Akhonze ngaphansi iGolden zidlamlilo: Amaqiniso kanye Izinganekwane

Kusukela ngekhulu le-13 kwaphazamisa Old isimo Russian zawa ngaphansi amandla amaMongol. Akhonze ngaphansi iGolden zidlamlilo (okubizwa ngokuthi ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi enkulu WamaMongol) kwaphawuleka kuze kube ngekhulu le-15. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, ngo-1480, umcimbi kwenzeka lapho emlandweni njengoba emi emfuleni Ugra waziwa. Eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari eyaqanjwa izinganekwane eziningi nama-legends ngobuhlobo Russia nase Mongolia. Sizozama ukuqonda.

Uyini ijoka Mongol?

Igo - ubudlelwano phakathi abanqobi kanye yanqotshwa. It kubonakala la maphuzu alandelayo:

• kwencika Political wezikhulu Russian. Ngaphandle imvume-Mongolian, ilebula, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba abuse.
• kwencika Economic. IRussia yayinabantu ukuba ikhokhe intela.
• Ubuhlobo Military. ERussia lezwakala bona bathumele amasotja amabutho-Mongolian.

Kusukela imigqa yokuqala kubonakala sengathi ngokuvumelana ezithile. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo?

Isimo Sengqondo eRussia: Izinganekwane Namaqiniso

Namuhla kukhona izinganekwane eziningi ngalokho akhonze we zidlamlilo - kungaba inhlekelele ngempela emlandweni Russian. AmaMongol wayeka ukuthuthukiswa yethu, akazange asiye endleleni civilizational, izwe lalibhidlike, abantu balambile, njalo njalo. D. Nokho, izincwadi zomlando usivumele ukuthi uyakuqonda okulandelayo:

1. AmaMongol igcinwe lwamakhosi zendawo, akazange aphikisane ezimpilweni zabo.
2. Balandela labantu. Ukuqhubeka yokubala abantu olwenziwa kusukela lokhu kwakuxhomeke "ophumayo", ie. E. Tax. Lokhu kusikisela intuthuko, capitation, intela fair kakade ekhulwini le-13. Kuphela Petr Veliky ngokusebenzisa kwekuhlela kabusha nzima ephethwe ukuphinda ke ekhulwini le-18. Ngokwemvelo, abazange bavumele labantu ukwehla. AmaMongol ngokwabo hhayi uyakuhlupha ubani, futhi awuzange ungivumele ukuba wenze kanjalo ngokuqedela amakhosi endawo.
3. Ubudlelwano kuyinto esobala, esitebeleni. Okubizwa ngokuthi "ijoka", ie. E. eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari yeRussia, akuzange kuhambisane mass ukwesaba, lokubulala, ukubamba inkunzi.
4. AmaMongol awushintshanga nezinkolelo abantu benqoba. Naphezu kweqiniso bona ngokwabo wamukela Islam yinkolo isimo, akukho lapho kukhulunywa mayelana ephoqelela inkolo kusukela "amakhosi". Kunalokho, amaMongol wakhulula neSonto zonke izintela, kuhlanganise nokunikela okweshumi. Izigodlo abaceba ngalesi sikhathi. Ngemva amaMongol "Orthodox kweqiniso" Izikhulu izikhathi eziningana sabaphangi, ukuphishekela umgomo ukunganaki.

Yingakho lesi siphetho: ijoka Mongol kwaba ngumkhuba omubi yomntakabani kwesikhulu. Abantu abavamile kwaba esihle, ngoba bavikeleka ekuhlaseleni, ekubhubhiseni, umbango.

Ingabe nangobudlova kwaba?

Kwamambala, i- "ophumayo" kuya zidlamlilo kwadingeka 14 izihloko inkokhiso. Kodwa yayakhiwe ukuze abantu abavamile bazi konke. Kwakungekho umehluko akhokhela - amaMongol noma izikhulu. Kodwa ezinye zokugcina sibekezelele ke bahluleka. Ukuhaha ababusi bendawo ngokuvamile kwakungekho mingcele, bona ezinqumela anda inkokhiso, ezicashe "nokucindezela amaMongol." Kodwa akuphelelanga lapho. Isibonelo okuphawuleka Muscovy. Kulapha izikhulu endawo saseNevsky lwamakhosi benza konke izwe lakhe, avuke ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. "Phuma" babengamaqhawe efanayo lonke esifundeni, kodwa hhayi babamba inkunzi abantu bakhe amalevi ezengeziwe. Lokhu kwenza nokuyenga cishe zonke boyars ka Ryazan. Ngakho, zokuhambisana bavunyelwe usabalalise wezombangazwe phakathi Old isimo Russian.

Imizamo yokuqala at Ukukhulula

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, eMoscow uye waqinisa. Lokhu bamvumela ukuba ngikhulume ngokukhululeka ngokukhubazeka naphakathi-e emzabalazweni. Ngokumelene kweqiniso Khan Tokhtamysh rose eyodwa myriarchs - Murza Mamay. Wonke umuntu wacabanga ukuthi nguye kumele bakhokhe intela ukuze izizwe wazinqoba. Ngo 1380, eMoscow asekelwe uKhan kweqiniso. Emva ukuhlangana wonke amabutho, kuhlanganise amaqhawe kusuka eLithuania nase-Genoa, Prince Dmitry eyolwa Mamai. Kulikov impi yaphela esivuna Russian. Ngemva kwalokho eMoscow babekholelwa ukuthi manje Tokhtamysh ukweletwa wakhe. Awukwazi ngincome. Nokho, lona wamuva wakhumbuza Dmitry, lokho zokuhambisana ezivela eRussia zidlamlilo. Wacela zonke iminyaka nentela engakhokhiwe. Ngemva ukungaphumeleli 1382, Khan banqamula Russia ngomlilo inkemba. Lezi zenzakalo ngemva Kulikova ensimini kungamukelwa ukukhuluma okuningi.

Ukuwa Golden zidlamlilo zokuhambisana liyashona emlandweni

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 izenzakalo ezilandelayo zenzeka:

• Zolotaya Orda sehlukaniswe principalities ezincane: Kazan, Astrakhan YaseCrimea, Khanate laseSiberia, Nogai zidlamlilo. Ngamunye ubheka ngokwayo ngundlalifa Golden zidlamlilo futhi ufuna inkokhiso evela Russia.
• Muscovy, kunalokho, kuthuthukise emhlabeni ngokwawo wonke amabutho, kuhlanganise Novgorod. Ngokwakhe Ivan Iii iphindze ibuke ngokwayo owalandela we zidlamlilo, njengoba eMoscow has lwamakhosi eside baganiselana khans-Mongolian.

Ayikho ijoka wayengeyena?

Ngo isayensi zomlando, kukhona iphuzu ngendlela engefani lo mbuzo izifundiswa ezimbili ngungqaphambili emkhakheni wezibalo - Z. futhi V Fomenko Nosovskiy. Bathi ngemcondvo zabo ukuthi iRussia kwakungelona selikhonza yamaMongol, kuholele nezimpikiswano eziningi. Phakathi wakhe kanye zidlamlilo abangu azihlanganisa ubudlelwane. Russia uncome, futhi ukubuya ezingamaHebheru zivikelekile. Ngu Isifaniso nezinkampani ukuthi ukhokhele ukuthula ejensi ezizimele zonogada. Ngakho, asikho isidingo sokuba esikhundleni umqondo yokuphambuka "ayehlasela" futhi "ijoka". Esimweni sokuqala, eqinisweni, Batu ezazihlupha emadolobheni amaningi. In the yesibili - bungaba ngempela elinokuthula. Ngisho inkulumo antiordynskie ukuyiveza izikhulu isiRashiya, hhayi khans. Omunye wabo - nokucindezela Tver Aleksandrom Nevskim.