Impi Livonian iminyaka 1558-1583 isibe omunye wemikhankaso ebaluleke kakhulu izikhathi ka-internet Ivana Groznogo. Futhi yonke leminyaka XVI, mhlawumbe.
Impi Livonian: kafushane emagcekeni
Ngemva Tsar omkhulu Muscovite wakwazi ukunqoba Kazan bese Astrakhan Khanate, u-Ivan IV wamnaka emazweni aseBaltic nasengxenyeni oLwandle iBaltic. Ukuthwebula lezi zindawo ngoba umbuso eMoscow kutawube kusho ematfuba ethembisa lokudayisa iBaltic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sahlala khona kakade umthengisi German kanye Livonian Order kwaba disadvantageous kakhulu ukuvumela izimbangi entsha ukuze esifundeni. Ukulungiswa ngalokho, futhi ayezoba neMpi Livonian. Ukukhuluma emfushane kumele kwenziwe mayelana isizathu esisemthethweni ngoba. Bakhonza njengoba yokungakhokhi ka intela yi Livonian Order, lapho ukugcotshwa ka Dorpat waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele esivuna eMoscow ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano e-1554. Ngokusemthethweni, le ntela belilokhu likhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. Nokho, umkhuba ngakho isikhathi eside akekho zikhunjulwe. Kuphela okubi kakhulu we ubudlelwano phakathi kwala maqembu, Ivan Grozny wasebenzisa leli qiniso njengoba ezizwakalayo ayehlasela Russian oLwandle iBaltic.
Impi Livonian: kafushane mayelana vicissitudes kokungqubuzana
amabutho Russian waqala ayehlasela Livonia ngo-1558. Isigaba sokuqala sale ushayisile, eyathatha kuze 1561, yaqedwa ebhidliza Ukunqotshwa kwe-Order Livonian. Army YaseMoscow Tsar ezimpini udabula Livonia empumalanga nemaphakathi. Dorpat futhi Riga athathwa. Ngo-1559, amaqembu usayine kuthula izinyanga eziyisithupha, okuyinto kwaba ukuthuthukisa ku isivumelwano sokuthula emigomeni eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari Order Livonian ezivela eRussia. Kodwa ukusiza Knights German washesha seNkosini Poland naseSweden. Korol Sigizmund II iqhinga zamanxusa wakwazi ukuthatha oda ngaphansi protectorate lalo. Futhi imigomo yenkontileka Vilna Livonian Order lashabalala ngoNovemba 1561. insimu yalo phakathi Lithuania nePoland. Manje Ivanu Groznomu nekayokulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ezintathu izimbangi ezinamandla: Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom iPoland IsiSwidi. Nge yokugcina Nokho, Tsar ka Muscovy ungase usheshe wenze nokuthula isikhatjhana. Eminyakeni 1562-63 iqala umkhankaso wesibili emikhulu e oLwandle iBaltic. Imicimbi Livonian neMpi, kulesigaba, baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa kahle. Nokho, e-1560s maphakathi kuya ubudlelwane umkhawulo uhlobo phakathi Ivanom Groznym kanye boyars abakhethiwe bajabule. Lesi simo eminye esebenzisa isihluku ngenxa kokuhlubuka ka omunye abangane abakhulu kwesikhulu Andreya Kurbskogo eLithuania futhi ukuhlubuka yakhe esitheni (isizathu ukuthi wabuza lowo wohlanga olukhulu, kwaba despotism elandayo ubukhulu eMoscow futhi ukwephula i kwenkululeko ka izikhulu lasendulo). Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, Ivan Grozny ekugcineni lukhuni, ngibona ababemzungezile amambuka okuqinile. Okhunye okukhambisana lokhu, futhi ukunqotshwa ngaphambili, echaza iSikhulu izitha yangaphakathi. Ngo-1569, eLithuania nase Poland united kwisimo esisodwa ukuthi It kuqinisa amandla abo. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1560 sika - amasosha Russian ekuseni 70 zihlupheka uchungechunge ukunqotshwa ngisho ulahlekelwe nezinqaba ambalwa. Nge 1579 impi ngenxa Grand Duchy of eMoscow isivele ngokungenisa ukuzivikela ngaphezulu imvelo. Nokho, ngo-1579 isitha elathunjwa Polotsk, ku 1580th - Great uMnsalo, ngo-1582, Ngokuqhubeka ekuvinjezelweni omude Pskov. Kusobala ukuthi basayine ukuthula khefu uhulumeni ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka nomkhankaso wempi.
Impi Livonian: kafushane ngemiphumela
Impi yaphela lapho kusayinwa umthetho-ezingezinhle kakhulu eMoscow Plyusskogo futhi Yam Zapolskoho truces. Ukufinyelela oLwandle iBaltic engakaze amukelwe. Kunalokho, Duke safike ngiphelelwa amandla futhi izwe ezazihlupha wayesesimweni esimenza abe nzima kakhulu. Umthelela wale neMpi Livonian asheshisa crisis yangaphakathi ezaholela Nezinkinga Omkhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI.