SDR - a Umdwebo Amalungelo eziyisipesheli ...

SDRs - segama kwegama ngesiNgisi, ngo imisindo Russian nethi "amalungelo umdvwebo ekhethekile" (SDRs). SDR kubhekwa lwemali zokwenziwa ngamazwe reserve kwempahla, okuyinto kuveza futhi esetshenziswa IMF ukunikeza ubudlelwane zezimali phakathi kwamalungu. izinqolobane futhi ikhishwe loans wona kule lwemali. Ngokwezibalo, ngoMashi 2016, kunemithala engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 204.1 SDR.

Ukuvela futhi injongo

Special Amalungelo Umdwebo (SDR, SDR SDR) yatholakala ngo-1969 e umongo Bretton Woods uhlelo yemali. Ukuze alondoloze esitebeleni lokuhwebelana amayunithi yayo yemali yezwe abadinga izinqolobane. Nokho, ivolumu supply international zegolide zamadola kwakungenele. Ukuthembela lwemali iMelika ukuthi baqede ihlandla labo, uma uqala ukuphrinta imali yamaphepha entsha. Ngakho-ke wanquma ukwakha inqolobane amafa amasha.

SDR - yilokho isixhumanisi olahlekile kohlelo Bretton Woods. Nokho, ngokushesha yokugcina waphela. Amazwe amaningi aye yayiswa umbuso ka elintantayo exchange rate. Ngaphansi kohlelo olusha, i-SDR Jamaican akuyona indlela ebalulekile. Ukuthuthukiswa imali kanye capital izimakethe avunyelwe emazweni amaningi buthelela eningi currency angaphandle izinqolobane.

Nokho, SDR - akuyona esifuze esidlule. Baqhubeka akhona futhi kwakufanele nomthelela ku imiphumela impumuzo kokuntengantenga kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2009, SDR wakhishwa ukwandisa zezimali isimiso sezomnotho somhlaba wonke inani 182,6 bhiliyoni. Bona kwahambisana zigcine esemthethweni amalungu -International Monetary Fund, izisulu ngeni yezimali.

Asinakusho ukuthi SDR - lwemali noma imfuneko IMF. abanikazi zabo nizuze zezimali ngokukhululekile ezisebenzisekayo esenana kubo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili:

1. Ukushintsha phakathi kwamalungu IMF, ebanjwa njalo yokuzithandela.
2. Ukuthenga GPA emazweni eqinile izikhundla zangaphandle isidingo lamazwe uboleka.

Kusukela SDR - lwemali ye zokwenziwa, asikwazi esetshenziswa abantu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Nokho, kufeza ukubala hhayi kuphela IMF, kodwa futhi eziningi nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (BIS EBTS nezinye ukuthuthukiswa amabhange lesifunda).

lwemali ukwakheka

Ekuqaleni, ukubaluleka umdwebo amalungelo akhethekile zase zihleliwe ngegolide. Omunye SDR zifinyelela ku intengo 0,88871 amagremu yaleli metal. SDR exchange rate aseMelika kwachazwa ngokuthi 1: 1. Ngemva kokuwa uhlelo Bretton Woods 1973 kwaso indawo inani le SDR kwaba Jamaican ibalwa okusekelwe ubhasikidi zezimali. Ekuqaleni kwakugcwele US dollar, euro, yen futhi okokuphrinta. Muva nje, kube ingezwe yuan. Ishintsha 1 Okthoba 2016. Manje SDR izinga kunqunywa okusekelwe okulandelayo isisindo isisekelo:

• US dollar - 41,73%.
• EUR - 30,93%.
• Yuan - 10,92%.
• Yen Japanese - 8,33%.
• British iphawundi sephawundi - 8,09%.

Engokoqobo SDR ishicilelwe nsuku zonke kwi website esemthethweni ye-IMF. ukubala sayo sisekelwe izingxenye ngesisindo sezinti kubhasikidi esekelwe amanani, okuyinto awashintsheki emini London Stock Exchange.

Uhlu zezimali ukuthi ukunquma ukubaluleka umdwebo amalungelo akhethekile, qiniseka baphinde bahlola njalo eminyakeni emihlanu ngokuthathu IMF Executive Board, noma ngaphambili uma kudingeka ngokushintsha kwezimo kohlelo jikelele. I emisha yakamuva kuyinto ukufakwa kubhasikidi the yuan Chinese. Ukubuyekezwa esilandelayo ngezithako zawo ehleliwe 2021.

Inzalo umdwebo amalungelo akhethekile

Izinga lenzalo yemali mboleko phezu SDR - kuyinto nokwenza isendlalelo sokubala inani IMF loan izinkokhelo. Iphinde inquma iphesenti ukuthi ikhokhelwa aMalunga eMibuso ku Holdings kwabo umdwebo amalungelo akhethekile icala izinqolobane basakaza.

Izinga Masonto onke ibalwa okusekelwe kwesamba isithakazelo omele ezikweletini amathuluzi ukubuyiswa kwemali kwesikhathi esifushane amazinga ezimakethe imali, akha kubhasikidi.

Ukusatshalaliswa lwefa zezimali

Umthamo SDRs amalungu IMF kuyinto ezilinganiselwe kuma-akhawunti abo quota enhlanganweni. Ngakho, izwe ngalinye ekuchithweni kwayo i international reserve kwempahla, okuyinto ongakaphathelani izindleko ezingeziwe.

kakhulu lo mshini ukusatshalaliswa amalungelo ebolekiwe self ngezimali. Labo amaphesenti, okuyinto icala uthi nge Holdings ngokweqile empeleni icala amalungu IMF, abawasebenzisayo. Nokho, abanikazi SDRs - akuyona kuphela ilungu-International Monetary Fund, kodwa futhi ezinye izinhlangano yohlobo olufanele. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, i-European Central Bank. abanikazi letibekiwe zingasebenzisa SDRs ukuthengiselana phakathi komunye nomunye noma nge IMF oyilungu.

Nokudayisa SDRs

IMF emlandweni walo labetibambile ezintathu Kwabiwa SDR. Inani okokuqala kwezithelo 9.3 bhiliyoni. Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa kwenziwa kusukela ngo-1970 kuya ku-1972. Ngokuzayo isinqumo replenishment amafa reserve senziwe 1979. Isamba yokwabiwa wesibili zaba 12.1 billion. It lalikhishwa 1979 kuya 1981. Khona-ke iminyaka eminingi SDR izinqolobane wahlala ezingeni elifanayo.

Sekuphele iminyaka ecishe ibe 30 ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanele, sinqumo akudingekile e lesi sinyathelo. Nokho, ngo-August 28, 2009 senziwa ukusatshalaliswa lwesithathu kokuntengantenga kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele. Labe ezikhishwe bezinga elingakaze libonwe SDR. Inani zaba 161,2 bhiliyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasonto amabili ngaphambi ezengeziwe yesikhathi esisodwa replenishment reserves inani 21.5 billion enikeziwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuze 2009, abangaphezu koyedwa nanhlanu IMF ubulungu (labo kujoyina emva 1981) awakaze athole SDR izabelo.

Amathemba kanye indima China

Ngo-2016, i-World Bank isungule luhlelo isibopho emakethe Chinese yasekhaya. Izibambiso anikezwe SDRs futhi zenzelwe zimali yesikhungo. I World Bank ihlelwe uhlelo ngokubambisana amabhange ezinkulu Chinese. Umthamo isamba uhlelo 2 milliarda SDR. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka (kusuka mhlaka 1 Imphala) the yuan kwahlanganiswa nobhasikidi zokwenziwa lwemali ekhishwa IMF. Manje, SDR - akuyona kuphela sephawundi iphawundi, yen Japanese, euro US dollar.