Portsmouth Ukuthula: imibandela kanye unyaka isignesha

Portsmouth Ukuthula Treaty - isivumelwano phakathi Empire Russian naseJapane ku Ukuphela impi. Isivumelwano abuqede iMpi olungenangqondo elimazayo Russian-Japanese, okwaqala ngo-1904 kuya ku 1905. Lokhu isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando iphutha Agasti 23, 1905 e Portsmouth, edolobheni American, nge kwaloba uhulumeni wase-US. Isivumelwano esasayinwa zombili izinhlangothi. Ngenxa kuye, eRussia ophucwa ilungelo ukuqasha Peninsula Liaodong futhi unqamule umfelandawonye China, ezazihlanganisa ubuhlobo lempi phakathi ezimbili uthi ngokumelene Japan.

Izizathu ekuqaleni Russian-Japanese War

Japan isikhathi eside kwaba ezweni evaliwe, kodwa engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX kwesibili kwaqala ngokuzumayo ukuze uthole khulula, ivulekele okwabezizwe, izakhamuzi zalo ziye ngenkuthalo ngokuvakashela amazwe aseYurophu. Inqubekela bekulokhu kuyabonakala. Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, Japan idale neviyo lemikhumbi elinamandla nebutho - ezasiza isipiliyoni amazwe angaphandle, okuyinto amaJapane sebemukele eYurophu.

Isizwe esiqhingini kudingeka ukwandisa insimu, okuyinto kungani waqala yimpi okuhloswe ngazo emazweni angomakhelwane. Japan waba isisulu sokuqala of China umqali wakwazi uthwebule iziqhingi eziningana, kodwa lokhu kwaba ngokucacile akwanele. Uhulumeni iso layo phezu kwezwe Manchuria futhi eKorea. Yiqiniso, uMbuso Russian akakwazanga ukubekezelela ukweyisa enjalo, ngoba izwe ayehlela ayo ngoba lezi zindawo, otstraivaya eKorea Railways. Ngo-1903, iJapan kanye nawase-Russia egcinwe izinkulumo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ifisa ingxabano ngokuthula, kodwa konke ngeze. Ingabe akavumelananga phezu kwesigaba umhlaba, ohlangothini Japanese ngokuzumayo idedelwa empini lihlasela umbuso.

Indima izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States empini

Eqinisweni, Japan uye wanquma ukuhlasela Russia akayedwa. Ngalokhu-ke utshelwa US nase-England, ngoba baye basekela ngokwezimali ukuze lizwe. Uma azizange ekusizeni lezi uthi, Japan wahluleka ukuphula Tsarist Russia, ngemuva amandla ezimele akamazi ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi. Portsmouth Ukuthula, mhlawumbe kanjalo kwakungeke siphele uma ayinakuxazululeka nabaxhasi ukubandakanya imisebenzini yezempi.

Ngemva Tsushima England waqaphela ukuthi imizamo Japan kahle kakhulu, ngakho ngokwezinga elikhulu kunciphise izindleko empini. I-United States isekela kakhulu umqali, futhi livinjelwe eFrance naseJalimane ume evikela Empire isiRashiya, futhi esesongelwa. UMongameli Teodora Ruzvelta kwabe kuyisu ngobuqili - sokukhipha ubutha eside egijima zombili. Kodwa lapha i oluqinisayo ezingalindelekile zaseJapane ukunqotshwa isiRashiya, akazange uhlela. Isiphetho Ukuthula Portsmouth babengeke neze zenzeke ngaphandle kwaloba Melika. Roosevelt omningi ukwenza ukuvumelanisa sezinhlangothini zombili ze-amasosha.

imizamo Akuphumelelanga ukwenza ukuthula

Zibancishe wokusekela ngokwezimali US naseGreat Britain, Japan kubonakale buthaka kwezomnotho. Naphezu abalulekile impumelelo lempi empini neRussia, ezweni ngaphansi kwengcindezi abaxhasi wangaphambili isiqala bathambekele isiphelo sesimiso ukuthula. Japan wenze imizamo eminingana bakwemukele nesitha. Ngokokuqala ngqá wakhuluma ngesimo nokubuyisana Japanese ngo-1904, lapho-Russian e-UK bacelwa ukuba asayine isivumelwano. Izingxoxo akazange athathe indawo: Japan yafuna ukuthi uMbuso Russian waqaphela ukuthi usuqale ukumisa impi.

Ngo-1905, umlamuleli phakathi belligerents-France. Impi abathintekayo izithakazelo Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, ngakho babephanga kunalokho kokuqedwa kwalo. France ngaleso sikhathi wayengekho isimo engcono, inkinga kunesokuqala sase siqalile ukuvunguza, ngakho lo dade wacela ukusiza Japan ezimisele kucocisana ekuphetheni ukuthula. Ngalesi sikhathi, umhlaseli ifuna kusukela inkokhelo Russian Empire Capitulations ka lokumiswa, kodwa osomaqhinga Russian sebekubeke wenqaba izimo ezinjalo.

kucocisana United States

Ngemva Japanese babefuna ukuba la ukulima Russian e inani yen 1.2 billion, futhi ngaphezu esiqhingini Sakhalin, uhulumeni wase-US kungalindelekile abe esehlanganyela naye umbuso. Roosevelt usabise ngokuthi nokuswela Japan yazo zonke ukwesekwa. Mhlawumbe izimo Ukuthula Portsmouth kwakuyoba ezahlukene uma hhayi ukungenela-United States. Umongameli wase-America, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bazama ukuthonya Empire isiRashiya, ngobumnene seluleka enkosini, futhi ngakolunye - ingcindezi agqoke Japanese, ephoqa cabanga esidabukisayo sezomnotho.

Amagama ukuthula ukubeka phambili yi-Japan

I umqali wayefuna ukwenza kakhulu zempi esiphezulu. Yingakho Japan oyohlala usithonye e Korea neNingizimu Manchuria, thatha lonke isiqhingi Sakhalin futhi sizuze isihe e inani yen 1.2 billion. Yiqiniso, i-Russian Empire izimo abanjalo baye okungekuhle, ngakho ukusayinwa Ukuthula Portsmouth lihlehliselwe isikhathi esingaziwa. Witte, ummeleli isiRashiya, ezinekhono zenqaba ingcaca ukuqala ukukhokha lokumiswa nesabelo Sakhalin.

isandla Japan

Njengoba kamuva wavuma Umlando wakhe Ishii, ezweni labo kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso eRussia, okuyinto engakaze ubani akazange akhokhe. Nobulukhuni zezombusazwe Russian nasekusweleni abaxhasi usekela-Japanese baye wafaka alley abayizimpumputhe. Portsmouth emhlabeni Kwase kusele kancane kokuwa, uhulumeni Japanese bahlangana emhlanganweni, eyathatha lonke usuku. Sinquma ukuthi bayaqhubeka yini empini yase-Sakhalin. Agasti 27, 1905, kwanqunywa ukuba ayiyeke le isiqhingi futhi asidingi umnikelo. Isimo kwaba ngikhathala ukuthi uqhubeke lempi isinyathelo kwakungenakwenzeka.

Russia gaffe

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMongameli Russian uthumele umlayezo ngocingo enkosini, okuyinto belulekwa ukunikeza esiqhingini Sakhalin. Russian Empire yayifuna ukuthula, ngoba kungani uhulumeni engabathandi ukucindezela inguquko eyayisondela. Noma kunjalo, le nkosi savuma ukunikeza kuphela engxenyeni eseningizimu ye siqhingi. Portsmouth Ukuthula kungenziwa ngemvume futhi ezinye izimo, ngoba Japanese sasesinqumile ukulahla nokuhlaselwa Sakhalin. Agasti 27, ngokushesha ngemva komhlangano, kwaba ukuqaphela isinqumo senkosi. Uhulumeni Japanese, yebo, ungaphuthelwa ithuba ukuyokudla endaweni entsha. Nokho, ingozi Japanese, ngoba uma ulwazi olungelona iqiniso, umhlaba ubungeke yini futhi baboshwe. ukudluliselwa Esemthethweni ke, uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka Kwakuyodingeka enze hara-Kiri.

Ekugcineni Portsmouth Ukuthula sasayinwa 5 Septhemba ngonyaka 1905. inxusa Russian udliwe Japan khona izidingo zamakhasimende njengomqambi watshela inkosi. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni Tokyo itholé ihogela ithonya eKorea, wathola amalungelo leasehold ukuze yonke iNhlonhlo Liaodong, South Manchurian sesitimela, kanye engxenyeni eseningizimu Sakhalin. Nokho, Japan akanayo ilungelo bahlanganyele nasekuqiniseni siqhingi.

Yini ehlanganise kokubili izinhlangothi zempi Portsmouth Ukuthula?

Usuku asayine isivumelwano sokuthula lalizoba phuzu lokugcina kulokhu kubulalana bese uqale ukuthi siphakamise umnotho aphume emanxiweni. Ngeshwa, akazange anqobe, futhi Russia noma Japan kusukela impi Russian-Japanese. Kwaba Saze sadlala ngesikhathi nemali. I-Japanese bamukela basayine isivumelwano sokuthula njengoba ukweyisa siqu, ukululazeka, ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe ngempumelelo zonakale. Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, futhi ngakho inguquko kunesokuqala sase siqalile ukuvunguza, futhi ukunqotshwa empini kwaba isizathu sokugcina sentukuthelo ethandwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kokubili emazweni alizanga izikhathi ezingcono. revolution waqala eRussia ...