Ukwethulwa izinsizwa eRussia: usuku, ngonyaka, umqalisi

U-Alexander II waziwa setingucuko yayo eziningi zazithinta zonke izingxenye zokuphila ukuphila emphakathini Russian. Ngo 1874, egameni inkosi sikaNgqongqoshe neMpi Dmitry Milyutin ushintshe simiso nokubuthelwa empini Russian. Ifomethi izinsizwa nezinguquko ezithile babukhona nakwa-Soviet Union uyaqhubeka namuhla.

kabusha lempi

I mlando ke abakhileyo Russia ukwethulwa izinsizwa kwenzeka e 1874. Wawuthatha kohlaka yezinguquko ezinkulu wezempi, kwenziwa ngesikhathi kubusa uMbusi u-Alexander II. Le nkosi ethathe ubukhosi ngesikhathi lapho eRussia ngokuhlazisayo walahlekelwa neMpi YaseCrimea, olwaludedelwe uyise Nicholas I. Alexander kwadingeka ukuba uphetha disadvantageous ukuthula sivumelwano.

Nokho, imiphumela engokoqobo ukwehluleka kwenye impi nge Turkey yavela eminyakeni embalwa nje. Inkosi entsha isinqumo ukuqonda izizathu zalokho fiasco. Bona sasihlanganisa kuhlanganise ohlelweni yisikhathi futhi ukungasebenzi kahle ka replenishment ibutho.

Okumbi ukuqasha uhlelo

Ngaphambi kwakukhona ukwethulwa izinsizwa eRussia kwakukhona izinsizwa. It laqanjwa esinqumweni uPetru mina ngo-1705. Isici esibalulekile salo kulesi simiso ukuthi inkonzo akavele izakhamuzi futhi imiphakathi ukuthi baye bakhetha izinsizwa ithunyelwa ibutho. Kulokhu, impilo inkonzo kwaba ukuphila. AmaFilisti, abalimi isimo nabakhandi akhethwe ukhetho zabo by draw abayizimpumputhe. Lokhu kwenziwa amalungiselelo livikeleke umthetho ngo-1854.

I kulendawo eyayinawo serfs abo, abalimi ngokwabo wakhetha, okuyiwona ebutho ukuphila baba ekhaya. Ukwethulwa jikelele ukungenela inkonzo yezempi, futhi ukuhlukana ezweni enye inkinga. Kwakuwusuku yokuthi kwakungekho ngokomthetho kuchazwe lokuya empini. Enqikaza, kuncike esifundeni. Ekupheleni sempilo XVIII leminyaka sancishiswa saba iminyaka engu-25, kodwa ngisho nesikhathi esishiwo enjalo waklebhula abantu basemapulazini abo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Umndeni ungase asale engenalo umondli, futhi lapho ebuyela ekhaya, kwaba cishe ehlatshwa. Ngakho, akukho kuphela ukubalwa kwabantu, kodwa futhi inkinga kwezomnotho.

Ukumenyezelwa izinguquko

Lapho u-Alexander adunyiswe zonke nemibi oda akhona, wanquma ukuphathisa ukwethulwa izinsizwa eholwa Ministry of War Dmitriyu Alekseevichu Milyutinu. Wayesebenza ngokusebenzisa umthetho omusha iminyaka eminingana. Reform Development yaphela ngo-1873. January 1, 1874 final kwaba ukwethulwa izinsizwa jikelele. Usuku lokukhumbula lesi senzakalo isibe-mlando ababephila ngesikhathi.

Wekuhlanganisa uhlelo uyekwa. Manje ucingo kuncike wonke amadoda asafa, usufinyelele ubudala 21. Isimo ayenzi sokudlulisa amakilasi noma kwababusi. Ngakho, izinguquko abathintekayo izicukuthwane. I Initiator of ukwethulwa jikelele ukungenela inkonzo yezempi, u-Alexander II aphikelela ngokuthi i ibutho elisha akufanele kube lungelo.

Imigomo yesevisi

The main isikhathi senkonzo yezempi manje ama-akhawunti iminyaka 6 (lemikhumbi yempi - iminyaka 7). Kwathiwa Ushintshe nesikhathi esishiwo esiqiwini. Manje bayalingana iminyaka engu 9 (lemikhumbi yempi - iminyaka engu-3). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha abezempi entsha. Eminyakeni yakhe 40 ithole lawo madoda abaye bekhonze empeleni in isitokwe. Ngakho, isimo ithola icacile, obala futhi umthetho ezisekelwe amabutho replenishment uhlelo noma ngabe isiphi isikhathi. Manje, uma uqala ukushayisana olunegazi, ibutho ayikwazanga ukhathazeke namagagasi nezikhundla zabo namabutho fresh.

Uma lo mkhaya umondli yedwa, noma indodana kuphela, yamkhulula kusukela isibopho ukuya ukukhonza. Futhi kubambezela uhlelo nezimo esiye sanikezwa (isib uma inhlalakahle ongaphakeme futhi t. D.). inkathi yenkonzo izinkontileka, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwemfundo wayesezonikela ngo faka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma indoda inezinwele yafunda eyunivesithi, wayengase ukuhlala ibutho izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuphela.

Ukuhlehliswa nokukhululwa

Iziphi ezinye izici kwaba ukwethulwa izinsizwa eRussia? Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona abangu ayilibalanga ngayo amasosha abaye ayenezinkinga zempilo. Uma isimo sakho somzimba we ndoda wayengakwazi kumkhonta ebugqilini isibopho ukuya empini. Ngaphandle kwalokhu ngaphandle kwenza abapristi. Abantu ababenolwazi ubuchwepheshe ethize (odokotela, abafundi Academy of Arts), ngokushesha zafundiswa esiqiwini ngaphandle empeleni ukuhlala ibutho.

Ticklish umbuzo kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, abameleli bemdzabu-Asia Ephakathi futhi eCaucasus sisonke labangamkhonti. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izinzuzo ezinjalo e 1874 abangu ukhanselelwe izimpophoma namanye izizwe enyakatho. Kancane kancane, lesi simiso washintsha. Kakade ngo-1880, isevisi waqala ukubiza abantu bakwamanye amazwe saseTomsk, Tobolsk futhi Astrakhan izifundazwe, kanye Turgay, Semipalatinsk futhi Ural izifunda.

Lots of yokufuna

Kukhona nezinye izinto ezisunguliwe eziphathelene yaphawula ukwethulwa izinsizwa jikelele. Unyaka Dmitri Milutin kabusha lakhunjulwa impi manje sesibe ifakwe ngokuhambisana rankings lesifunda nge. Zonke umbuso Russian lahlukaniswa laba endaweni ezintathu ezinkulu.

Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba Russian Omkhulu. Kungani-ke kangaka okuthiwa? Ukuze wazithwala insimu okwakuhlala kuyo wahlala Russian iningi ngokuphelele (ngenhla 75%). Izinto esukela izifunda steel. Lokho kukhona amandla aso lokubala ubuningi babantu yokunquma okuyinto iqembu ukuba baphathe abantu. Le ngxenye lesibili elihlanganisiwe ezweni lapho futhi kube Malorossy (Ukraine) kanye Belarusians. Iqembu lesithathu (inorodcheskih) - kungcono zonke ezinye izindawo (ikakhulu Asia Ephakathi, eCaucasus, eMpumalanga Ekude).

Lolu hlelo okwakudingeka ukuze kwakhiwe leli yokufuna wezikhali brigades kanye elihamba regiments. isu ngalinye iyunithi agcwaliswa izakhamizi ingxenye eyodwa kuphela. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze ugweme ukuxabana phakathi kobuzwe ibutho.

Kuhlelwa kabusha kweluhlelo ukuqeqeshwa ezempi

Kubalulekile ukuthi izinguquko lempi (ukwethulwa izinsizwa jikelele), kanye ephelezelwa nezinye izinto ezisunguliwe eziphathelene. Ikakhulukazi, u-Alexander II yanquma ukushintsha ngokuphelele kuloluhlelo lwemfundo isikhulu. izikole Military waphila oda ubudala ithambo. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela entsha yesikhalazo jikelele, ziba ayizwakali futhi zibiza.

Ngakho-ke, kulezi izikhungo waqala kabusha layo sína. Yaba umqhubi avelele Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich (ungumfowabo omncane inkosi). izinguquko ezinkulu kungenziwa kuphawulwe iziphakamiso eziningana. Okokuqala, imfundo ekhethekile yezempi Ekugcineni bahlukaniswa jikelele. Okwesibili, kwathiwa lula ukufinyelela amadoda abangazange basonta ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Amaziko entsha zemfundo lempi

Ngo-1862, isikole esisha wezempi e-Russia - izikole zamabanga, okwakukhona nozakwabo abangekho empini izikole yangempela. zonke izigodi izimfanelo yokwemukela ezikhungweni efanayo bagcina ezaqedwa kwenye engu-14.

Petersburg, Alexander wasungula Academy, okuyinto ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni of abombutho zomthetho. Ngu-1880, inani lezikole yempi kulo lonke elase-Russia kukhuphuke ngokuphawulekayo kuqhathaniswa izibalo ekuqaleni wokubusa Tsar-umkhululi. Zezifundiswa esebenza 6, izikole efanayo, ezindaweni zokuzivocavoca 16, izikole 16 Junkers futhi t. D.