Royal YaseMoscow ezibiyele ekhulwini le-17. Yayiyini yenkosi ukuphila: isithombe kanye nencazelo Romanov Izingxoxo

Umlando isimo Russian ugcwele izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene. Eliphawuleka kakhulu zangishiya hhayi kuphela emibhalweni yaminyaka, kodwa futhi ezindaweni ezisithekileyo izakhiwo kanye ubuciko, ukufunda ukuthi ungaya ngokusebenzisa wonke mlando yentuthuko Motherland yethu. Kuze isithakazelo namuhla esinganqobeki abantu empilweni kanye nezimpilo ababusi kanye amakhosi Romanov lwamakhosi. Isikhathi wokubusa yabo lizungezwe okunethezeka, ubukhazikhazi kwezigodlo nge izingadi ezinhle nemithombo omangalisayo. Kwase kubekwe isisekelo ekhulwini XVII, lapho amachwane Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov bashukumiseleka ukuba baphile esigodlweni YaseMoscow Kremlin. Kwakungafanele nezinkulu ngendlela ongayo namuhla, futhi akuzange kube indawo amakhanda yokuhlala ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele langempela njalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esiteji samanje lesikhumbuzo yobukhulu ababusi Russian.

I Romanovs

Isikhathi Nezinkinga Russia alethwe uthuthumele eziningi nokuhlupheka, ngaphandle isandla esiqinile nkosi elibusayo izwe edwengulwe ukuphikisana. History of the Romanov njengamakhosi akwa iqala 1613, kwaba khona-ke ukuthi Zemsky Sobor evusa ikhandidethi efaneleka kakhulu yokwenza sobukhosi. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa kwabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, kwaba ikhandidethi ofanele kakhulu. Weza kusuka boyars abacebile, uyisihlobo inkosi yokugcina uhlobo Rurik, washiya kungekho izindlalifa ngqo, futhi kwaba umuntu akazange iqhaza emncintiswaneni amandla, t. E. Ingabe agcinwayo ukungathathi hlangothi yayo. I-Akhawunti selamukelekile engu kombusi esizayo, esangenza lula ngokwanele ukuba bangasizakali ngetinhloso tetepolitiki. Eqinisweni, inkosi osemncane esatshiswe ukushushiswa futhi ehlazekile Boris Godunov, nguye yakhe engu-16, wayengumuntu bayagula futhi ebuthaka sengingene owalalela intando unina noyise ngaphandle kwemibandela. Njengoba ukhetho Mikhail Fedorovich iyiswe zasebukhosini, lelo phakathi nokubusa kwakhe futhi wavuselela cishe kusuka ekuqaleni. Abaningi izakhiwo yamisa u-Ivan III, ngaleso sikhathi, abantu empeleni ubhujiswe. Esikhathini XVII kwekhulu eMoscow ezibiyele - nesigodlo, okuyinto kuba ebalulekile impilo yonke kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki isimo.

esigodlweni

ezahlukene ngayinye uyaqonda futhi limelela ukuphila nokuphila asebukhosini. Bonke abantu Russian bakholelwa ukuthi Abantu wezwe elibusayo kumele uthathe ekamelweni lenkosi. Meaning of izwi nenchazelo uhlale e luyamangalisa. Lena akuyona nje indlu iqembu labantu - lena ngobukhulu, okusezingeni eliphezulu, igumbi ezihlotshiswe kahle lapho umbusi ukusebenza kanye nokuphumula. Leli yiqiniso: esigodlweni kumele libonise ubuhle lonke izwe, kube ikhadi lakhe ukubizwa kusukela nguye ongithandayo, okhonza njengombonisi endaweni yokwamukela izithunywa zakwamanye amazwe. Ekhulwini XVII eMoscow ezibiyele yidolobha ngaphakathi edolobheni. Kukhona amakhulu abantu abahlala futhi basebenze, kukhona izindlu eziningi wenkantolo kwamadoda asebukhosini, amasonto, zezindela, inkonzo. Ngakho abantu abaningi kumele unikezwe konke ukwesekwa ezidingekayo kanye omkhulu umshini sokuphatha isimo ukusebenza, ngakho-ke, zonke izindlu zasebukhosini ehlangana workshop, emakhishini, ezitebeleni, izinqolobane zewayini ngisho izivande namahlathi. Yiqiniso, azungezwe le ezibiyele sika owayemqaphile ngokucophelela okukhulu, nje umuntu othile owayedlula ayizange iphumelele, njengoba labo abacelayo abeza bevela kulo lonke izwe, ezilindele sako ngaphandle kwezindonga zawo. Uma siqala izwi nezwi, zokuhlala, okusezingeni eliphezulu (2-3 izibuya), izakhiwo itshe wayebizwa ngokuthi ekamelweni lenkosi. Igama e isiRashiya, maqondana Insimu eMoscow ezibiyele, ihlanganisa Igumbi angaphezu kwelilodwa, futhi indawo enkulu nge ukusebenza ngcono, okuyinto ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha ehlukene, wasebenzisa inhloso yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, Terem Palace wakhonza njengephayona lokulala, igumbi patronal, ukuhamba-ngokusebenzisa izindlu ehlukahlukene kwadingeka esontweni futhi ithempeli. Uhlobo ngalunye izakhiwo kwadingeka igama lalo kanye nenjongo: i Faceted Chamber, le wezinzalamizi, njll ...

Terem Palace

abaklami Russian kwekhulu XVII. (Konstantinov, ukhukhamba, Ushakov, Shaturin) wadala ungubani ehlukile gem yayo kule Ensemble kuzo zonke eMoscow Kremlin. Terem Palace Yakhiwa ukusetshenziswa kwezingcezu abasindile isakhiwo langaphambilini, echaza ijubane isakhiwo isakhiwo. Esikhathini esizayo, lesi sitayela ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa umlando izakhiwo Russian. Ngaphandle esigodlweni ubukeka sekugcineni elikhulu: ezimhlophe itshe ngombala, amathayili anemibala oluxube imidwebo heraldic, pilasters zokuhlobisa, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile bakhangwa imihlobiso eqoshiwe futhi eyingqayizivele. Eyesibili phansi kugcinelwe le Terem Palace zasebukhosini. Izithombe yesimanje (kabusha) Interiors akuzona ukwazi ukudlulisela ukujula umhlobiso amakamelo. Izindonga kanye nemengamo indlu ngamunye yakhelwe nombala ofanayo futhi zaveza umhlobiso zokuhlobisa. Ngo 1636, umsebenzi wokwakha ukuphela Terem Palace, kodwa kamuva kuso senipheleliswa kwamanye amakamelo ukuthi musa konakalisa ukubukeka jikelele walesi sakhiwo. Ngonyaka kwaqedwa umsebenzi isigamu besilisa lwesigodlo wadala Bandla uMsindisi azenziwanga ngezandla (Upper uMsindisi Cathedral), ehlukanisiwe Terem Palace Amabha eyayibhalwe. Lesi sakhiwo omdala eziyinkimbinkimbi nesonto of kukaJesu of Our Lady (by Seni), zangekhulu XIV. Wabuye wakha izikhathi eziningana, kodwa wasinda, izinsuku zethu. Zonke isonto - Uvuko, Ukubethelwa noCatherine - alotshiwe Ensemble we Terem Palace kahle. imifanekiso abahlukile usilika izindwangu, futhi yasezindongeni eyingqayizivele ukunikeza izakhiwo zenkolo ukubukeka ehlukile.

KaMichael Mansion

I wamjamisa esiqongolweni Terem Palace, alinikela ukubukwa okumangalisayo eMoscow, yakhelwa abantwana bakwa-Mikhail Fedorovich - lapho kufanele abebekwenza. Mansion isendaweni Sobukhosi Chamber eNgophezukonke. Ikamelo ubanzi futhi elikhanyayo, nge esilinganayo kanye amabhentshi udonga. Kwasebenza nezalo Boyar Duma sessions, futhi ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa njengoba iKhabhinethi wenkosi. Mansion azungezwe lizungezwe zemibukiso evulekile ngezinyawo: kusukela ekupheleni isakhiwo sale ephezulu grade amapulatifomu ezinkulu, futhi ohlangothini olude amavesi encani okuyindlela zinikezwa kuphela uthango ongaphakeme. Ngakho, sonke isakhiwo, kanye wonke umuzi wasendulo kungabonwa shazi. Mansion kaMichael lakhiwa 1637, uyindalo eziyingqayizivele abaklami Russian. Lelikamelo kakhulu ngokucebile ehlotshisiwe, kodwa ethokomele kanye nemfudumalo, namafasitela amakhulu ake e amaningi ukukhanya, ezinemibala mica amatshe wadala umdlalo oluyinqaba imibala ehlukene. Eaves ophahleni lihlotshiswe Izinsimbi openwork metal, izinhlaka zamafasitela embozwe eyinkimbinkimbi ezibaziweyo itshe elimhlophe (njengasezulwini "omdala" ingxenye Izingxoxo), okuyinto ehlukile ewindini ngamunye. Izinyoni, izimbali, izilwane, izithelo kanye ezihlukahlukene izinhlamvu kumnandi ehlotshiswe imifanekiso efanekisela ukwehluka cefe zomhlaba. West Portal, evulekile ukubukeza, ibhodi ehlotshisiwe, equkethe Umbhalo izingane ubunikazi idatha ngoma eNgophezukonke sika - Prince Alexei Mikhailovich no-Ivan Mikhailovich. Phakathi kombhalo kanye emaphethelweni iphethini impumuzo sisetshenziswa, sandla ukuvuselelwa nesithakazelo kule ukuqeqeshwa Igumbi nemidlalo. Isithombe ngokombono umuntu wesimanje, ubukeka ukuzikhohlisa futhi engazenzi ophakeme, kodwa ikhono Abadali zayo kunzima overestimate. Chaza Mansion kaMichael kungaba obungapheli, futhi ezingu eziyinhloko: egqamile, efudumele, futhi onohlonze langa.

turret

Mhlawumbe, lapho kwakhiwa Towers Architects kukhona kokuphakama ezingokomzimba okubusa amazwe akhe. Inkosi yabuka emzini kusukela iphuzu yayo eliphakeme (uma hhayi acabangele Ivan Bell Omkhulu), t. E. Ingabe phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nabantu, owamsiza ukuthi ukuhlola isimo nokwenza izinqumo imvelo nabafuna izikhundla. Ukuze ukwazi Tsarevich Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova le engamamitha beyibonakala yingcweti ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, i-teremu esempumalanga ingezwe "smotrilnaya turret." ezingeni phansi kwalesi ukwakhiwa encane kuvumelana iphuzu esiphezulu ophahleni Terem Palace. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa kamuva, yingakho kwemibhoshongo empumalanga portal ayitholakalanga kocwaningo, nakuba ekuqaleni ehlotshisiwe njengoba kahle njengoba West. Nge umbono best of the turret, kodwa cishe, isikhulu zazithanda ukuba kunabo uyise, futhi zonke izicukuthwane we boyars, ngubani matasa egumbini labo isikhathi esifushane. Ukuze ufike lapho unga ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokusebenzisa Mansion kaMichael, okuyinto lebhokisi ezimhlophe itshe ezitebhisini nge imibhoshongo kompheme, ukwakha udwendwe olusuka portal empumalanga, noma ngokuqondile emakamelweni aphansi. Kulokhu, isivakashi singena egumeni elincane eduze Towers ukusuka lapho i-evulekile ifinyelele ihholo emnyango, leyo angakwazi uvuke egumbini kubhekwe.

Nzalamizi Palace

Housewarming owawugujwa maphakathi no-1655, wonke Romanov lo mkhaya waya kuye. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Nikon sengathi lomuzi wakhe zakhiwa ngemibala elihlale kakhulu. Chamber esakhiwe zakudala, isitayela "lilihle", kodwa kakhulu kulinganiswe ngomnotho we-decor saleso sakhiwo, uthuli imibala eseduze empumalanga Nambili yesonto. Esitezi sesithathu ikamelo elincane yaqedwa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. Eziningana izinyathelo itshe elimhlophe, uvumela ukufinyelela igalari evulekile, igolide jumpsuit skates akudala omangalisayo wanika Palace Umbhishobhi sika onesizotha. Ikakhulukazi misa ubukhazikhazi eyayibhalwe umbala pink, okuyinto Nikon ngaphambilini ukupenda izindonga efulethini lakhe. Ifomu yesimanje kwamakamelo usizo uzizwa ezinye kweswela, mhlawumbe, iphrojekthi alingeniswanga ngokugcwele ekuphileni.

fun Palace

Indlu Romanov, nabo bonke ubuhle baso futhi komkhathi, ayikwazanga ihlanganise wonke umndeni. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1651 - i-oda entsha Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - ensimini eMoscow ezibiyele iqala ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, okuyinto kuhloswe yokuhlala kayise lomkakhe (Ubabezala) I. D. Miloslavskogo. Kuyaphawuleka amazing sici kwesakhiwo - kwaba YaseMoscow "amafu" kuqala, okusho aqukethe ezine izibuya ... Kakade phakathi kwekhulu XVII, kwazeke bikho isikhala ukuthuthukiswa. Ngaphakathi elisezansi kuyinto ngokusebenzisa ndima 30 budze. Ngenhla amakamelo ukuphilela lula yesonto aphethe Yakhiwa uDumo Virgin nge belfry, i-altare ababelenzile sikhuthazele ngale esigodlweni nge kubakaki. Wayilengisa phezu ezibiyele emgwaqweni, ngakho konke canons isonto kuhlangatshezwene nakho. Miloslavsky ababehlala kule indlu iminyaka engu-16, ngemva kwalokho esigodlweni lidlule endaweni yomcebo isimo. Igama elithi "ezihlekisayo" wayengumuntu kamuva, ngo-1672, lapho Fedor Aleksandrovich Romanov, lapho odade wathutha lo mbusi kuso. Sasebenzisa egumbini ukudlala emagcekeni ezigodlo (bebagcona): ukusebenza lokuqala waseshashalazini abangu okuhleliwe lapha, yingakho igama layo. Ukuze kube lula asebukhosini kanye Terem Fun Palace wajoyina amavesi avaliwe.

Amacala eMoscow

Omunye izifunda eminingi yasendulo eMoscow, okuyisona phakathi zobuqaba Street emfuleni, uyisikhumbuzo somlando has indawo yayo kuphela. Kule ndawo kukhona izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele bokwakha Russian - amasonto, amathempeli namasonto, elakhiwa ngo-namakhulu eminyaka XIV-XVIII. Kodwa ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi icala eMoscow, wamukela njengendawo umsuka Romanovs, le tsars Russian. Igama indawo livela egameni "inombolo" libhekisela Arcade yezitolo, owawusuka Red Square. Ngeshwa, akuyona lesikhumbuzo uyasinda namuhla ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni, kusale kuphela Chamber. Ngakolunye izakhi yendlu kanye egcekeni kungenziwa yahlulelwe esibikezelwe ukuba sisinde ichaza ukuphila boyar umndeni. Ngokusho yetinsita le Tsar wokuqala Russian we Romanov lwamakhosi wazalelwa emzini oku Varvarka, abake eyakhelwe kumkhulu wakhe. Phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo Chamber abacibisheli baqothulwa umyalo wenkosi, izikhathi eziningana esizayo wahlushwa imililo kanye izinguquko ezihlukahlukene emihlanganweni zezindela namasonto. Museum yasungulwa kusayithi kuphela nanjengoba kuqondiswe ilowo u-Alexander II, phakathi nekhulu XIX. History of the Romanov waqala lapha. Ngokusho isakhiwo Chamber izakhiwo babe ukubukeka sasivumela esezingeni izindlu sikhathi. Ingxenye komhlaba ezindlini matasa futhi izimpahla, kwakukhona eqhugwaneni, noma ekhishini. I zokuhlala atholiwe ngenhla umtapo, igumbi cwaningo, igumbi cwaningo izingane ezindala zazihlala namuphi umphumela emadodeni. Ingxenye zesifazane lendlu wawuyizingalo ibe banzi, amakamelo eliqhakazile wezandla, Knights babehilelekile ukuphotha nendodakazi abathungela ndawonye amantombazana. Wasinda imihlobiso, tableware, ifenisha, ukuthunga, izinto zasekhaya hit inkimbinkimbi nangobuciko umhlobiso. Indlu Romanov e Zaryadye ngokuthi "Inkantolo eNgophezukonke okudala."

palace Imperial Gatchina

izakhiwo Okuningi yamuva esakhiwe phezu oda asebukhosini, uyaqhubeka mangaza ne lingakanani nobukhulukazi. Kuphela ekhulwini XVIII-XIX babengakholwa ngokuthi endlini yenkosi, nezigodlo. Ngokwesibonelo, Gatchina. Lesi sigodlo sasibhekwa eyakhelwe ngemiyalo yezikhulu uCatherine II ukuze UGrigory eyithandayo Orlov. Le ndawo futhi iphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi esizayo sikhethwe yibo ngokuhlanganyela, ukwakhiwa lalimisa eyaqedwa ngo-1781, nakuba Earl abadingisiwe waxosha ngaphambi. Ngo-1883, ngemva kokufa Orlov, Catherine wathenga esigodlweni kusukela ezikanye naye ngoba uPawulu I. ngalinye lomkhaya Romanov phelelisa Ensemble izidingo zabo siqu, futhi walakha ekukhanyeni impumelelo entsha yezobuchwepheshe lesintu. Okwamanje, lesikhumbuzo izakhiwo kanye nomlando esimweni sokubuyiselwa. Lesi sigodlo bahlupheka kakhulu ebulawa amaNazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ezinye ziphephile wayiswa eJalimane.

Tsarskoye Selo

Kusukela noPetru mina, wonke amakhosi Russia ashiye uphawu lwawo emlandweni kumiswa isithombe yesimanje kwedolobha Pushkin, kunalokho, izikhungo zayo eziyingqayizivele yezakhiwo kanye epaki. Ngaphambi kokuza amandla amaBolshevik kule ndawo yayaziwa ngokuthi Tsarskoye Selo. Alexander Palace, kanye Catherine, kanye nezindawo ezizungezile futhi isakhiwo izakhiwo, kuyinto wobuciko kweqiniso! On endaweni Museum yesimanje zitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo izitayela nobuciko - kusukela esiphehla baraque Russian Amathrendi classical nokuningi yesimanje kwekhulu XX. I Catherine Sigodlo ekhatsi Tsarskoye Selo ikuvumela ukuba uzizwe umoya eziningana phakathi nokubusa Romanov lwamakhosi. Ekaterina Velikaya, Elizabeth, u-Alexander I - konke zangishiya on ukuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwangaphandle kanye nokuqukethwe yangaphakathi lwesigodlo. Ayikho ebaluleke kancane ukuze ubuqotho okuqonda kuyinto eseduze Ensemble epaki ndawo, obadalwa luhlobo ngalunye. Inkathi wokubusa u-Alexander I, uNicholas II (zinyanga Russian uMbusi) ezihlobene Alexander (okusha Tsarskoye Selo) esigodlweni. Ngokombono emlandweni futhi yokwakha buka, lezi izinto azikho akubalulekile njengalezi ezibiyele Palace. Ama ifotho, amavidiyo, hambo njalo zonke izindawo zokuhlala we Romanov lwamakhosi bahlale befunwa kokubili ngaphakathi ezweni lethu, futhi kunabantu abaningi bezinye izizwe.