Raoul Wallenberg: Biography, izithombe, umndeni

"Olungile Phakathi Kwezizwe" - yisiqu ngo-1963, yena waba kwakhe yaklonyeliswa ohlakaniphile IsiSwidi eyasindisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaJuda phakathi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, wafa ejele Soviet ezimweni akucacile.

Leli gama le ndoda - Gustav Wallenberg Raul, futhi ufanelwe ukuba anikwe abantu abaningi bazi mayelana feat wakhe, okuyinto isibonelo zobuntu kweqiniso.

Raoul Wallenberg: Umndeni

ohlakaniphile Ikusasa wazalwa ngo-1912 e-Kappsta edolobheni Swedish, eduze Stockholm. Ubaba womfana wayengakaze akubone, njengoba Navy isikhulu Raoul Oscar Wallenberg yafa phakathi kwezinyanga 3 kusukela umdlavuza kuze kuzalwe indlalifa. Ngakho, ke okhulise ngunina - Meyi Wallenberg.

Umkhaya Raoul Gustav zoyise lalaziwa Sweden isukela ke bezimali abaningi isiSwidi osomaqhinga. Ikakhulukazi, ngesikhathi kuzalwa umfana kumkhulu wakhe - Gustav Wallenberg - kwaba inxusa ezweni yakhe Japan.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Raul komama wayengumzukulu ngamagugu okuthiwa Bendix, obhekwa omunye wabasunguli komphakathi wamaJuda e-Sweden. Nokho, Wallenberg ukhokho kanye yokutholwa yamaLuthela ngakho konke bantfwana bakhe kanye nebatukulu bengamakholwa.

Ngo-1918 May Vising Wallenberg washada Inkonzo Swedish Wezempilo olusemthethweni Fredrik von Dardel. Kulesi umshado azalelwa indodakazi Nina nendodana Guy von Dardel, kamuva owaba se-physics enuzi. Raul waba nenhlanhla nge usingayise wakhe, ngoba wamphatha ngendlela efanayo njengoba izingane bomdabu.

kumiswa

Ezemfundo abafana ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela Umkhulu. Ekuqaleni wayiswa lezempi, bese eFrance. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi yokwemukela-University of Michigan ngo-1931, insizwa ethile ekhuluma izilimi eziningana. Lapho, wafunda izakhiwo kanye ekupheleni ngithola indondo ngokuba ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kakhulu.

Ibhizinisi

Nakuba Raul Wallenberg umndeni ayidingeki kwabezindaba futhi ngaba nesikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini isiSwidi, ngo-1933, wazama baziphilise. Ngakho njengoba umfundi, waya Chicago, lapho ayesebenza khona inkundla "fair Chicago emhlabeni."

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu, ngo-1935, uRaoul Wallenberg wabuyela Stockholm futhi wathatha ingxenye emncintiswaneni wokubhukuda amaphrojekthi, saqeda indawo yesibili.

Khona-ke, ukuze angacasuli umkhulu ufuna ukubona umnikazi yimpumelelo uRaoul, wanquma ukuthola isipiliyoni esiwusizo emkhakheni kwezentengiselwano saya kwaseCape Town, lapho wabhalisa inkampani enkulu ethengisa izinto zokwakha. Lapho beqeda internship kwaba impendulo brilliant evela kumnikazi wenkampani, lokho uyajabula kakhulu Gustav Wallenberg, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-inxusa yaseSweden eTurkey.

I Umkhulu wathola umzukulu abathandwa umsebenzi omusha esinedumela "ebhange Dutch" Haifa. Kube Raoul Wallenberg wahlangana amaJuda abasha. Abaleka eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu wakhuluma nokushushiswa ke edalulwa. Lo mhlangano kwenziwa hero indaba yethu siqonde ubuhlobo yabo zofuzo nabantu abangamaJuda futhi wadlala indima ebalulekile ikusasa lakhe.

Raoul Wallenberg: A Biography (iminyaka 1937-1944)

"Okukhulu Kwezomnotho" eSweden kwakungesona isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokwenza ukuphila okufana wezakhiwo, unjalo umuntu osemusha wanquma ukuziqalela amabhizinisi abo wayigenca ziphathelene umJuda German. I ibhizinisi wahluleka, futhi akufanele baphelelwe umsebenzi, uRaul waphendukela umalume wakhe uJakobe, owanika umshana wakhe umJuda okuqondene inkampani Kálmán Lauer-Central European zokuhweba. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa Vallenberg Raul uye waba ngumngane umnikazi wenkampani kanye nomunye wabaphathi bayo. Phakathi nale nkathi Wayevame ukuhamba yeziNguquko eYurophu futhi wesaba khulu ngalokho akubona kulowo eJalimane nasemazweni elalihlala amaNazi.

umsebenzi zamanxusa

Kusukela ngaleyo minyaka eyadlula eSweden, wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi yini umkhaya abasha Wallenberg (osomaqhinga lwamakhosi), ngo-July 1944, uRaul waqokwa uNobhala lokuqala umsebenzi zamanxusa wezwe lakhe eBudapest. Wathola ukuthi kwabe kuyindodakazi indlela yokusiza amaJuda endawo, owayebizwa elinde ukufa: anikwa Swedish "passport zokuzivikela", okwakunginika abanikazi isimo izakhamuzi yaseSweden, zilindele kuthutha ezweni lenkaba yawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukukholisa ezinye ojenene Wehrmacht ukugxambukela imiyalo izinduna zabo ukuthekelisa kuya amakamu okufa labantu Budapest ghetto. Ngakho wakwazi ukusindisa izimpilo lamaJuda uzokubulala ngaphambi kokufika Red Army. Ngemva kwempi, kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangamaphesenti ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ukulondolozwa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-100. Engingakusho nje ukuthi kuphela Budapest amasosha aseSoviet wahlangana amaJuda ayizinkulungwane 97, kuyilapho yonke 800,000 amaJuda Hungarian ngasinda 204.000 kuphela. Ngakho, cishe ingxenye yabo ukweletwa insindiso yabo ivela ohlakaniphile Swedish.

Isiphetho Wallenberg ngemva yokukhululwa Hungary kusukela amaNazi

Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, i- intelligence Soviet olwenziwa ukubhekwa for esikhathini esiningi yokuhlala Wallenberg eBudapest. Kepha Isiphelo sakhe ngemva ukufika iRed Army, cindezela emhlabeni lizwakalise izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene.

On omunye wabo, ekuqaleni kuka-1945, kanye nomshayeli wakhe siqu V Langfelder esakhiweni Yomhlaba Yesiphambano Esibomvu labetibambile patrol Soviet (kwelinye version, NKVD baboshwa efulethini lakhe). Ukusuka lapho, ohlakaniphile wathunyelwa R. Ya. Malinovskomu, ngawo ngesikhathi 2 Front Ukraine, njengoba kuhlosiwe ukumtshela eminye imininingwane eyimfihlo. Kukhona umuzwa wokuthi waboshwa SMERSH, abaye yanquma ukuthi uRaoul Wallenberg - ngiyinhloli. Kunemininingwane ephelele yezizathu ngoba izinsolo ezinjalo kungaba khona semali zegolide imali emotweni yakhe, okuyinto angase aphanjaniswe ingcebo baphanga ngamaNazi, kuyilapho eqinisweni Bashiywa lapho ukuze ohlakaniphile ayilondoloze ukulondolozwa amaJuda. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ayizange ukusinda imibhalo efakaza ukuhoxisa imali eningi futhi ubucwebe Raoul Wallenberg, noma yokusungula yabo.

Kulokhu, it is wafakazela ukuthi Mashi 8, 1945 "Radio Kossuth", okuyinto kwaba yabuswa iSoviet, ukuze udlulisele isigijimi ukuthi empini wabulala usomaqhinga Swedish elinegama elifanayo eBudapest.

Ngo-USSR,

Ukuze sithole ukuthi kwenzekani ku-Raoul Wallenberg, abacwaningi baphoqeleka ukuba abuthele imvuthu amaqiniso. Ngakho, bathola ukuthi wathathwa ngendiza wayiswa eMoscow, lapho wafakwa ejele e-Lubyanka. iziboshwa-German ababelapho ngesikhathi esifanayo, wethula ubufakazi ngokusebenzisa "setilongweni Telegraph" bazokhuluma naye kuze 1947, ngemva kwalokho-ke kungenzeka ukuya endaweni ethile.

Ngemva ukunyamalala ohlakaniphile yayo e Budapest Sweden wenza imibuzo embalwa mayelana Isiphelo sakhe, kodwa iziphathimandla zaseSoviet libike ukuthi abazange bazi lapho Raoul Wallenberg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-August 1947, A. Ya. Vyshinsky, lowo oyiPhini likaNgqongqoshe Foreign ngokusemthethweni wawuthi ohlakaniphile IsiSwidi eU.SSR khona. Nokho, ngo-1957 ecaleni Soviet kwadingeka zivume ukuthi uRaoul Wallenberg (bheka isithombe. Ngenhla) waboshwa e Budapest bayiswa eMoscow, futhi wabulawa isifo senhliziyo ngo-July 1947.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inothi itholwe ingobo yomlando Foreign Wyszynski Molotov (kusukela ngo-May 1947), lapho ebuza ukuthi sizokwenza Abakumov balethe isitifiketi esimweni Wallenberg kanye iziphakamiso ukuqedwa kwabo. Kamuva, lowo oyiPhini likaNgqongqoshe ngokwakhe ubhala kuNgqongqoshe wezokuPhepha yezwe futhi udinga ukunikeza impendulo ukhonkolo ukulungiswa eU.SSR ephendula isikhalazo kuthabathela ecaleni Swedish.

Uphenyo Wallenberg ngemva kokuwa ye-USSR

Ekupheleni kuka-2000, ngesisekelo RF uMthetho "On the Ukuvuselwa Kwezisulu Ezacindezelwa Umbuso," umshushisi jikelele ukuthatha izinqumo ezifanele endabeni le ohlakaniphile IsiSwidi R. Wallenberg futhi V Langfeldera. Ekuphetheni, kwakuthiwa ngo-January 1945, la abantu ukuba amalungu legation Swedish enhloko-dolobha Hungarian, futhi Wallenberg, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nayo ejabulela amasosha omzimba zamanxusa, baboshwa bavalelwa ejele kuze kube sekufeni kwabo aseSoviet.

Le dokhumenti begxekwa ngenxa umphakathi wawunganikezi imibhalo ephathelene, isibonelo, izizathu nokuvalelwa Wallenberg futhi Langfeldera.

Ukutadisha ososayensi angaphandle

Ngo-2010 eshicilelwe cwaningo mlando American S. Berger kanye Birstein V, lapho kwasikiselwa falsity okufushane ngesikhathi kufa Raoul Wallenberg, Julayi 17, 1947. Esikhathini Central Ingobo yomlando FSB wathola incwadi izinsuku 6 emva ecacisiwe usuku iNhloko yoMnyango 4 3 GB GU Ministry of USSR (counterintelligence lempi) amahora ambalwa baphenya "inombolo isiboshwa 7", bese eCato futhi Vilmos Sándor Langfeldera. Njengoba ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi zazihlobene Wallenberg, ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi igama lakhe, futhi iye ibethelwe.

inkumbulo

Abantu bamaJuda bayokwazisa konke engikwenzele namadodana akhe, phakathi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Vallenberg Raul.

Isiboniso sesikhumbuzo ku Moscow ukuthi esingenandaba sezifundo ungaphakathi Yauza esangweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesikhumbuzo ezisenkumbulweni kuba emizini 29 zomhlaba.

Ngo-1981, omunye amaJuda Hungarian bophulwe ohlakaniphile, kamuva bathuthela USA futhi kukhona waba Congressman, isabelo okuqalwe Wallenberg ngumhlali zokuhlonipha yaleli zwe. Kusukela ngo-August 5 neyaziwayo inkumbulo yakhe ngosuku e-United States.

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngo-1963 i-Israeli Institute Yad Vashem yaklonyeliswa Raoul Gustav Wallenberg isihloko zokuhlonipha ka Zilungile Phakathi Kwezizwe, okuyinto, ngaphandle kwakhe, ukhishwa kasomabhizinisi German Oskar Schindler, ilungu Polish we Ukumelana Movement - elinesibindi Irene Sendler, isikhulu sebutho Wehrmacht Vilgelm Hozenfeld, Armenia abokufika, kanye ngokwabo ebakhipha kohlanga e-Turkey, Dilsizyany, 197 baseRussia abangamaphesenti kule umsebenzi wafihla amaJuda emizini yabo, ngisho abameleli izizwe 5 kweshumi. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange abantu 26 119, ngabo ukuba umakhelwane ubuhlungu kwakungelona ongamazi.

umndeni

umama Wallenberg futhi usingababa banikezela ukuphila kwabo yokusesha ukuze Raul ulahlekile. Baze ngaphambilini yakhe isigamu-mfowethu nangokuthi dadewethu, ngokuvumelana osomaqhinga siphile kuyofika ngo-2000. Umsebenzi wabo waqhubeka abazukulu owazama ukuthola indlela Wallenberg wafa.

Unkosikazi uKofi Annan - Nana Lagergren, nomshana Raoul - isibe fighter abadumile nezinkinga enkulungwaneni futhi baqhubeka namasiko neyobuntu yakhe nomndeni wakhe, abasunguli okwakunzima umalume wakhe. Ngo isikhungo ukunakwa kukhona izinkinga zezingane abangakwazi ukuthola imfundo ngenxa yobumpofu zemikhaya yazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunenkolelo yokuthi phakathi nokuqothulwa kwesizwe eRwanda, umyeni wakhe wazibonakalisa hhayi njengoba Raoul Wallenberg: uKofi Annan usuqalise izibuyekezo UN peacekeepers ezweni ohlala kulo uthuthuva izingxabano zobuzwe ukuthi kwaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele ngamalungu kwamaTutsi abantu.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi owayeneminyaka Raoul Wallenberg, ogama Biography futhi isacuketse izikhala eziningi. Lokhu ohlakaniphile Sweden wehlela emlandweni njengoba umuntu isixwayiso kwasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa wayengeke aphunyule ukufa emigodini ejele, esahlanganisa ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwamacala.