Itjhuguluko elintantayo exchange rate. elintantayo izinga uhlelo

Izinga lokushintshisana ubizwa ngokuthi ngenzuzo elinganiselwe zezimali lamazwe amabili. Ngamanye amazwi, ukubaluleka lwemali olulodwa uzwakalise amayunithi ezahlukene.

Amamodi kulungiselelwa exchange rate

Kufanele kube ujwayelene izindlela ezikhona kokubeka exchange rate:

• Ngesisekelo the silinganiso igolide. I zezimali zixhumene igolide, kuhlobene ngesilinganiso fixed. Ngaphambili, indinganiso legolide sasingama umlamuli we global uhlobo auto emakethe.

• Kulungiswe izinga. Ibhange emaphakathi inquma ngesilinganiso lwemali kazwelonke. It ikakhulu uphathelene imikhawulo iyehla iyenyuka mahhala lwemali kazwelonke, yini eyenziwayo ngenjongo kuqiniswa komnotho omkhulu. Kuze kube yimanje, nokuthenga Central Bank, noma athengise ngenani elithile of currency angaphandle.

• Floating exchange rate. Okunqumayo ngenxa ye angenamkhawulo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyehla iyenyuka. Kulokhu, izinga lokushintshisana kuyinto intengo yakhoibrium ka lwemali emakethe exchange angaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iyehla iyenyuka, kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle amavolumu, isimo izinkokhelo futhi ukuhweba ibhalansi neze elinganiselwe.

Uma kuqala izindlela ezimbili zicacile ukuqonda, le elintantayo exchange rate kufanele zihlolwe kabanzi.

Kuyini a nezimo exchange rate?

Floating noma nezimo exchange rate kuyinto imodi lapho amazinga exchange emakethe zingahluka ngokuya ukunikezela funa. Ezimweni oscillation khulula angase ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa. Iphinde kuncike imisebenzi zokucabangela emakethe futhi ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa isimo.

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umbuso elintantayo ngokukhululekile exchange rate kufanele ibe isizathu sokugubha ukusungulwa the yakhoibrium exchange rate. Esimweni esinjalo, izwe kuyodingeka umthamo eyanele ukuze alawule isimo somnotho kuleli engekho ithonya zangaphandle. Kodwa eqinisweni, izifundo nezimo kungaba ibe imbangela nesenzakalo yezitayela kungasimamisi futhi engasimeme. Isimo kungenzeka zaba zimbi ngu ukuthutheleka izimali zokucabangela.

Kwezivumelwano utshalomali futhi ukuhweba kungaba nzima uma abalingani ungaqiniseki mayelana nokwenza inzuzo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amazwe akukhetha ulungise amazinga exchange nokusetshenziswa kokungenela. Kodwa kaningi sikhule size sibe zokukhwabanisa izinga lokushintshisana athole izinzuzo ukuncintisana e izindlela zokuhwebelana namanye amazwe.

Ukudala elintantayo exchange rate uhlelo

Ngo-1976, umhlangano we-IMF iKomiti wesikhashana, lapho isivumelwano Jamaican yathinteka. Le nqubo livikeleke demonetization zegolide kwathatha elintantayo exchange rate. Esikhathini Russian Federation eyayibekwe imodi ezifanele esinqumweni Novemba 15, 1991. Uhlelo elintantayo exchange rate wathonywa kwaneliswe isidingo etholakala ezimakethe lwemali isimo.

Ngo ukuthengiselana kwezohwebo ukuze bamboze lwemali ingozi baqala ukusebenzisa phambili izinkontileka. Le ndlela iye yatha- ekupheleni 60s. Lesi yisikhathi kuphawulwa ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba umbuso elintantayo, inhlekelele ohlelweni Bretton Woods, kanye exchange angaphandle emakethe simo esishubile.

Izizathu ngokudala uhlelo olusha

Ngenxa simo esishubile of izimakethe exchange angaphandle ngo-1964, kwamenyezelwa le convertibility Japanese nezinye zezimali zomhlaba. Ngakho, US ilahlekelwe ikhono alondoloze intengo ounce egolide. State sibhekene nokwanda okusheshayo emali. Yiqiniso, uhulumeni wase-US uthethe eziningi izinyathelo zokunqanda lesi simo, kodwa abazange ukunikeza umphumela omuhle.

US izikweletu angaphandle luyanda njalo ngonyaka, kodwa iningi esibucayi dollar kwaba ngo-1970, lapho ichaza ukwehla isilinganiso senzalo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ibhalansi wezwe lezinkokhelo sihlangabezane kusilela eqinile. ukuguqulwa Mahhala zamadola ku igolide limiswe.

Ukugcina uhlelo Bretton Woods osekwenziwe eziningi. Ukungenela kuwufanele azungeze 5 bhiliyoni. Dollars enganikanga imiphumela. Ngemva ukwehla dollar ngo-10%, emazweni athuthukile wenza itjhuguluko elintantayo exchange rate.

ukuqedwa crisis

Kuze 1973, kwaba ukuthola imali omuhle zezimali imisebenzi. Kodwa kokukhipha uzuza zokucabangela nezinkinga emva amazinga fixed kukhona alisasebenzi. Kulesi umbuso elintantayo ngokukhululekile exchange rate kwaholela ucabanga amabhange eziningi ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqwaba yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali abathintekayo kanzima. Ngemva uhlelo ubelokhu eqashelwa ngokomthetho, ubudlelwane zezimali zomhlaba waqala ukuba sinqotshwe isiqondiso.

Itjhuguluko elintantayo exchange rate bavunyelwe ukususa iningi bokwenza nezinkinga. Naphezu izinzuzo zalesi umbuso, banayo ezithile. Ngokuyinhloko kuyafaneleka simo esishubile eliphezulu lwemali amayunithi (amplitude we ekushintshashintsheni ukubaluleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi). Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubathinta kabi i-international ukuthekelisa ungenise imisebenzi.

Mode samanje eRussia

Ngemva okuzenzakalelayo, owenzeka ngo-1998 e-Russian Federation, ngonyaka olandelayo wethulwa phezu ngokomthetho lwemali umbuso. Kusukela manje, lo hulumeni oye wakwazi ukunciphisa izinga umthelela ongemuhle imvelo ezindaweni zikahulumeni. Floating exchange rate ngesikhathi kwahambisana ngokwethula kubhasikidi lwemali. Lalinama inhlanganisela euro dollar. Ngenxa lesi senzo ithuba ukuqinisa ukuphathwa uhlelo yemali.

Ngemva ukwethulwa kubhasikidi lwemali kuphunywa naye, ruble lithole orientation ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu esiqiwini emhlabeni amayunithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wathola lencike kancane umnotho US.

Uma intengo ngaphandle kubhasikidi bi lwemali, isimo wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba angenelele odabeni exchange angaphandle emakethe izingcaphuno. Okwamanje, lo mthetho awasasebenzi, kwenzekani ngemva inhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Uhulumeni ungenza amadili nge lwemali, kungakhathaliseki Yiqiniso.

Ngokukhululekile elintantayo exchange rate

Le modi inikeza ukwenqaba isimo okugcwele okuvela kuhulumeni lokulawula lwemali kazwelonke maqondana amayunithi yemali kwamanye amazwe. Ngokukhululekile elintantayo exchange rate kusho ukuhamba izinga lokushintshisana, okuyinto kunqunywa kuphela ngemakethe amabutho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona.

Inqubomgomo kubhekwe isebenzisa inombolo encane amazwe. Okuningi evamile iyi ephethwe iflothi exchange rate. Ujabulela ukuhlobana okukhulu, ngoba intengo kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kohlaka aqine. Lapho isifinyelele omunye imikhawulo wenziwa ekulinganiseni izinga esishintshile nge iziphathimandla yemali. Ngokuvamile eyenziwa ukuguqulwa imisebenzi emakethe evulekile kusuka isipele, kanye nemali kazwelonke.

Effect ukuguqulwa imisebenzi

Ukuguqulwa imisebenzi kukhona ukuthengiselana ukuthi lapho siqondiswa ukuba athenge noma adayise lwemali amayunithi eziye oyi-esungulwe Uhlaka isikhathi, umthamo kanye izinga. States asebenzisa elintantayo futhi fixed exchange rate, ongenza le misebenzi. Bayakwazi ukuthonya nesimo esingokwezimali ibhizinisi, endaweni ethile kanye nomnotho wonkana. Ukuze inzuzo ngale ndlela efanele kufanele siqonde impikiswano.