Ithiyori Nominalist lemali: emihle nemibi

Ucwaningo of izici sphere yemali siwubufakazi esinye sezici ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni amamodeli we indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho. A isici esiyinhloko umqondo "umkhiqizo wokugcina" ekhona namuhla, ethulwa ngesimo zezincomo ukuqaliswa kwezomnotho izinyathelo inqubomgomo.

Ukuhlobana umbuzo

) развивается в тесной связи с эволюцией финансовых систем. Noma yimuphi umbono wolwazi lokuziphendukela imali (metal, nominalist, ambalwa) ithuthukiswe uxhumano obuseduze ukuvela izinhlelo zezimali. Yena, inquma izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni futhi qoqa ulwazi ngokwelekelelwa ngezihloko. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi zonke izinkolelo-mbono imali - metallisticheskoy, nominalist futhi ambalwa - engimbumbile kanye kuyaphikisana, njengoba umthetho, ngenxa isidingo ukubhekana imibuzo ethile, izimpendulo lapho kudingeka ngcono ukubambisana kwezomnotho. Practical imiqondo ngamakhasimende ngenxa izidingo zamanje komnotho ahlukaniswe isifundiso uhlelo lwezimali oluvela enhlanganweni i wezomnotho kwezombangazwe ezinye eyala.

Metal, ithiyori nominalist lemali

Ezimweni eziningi, kukhona umqondo omusha esekelwe nokushintshashintsha ekhonjwe imicabango odlule. Ngo abameli medieval usebenze njengomahluleli wabasunguli be nominalism. Ngemva kwalokho, umqondo ukuthuthukiswa ukuthi zilawulwe ukugxekwa imibono ekhona. Ngesikhathi sokuzuza capital eNtshonalanga Yurophu kwakukhona theory metal. nabasekeli baso - mercantilists - babekholelwa ukuthi ingcebo umphakathi deku angaphandle ukuhweba abameli. isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona kwalo kuqinisekisa supply of amatshe ayigugu kuleli zwe. Kamuva labo abanamathela izimfundiso sebekholelwa ukuthi umthombo ingcebo - ezolimo kanye umkhiqizo. Nominalists yena, wayekholelwa ukuthi imali iyona kuphela iyunithi ekahle akhawunti. Bona zanelise ngempahla kanye isenzo njengoba umkhiqizo uhulumeni. Ake sicabangele izici eziyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela nominalist.

izici Jikelele umqondo

uhlamvu Nominalistic kwadingeka Eqinisweni, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ekahle iyunithi malini ngesilinganiso. abasekeli bawo babeyizimpisi George. George Berkeley. Stewart. Babekholelwa ukuthi igama imali (franc, umina, thaler, njll) Veza ekahle ama-athomu amanani. Okubaluleke ukhiye kuphela igama iyunithi. капитала. ithiyori Nominalist ophika ukubaluleka okuqukethwe metal yenhloko-dolobha.

ngokucacile

Esikhathini usosayensi German ekhulwini lama-20 Knapp waqala cabangela imali 'njengomthetho kanye oda umkhiqizo ", ukudalwa kwemandla embuso. Wagomela ukuthi kusetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhokha, kungakhathaliseki okuqukethwe kwabo. Ngakho, Knapp zilethwe imali kusuka kunoma iyiphi uxhumano ne metal, abenze izimpawu okunemibandela ikhono ukukhokha kunqunywa isimo. Ngo ukuhlaziywa kwayo, usosayensi wakucabangela kuphela imali yephepha futhi ushintsho okuxekethile. naleyo ebolekisayo ngaphandle ngesikhathi esifundweni. Lokhu kamuva waholela ekubeni lapho kuhlala isisu.

amaphutha ezimfundisweni

Кнаппа не учитывала ряд важнейших факторов. ithiyori Nominalist lemali Knapp akusho acabangele ezicini eziningana ezibalulekile. Ubuze besimo umqondo wakhe simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Imali ayikona isigaba zomthetho. Ikhonza njengabameleli-elementi isimiso sezomnotho.
2. Metal imali ine izindleko ezimele. It is hhayi eyabelwe isimo.
3. Izindleko banknotes nayo isungule igunya. Sibangelwa imithetho umgomo kwezomnotho.
4. Njengoba isici esiyinhloko izenzo akenzi njengoba yokukhokha, futhi izindleko izinyathelo.

izincazelo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe uMnu Bendixen, imali ukukhonza njengezifanekiselo value futhi afakaze isevisi olunikezwa nezinye amalungu omphakathi. Yena, ukunika ilungelo lokuthola kuzuze esiphikisayo. Ekuhloleni ubunjalo imali, akazange cabanga imfundiso yokuziphendukela value. проявились в период Первой мировой. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, elithola nominalist imfundiso yokuziphendukela imali sekukhona ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. EJalimane ngaleso sikhathi ayematasa ngezimali lokulwa. Concept ngokugcwele uhambisane naleso sikhathi. показала свою несостоятельность. Eminyakeni inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela nominalist lemali 20 asibonise ukuze kuphumelele. Umqondo ophika imvelo lezimpahla wezezimali. Imfundiso nominalist lemali uzibiwe umsebenzi zokukhiqiza. Umqondo akukucabangeli ukuvuselelwa engokwemvelo dolobha kusukela lezimpahla kwegazi, bephika ubunye bawo.

okutholakele

Ngokungangabazeki, isimo unekhono ngokomthetho ukucacisa yemakhono amanani. Nokho, iziphathimandla Awukwazi ukusetha ukubaluleka imali. превращает его из экономического элемента в юридический. Ukusikisela kuso ikhono ukwakha bofeleba netinhlavu ukunquma amanani ayo, n ominalisticheskaya imfundiso yokuziphendukela imali kwenza kube aphume isici kwezomnotho emthethweni. Umqondo Ihlangana nomqondo Inani kanye imikhawulo esilinganisweni value. Phakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela iphepha nensimbi imali kubhekwa izigaba eyohlobo. Concept umemezela izibonakaliso zabo. превозносит банкноты, рассматривая их как самую совершенную форму капитала. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela nominalist lemali lidumisa izikweletu, bebabheka 'njengabantu ifomu ephelele iningi dolobha. Kule singakwazi iziphetho ezilandelayo. ithiyori Nominalist imali:

1. Ophika lezimpahla zabo nemvelo.
2. Ichaza umqondo ngezinga elithile value futhi esezingeni intengo.
3. Acabangele inhlokodolobha imisebenzi ukhiye.
4. Ihaba indima isimo.

umqondo Keynes '

Okwamanje, ababesekela nomqondo izindleko zemali yokuqhuba ibhizinisi kunqunywa ngokuhambisana kokuhlaziywa subjective yamandla ayo wokuthenga. Phakathi bomnotho ka 1929-1933. J .. Keynes wazakhela theory. Ngo Treatise yakhe elungisisiwe ukuqedwa standard igolide. Khona ngaphambi imali, Keynes azikutholi esifuze ubuqaba. Iphepha amanothi, wamemezela yaba inhloko-dolobha ekahle. Wachazela Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo lwabo olwengeziwe nokuhlangenwe ikhono ukunikeza ukuchuma isimo. Displacement egolide kwegazi Keynes ithathwa njengendlela ukunqoba Knapp umqondo. Nokho, wayekholelwa ukuthi lwemali metal kuyinto inelastic. Kwaba iphutha Keynes 'ukhiye.

ithiyori Nominalist lemali: emihle nemibi

Lolu cwaningo abathintekayo umqondo uPawulu Samuelson. Encwadini "Economics" imali yakhe ubiza izimpawu. USamuelson uphawula ukuthi lezimpahla-dolobha inkathi owaketulwa iphepha kusho. Yemaphepha ngokombono wakhe, emelelwe okushiwo imali. Wababiza yokufakelwa umhlangano nomphakathi. Namuhla, esinye sezithunywa imiqondo evelele emkhakheni ezezimali kubhekwa nominalist imfundiso yokuziphendukela imali. всех идей в рамках этого направления изучаются представителями других учений или нейтральными экспертами. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi yayo yonke imibono kulesi siqondiso kufundvwe abameleli neminye imicikilisho noma ochwepheshe hlangothi. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lapho umqondo olubanzi lokuthuthukiswa lithole ngokuqondene ukubanjwa kweqhaza umkhuba sokuthotshiswa. Lokhu kwakunjalo Ephakathi. Nakuba abameli babeka nezaba sokuthotshiswa, echaza futhi ebonisa ukuthi intengo zemali, futhi bafikelwa bengumsebenzi wezandla uhulumeni. Ochwepheshe bathethelele kwesokudla iziphathimandla ukunikeza amayunithi angcolile futhi engaphelele notation odlule. Ngakho, yokwamukela engakaze kwenziwe, ngesisindo sezinti zemali, futhi isitembu isimo. ithiyori Nominalist ine uhlamvu emibonweni yami. Key izici kwakhe okungalungile ezibhekwa ukuphishekela imithetho kwezomnotho esikhundleni amayunithi zomthetho ahlukene, kanye ukwehluleka acabangele inhlokodolobha ngenxa ubudlelwane zenhlalakahle kanye ithele.

nezinye imiqondo

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20, Wama imibuzo 2 ngemcondvo kwezomnotho:

1. On the essence umsuka imali.
2. Izindleko zemali yokuqhuba ibhizinisi kanye Amandla okuthenga.

Ngo umnotho abezombusazwe babengafuni 2 izindawo - metal futhi imfundiso nominalist. Basuke etimeni umbuzo umsuka dolobha. Ekhulwini lama-20. ngombono ishintshile kakhulu. Ukhiye kwaba umbuzo indima imali yokuzala, lo mshini nethonya lazo ukukhula komnotho, kanye inchubomgomo yembuso emkhakheni wezimali. Ekhulwini le-19, ososayensi uba nengxenye ethé xaxa ku zingxenye. Ekhulwini lama-20, weza phambili izinkinga ambalwa.

Umqondo classical yokuzalana

Kwakusuka yokuthi izimo ukuncintisana kanye ngentengo kuyaqina ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izimakethe iza yakhoibrium othomathikhi ohlelweni. Kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthikanyezwa ngaphandle, okwenza ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele kwimithombo yemikhiqizo. Amalungu mkhuba classical wayekholelwa ukuthi yemali izinsimbi intengo kumele isethelwe ku zabasebenzi. Ngalandela lesi simiso futhi uDavide Ricardo. Nokho, wayecabanga ukuthi inani zemali in kwegazi kungayithonya kahle kwabo amandla okuthenga, kanye izindleko izimpahla. Umqondo we-theory ubuningi asekelwe futhi umlandeli Ricardo, Mill. Wabhala ukuthi ngezinye izimo alinganayo, intengo imali inhlukanozigaba enombolweni. akha ukumelwa okunjalo kokucubungula inhloko-dolobha njengoba exchange lobuchwepheshe kusho. Lokhu kubangela indima ezincane imali ngokuya kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela classical.