanzi iBaikal"

Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, sakhuluma ngokuthi ukuthi ukuze kwenziwe yokufakelwa zezinhlanzi izinsiza zonke eChibini iBaikal, inkampani yasungulwa ngo-2009. Linikeza izinhlanzi ukulima esekelwe Belsky futhi Burduguzskogo hatcheries.

Ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi le nhlangano ngo amanzi esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, futhi iChibi iBaikal, kuhlanganise, ngonyaka ekhiqizwa podroschennye gazinga ka eyigugu zinhlobo izinhlanzi efana Grayling, Sturgeon, omul, peled nabanye.

Kusukela 2011, amachibi ehlukahlukene Republic of Buryatia, Trans-iBaikal Territory, esifundeni sase-Irkutsk ezingaphezu kuka izinhlamvu zemali eziyizigidi ezingu ezine inhlanzi ezincane badedelwa.