Umlando Arkhangelsk, izakhiwo zawo eziphambili, ezitaladini, izikhumbuzo

Arkhangelsk - edolobheni omdala Russian North, i-port ezibalulekile futhi isikhungo samasiko. Kwakuba nezikhathi lapho kubhekwa omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yezwe. Kodwa manje, uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho engakaze kukhanselwe, umuzi uyaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Umlando Ingelosi Eyinhloko uzotshelwa esihlokweni.

Okukhulu kakhulu futhi Kholmogory

Umlando okuvela Ekulu lisitshela ukuthi lapho kwazalelwa khona umuzi ngokusemthethweni Monastery Mihaila Arhangela, esisogwini Cape lePhure-Navolok. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala sihlobana 1419 (ka isizathu hhayi kumnandi - umyalezo usitshela kokunqotshwa wezindela nge abaseSweden). Eduze udonga, ngoba kwakuyinto evamile ngalezo zinsuku, iyikhaya imizana eminingana - Abalimi nezindela igcinwe futhi 'eyasetshenziswa endabeni ukuthi evikelwe nezivikelo sezindela. Kodwa esikufezile kanye abalulekile ngalezo zinsuku ngazalelwa edolobhaneni Kholmogory (eyaziwa ngokuthi lapho kwazalelwa M. V Lomonosova), eliseduze. Kuze Maphakathi nekhulu XVI, kwaba yezitolo wasekhaya.

British, Ivan Grozny, Hemp, ukhuni ...

Umlando Ingelosi Eyinhloko (izithombe kulo muzi omkhulu ungabona esihlokweni) uthi ngo-1553 ezingomakhelwane Kholmogory efika okokuqala amatilosi ngesiNgisi. AmaNgisi ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo kungenzeka ukuthenga ugodo Russian futhi ngendwangu for oseyili Hemp indophi - kwaba inkathi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha wempi waseBrithani. Kholmogory kodwa ezingafanelanga kahle le nhloso - engajulile North Dvina uphuthelwe imikhumbi emikhulu zasolwandle.

Ngakho-ke, i-British oyikhethile indawo ezungeze sezindela - kukhona ingafundwa olwandle. Demand kudala supply - endaweni yokuthengisa inzuzo kwezimpahla safinyelela abathengisi Russian. Lesi sivumelwano beqala ukwanda, kwakukhona izimboni angaphandle kanye emafektri abathengisi '. Idolobhana esisha esibizwa Kholmogorov, ngaleso sikhathi kunguye kuphela agcwele itheku Russian.

Ngenxa yalokhu-Ivan Grozny, ogama elala Sweden kwakungezona engcono, ngaya ekuqiniseni entsha ukuhweba isikhungo. izimantshi ezimbili ayeyalwe ukuba ngokushesha "ukwenza idolobha", okungukuthi ukwakha eNew Kholmogory ukuqinisa uyakwazi ukuhlinzeka isivikelo ekuhlaseleni okwabangelwa abaseSweden. Bexabana nale yinkosi is hhayi Kunconywa - nababusi babhekana lumelele unyaka, futhi 1584 eCape lePhure-Navolok kwakukhona inqaba nge full shaft, nomsele, imibhoshongo namasango. Ngaphansi kwesivikelo yayo izimboni angaphandle zihanjiswe, anda labantu Russian wendawo (ngezinye izikhathi yokuzithandela futhi ziphoqelelwe). Kwakubonakala strelets isikaniso umnyuziki Posad.

Active ukuphila umuzi wawuyigolide kuphela phakathi navigation lapho abathengi zathuthelekela lapha esuka eNgilandi futhi eHolland nabathengisi kusukela Vologda, eMoscow, Kholmogory. Trade kwaba ngamandla - ngisho edume Frensis Dreyk, undunankulu pirate, wambonga abathengisi Russian for ukudiliva imishini imikhumbi emangalisayo British. Ngo 1596 Yaqala umlando emzini Arkhangelsk, kusukela okokuqala kule imibhalo okukhulunywe igama lakhe (igama Isigodlo, wanika ekusungulweni kwaleli dolobha). Ngo 1613 igama baba olusemthethweni.

Iwindi eYurophu

Yebo, yayikhona ngaphambi uPetru mina (okungukuthi, kunalokho, kwenziwa kule Europe efanayo akuyona ewindini, namasango double), walikhonza ncamashi Arkhangelsk. Ekhulwini XVII edolobheni inikeziwe 60% angaphandle ukuhweba inzuzo Russia. Njengoba zwe achitha Inqubomgomo kanisa, e 1667 edolobheni kwathiwa iphuzu kuphela lapho ukuba ngiye angaphandle imikhumbi yezohwebo. Kwakungekhona kuze Petrine inkathi.

inkosi Nomfutho wavakashela kabili umuzi futhi wahlala isikhathi eside. Ngo Arkhangelsk uPetru wokuqala wenza ingenele olwandle, lapho omula kuqala dalo we Russian ukuhweba "kumpanstv" kuqala. Inkosi futhi "Ubaba" we Arkhangelsk shipbuilding - bamcasula kuye ukuthi zonke nokuthengiswa Russian uya phesheya imikhumbi yangaphandle yayingavunyelwe ukusebenzisa. Imizamo yakhe isimo wafika kuqala bese ngisemsebenzini eyimfihlo wokuqala wezwe. Ihamba nabo baqala ukuthekelisa lento - babezimisele futhi nabaningi wathenga angaPhandle. Bamangala nalapho izidingo abasha Baltic Fleet.

Through the elisanda kutholakala "umnyango eYurophu" siye got nababhalisiwe eRussia yamenywa - ikakhulukazi, abaseSweden. Njengoba iMpi Northern, uPetru anakekela lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela port commercial enyakatho. Ngakho-ke sengathi itshe lokuqala kulezi zindawo njalo Novodvinsk inqaba. Ngo 1708, uPetru wanikeza Arkhangelsk isimo enkabeni yesifundazwe (kanye izifundazwe ngaleso sikhathi kwaba 8 ukuze izwe lonke). Nokho, ngo-1722 inkosi ezinikelwe le Arkhangelsk sokuhwebelana Petersburg - okwakwenqatshelwe ukuthekelisa ngokusebenzisa Ekulu ezihlukahlukene izimpahla.

Northern Indlela

Kepha ukuphela kwezinto lesi sinqumo ngeke. Umlando emzini Arkhangelsk baqhubeka. Eminye imikhiqizo ayesengayigcina kube ezingena ezweni neziphumayo. Ngezenzo wasebenza Petrine Solombalskaya ngisemsebenzini ukwakha imikhumbi ukuze izidingo zezwe, futhi ukudayiswa. Ngo 1762 uCatherine II uzisusile imikhawulo ukuhweba. Endleleni, ukuthuthukisa umkhakha ihlathi nezinkuni ukucutshungulwa (ngaphandle-ke ngesikhathi mbibi cabanga shipbuilding). Ngokushesha ukubonga futhi Napoleon Bonaparte - okwagqugquzelwa ke "ukuvinjelwa yezwekazi" of England, futhi, liye laba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba. Arkhangelsk kwaba iyisikhungo sokuqondisa esibalulekile, kwabonakala isikhungo sokuzivocavoca, yemidlalo, futhi Museum wezwe wokuqala.

ke lalibuye libe isikhungo ucwaningo - kungakho waqhubeka i amatilosi uhambo nifuna kungenzeka ukuzulazula ngasogwini Arctic eRussia. Chichagov Rusanov Pakhtusov, Sedov - mikhankaso ezingaphezu kuka-200 avela Arkhangelsk ukufunda isiRashiya North. Nakuba kusukela ngo-1916 inani le-port yanoma Ekulu wawa (kwakukhona entsha, ngaphezulu ice-free port kusebenziseka kalula - Murmansk) waya ophihliza iqhwa "A indiza, kodwa kwaba lapha ngo-1932 Siberians ", ngubani bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho sihamba ngaphakathi eyodwa navigation isizini.

Thina uhlolwa iNgelosi Enkulu, omlando wakhe iyathakazelisa izakhamuzi zakhona, kanye sizana of USSR ngesikhathi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. U-Adalberto isikhathi eside umuzi wawuyigolide eqinisweni kuphela (ngenxa yesimo esinzima Murmansk) port chweba "ngohide Arctic" - a isigaba wezimpahla nemikhumbi lempi ezilethwa eSoviet nezempi nezinye izinto ngaphansi Unikeza Ubufakazi-zokuqashisa. Omunye semikhumbi abaphathi ukuthola ngohide kudlalwa wamazwe odumile Arctic ID Papanin.

Arkhangelsk, umlando ebikade isihloko ukubuyekeza kwethu, ihlala omunye the izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu oluseNyakatho Umzila kuze kube namuhla. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, idolobhakazi limatasa wakhula, izakhiwo ezandisiwe zesimanje ngendlela ezovumelana nezimo enyakatho.

unqoba okubi

Ngeshwa, kusukela izakhiwo zasendulo lomuzi uhlala kancane kakhulu. Isizathu salokho yakhiwe ikakhulukazi kwezinkuni. Isihloko yokuthi babenza umsebenzi ofanayo kwasekuqaleni, futhi, kukhona umuthi, kanye nelineni kanye Hemp - izinto oluvuthayo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umlilo elimazayo Arkhangelsk babe kuyinsakavukela. Ikakhulukazi, 1667 ziphele nya phansi kanye Isigodlo, anikwa umuzi igama layo. Njengoba isikhungo kamuva wawubuyisela, kodwa indawo entsha, kude mlando edolobheni isikhungo (eCape manje kubiza kuphela eliqoshiwe esiyisikhumbuzo ukukhumbula lapho kwazalelwa khona idolobha).

Noma kunjalo, Isigodlo anikwa umuzi akulona igama kuphela, umlando eyaqala ngo Arkhangelsk isibonakaliso. Isigodlo lanikezelwa kuya Mihailu Arhangelu, eyaziwa ngokunqoba uSathane. Le ndaba futhi kuboniswe isibonakaliso. Ngokokuqala ngqá isithombe esinjalo itholakala amarekhodi siqu UPetru - nguye indaba emfushane Arkhangelogorodskaya ibhanela ibutho. Kusukela Ngo-1722 lesi elingenamikhono izingalo esetshenziswa edolobheni, kodwa ngaphandle kwemvume (at Michael lokuqala wayechazwa ngu umqhele, kodwa kamuva 'wayesonga ezisheshayo "). Isitatimende olusemthethweni wawuyingxenye kabusha Catherine wesifundazwe 1780.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, Arkhangelsk kwaba elingenamikhono izingalo nge umfanekiso umkhumbi - abangcwele lapha ezazingezinhle. Kodwa ngo-1989, sase siphendukile elingenamikhono yokuqala izingalo. Michael ingubo eluhlaza kanye black wanqoba uSathane nokuboniswe ophuzi ensimini. I elingenamikhono izingalo lifanekisela ngokunqoba ezinhle phezu okubi.

Usosayensi futhi umbazi

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izikhumbuzo Arkhangelsk imifanekiso M. V Lomonosova futhi Tsar uPetru. Bobabili - imisebenzi abalobi ezidumile (Ivan Martos futhi Antokolsky ngokulandelana). Ayakhululwa phambi inguquko (e 1832 no-1914). Mikhail kusenzo vein zakudala, imbongi cishe wamaRoma. Kodwa Arkhangelsk uPetru wehlukile 'abafowabo' abengeziwe. Lena akuyona autocrat, hhayi winner, hhayi lo mbusi, "owavusa eRussia impunzi," futhi "UPetru Umbazi zaandamsky" mathupha isekela sidilize aphume kokuqendwa umkhumbi sha.

Izivakashi ezivela esidlule

Isekelwe le Petrine inkathi amahlamvu nomlando Arkhangelsk izakhiwo. Omdala kunayo yonke kulemibhalo ohlonishwayo isonto wokhuni Zaostrovye (ngasekupheleni XVII ekhulwini) engavamile isakhiwo cubic. Manje into wenziwa ibuyiselwe; umsebenzi ehlobo kufanele igcwaliswe. It kungabonakala izinsalela Novodvinsk Fortress, lapho 1701 ikampu iphansi kwesandla sika-a weta osemncane Sylvester Ievleva samelana ekuhlaseleni abaseSweden. Lokhu ser mcimbi. "Young Russia" yayizimisele nenkathi yamaSoviet.

Wasinda izakhiwo eziningana ezithakazelisayo amuva - zintathu Church (. Maphakathi nekhulu XVIII), Isakhiwo Admiralty (1820), iSonto Martina Ispovednika esiqhingini Solombala (1803). Kukhona emzini futhi izindlu ezimbalwa ezindala zamapulangwe, lapho abantu abasaphila. Phakathi izikhumbuzo zomlando ka Arkhangelsk - Surskoe emaphandleni, ukwakha isonto Lutheran futhi indlu yamapulangwe umthengisi Shavrina, lapho namuhla itholakala Youth Theatre. Cultural Arkhangelsk elite ihlonipha lezi zakhiwo umhlobiso komuzi.

Izivakashi ezivela Ngokuzayo

izakhiwo Modern kancane njalo uthola izincomo, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Yebo, izakhamuzi eziningi atikaneliseki ukubusa eziyinxanxathela "ahlotshiswe" ukubukeka. Kodwa ezitaladini ububanzi nge ensembles zokuhlala nenkathi yamaSoviet seziye zaphenduka iwuphawu edolobheni, kanye nezakhiwo ezindala. Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma mayelana Ensemble emgwaqweni Vuko. Abantu bendawo bathi akufanele agxeke i izakhiwo Soviet (nendlu elimhlophe "ikhandlela" kakade ngokuthi "ingelosi ezisemadolobheni"), futhi ubeke eceleni komgwaqo omusha, thuthukisa amapaki yakho, mbumbulu ehlanzekile aphonse ku udoti ebukekayo ukukhangisa amabhanela. Khona-ke izakhiwo Soviet futhi yisikhonzi ukuziqhenya bendawo.

It kuqhakambisa isakhiwo esiteshini zasolwandle - isakhiwo ezimhlophe yesimanje bendabuko le njongo okwesibhakabhaka kanye nemibala emhlophe. Kodwa isakhiwo edume kakhulu zanamuhla Arkhangelsk - "phezulu" ku 24 izibuya. E-New York noma Chicago kuyinto aweve amancane, kodwa abazange babe lakhelwe eyinkimbinkimbi nenhlabathi enyakatho. Yakhelwe "amafu" ngo-1984 nge ukukhangisa kunokuba ngenhloso esisebenzayo. Noma kunjalo, kwaku izinkampani design eziningana, futhi manje isakhiwo isetshenziswa njengenhlangano isikhungo ihhovisi kanye yindlunkulu iziteshi Arkhangelsk.

Simelele ezintathu

Abathandwayo indaba emigwaqweni Arkhangelsk. Ezinye zazo (noma kunalokho amagama abo) isiphetho kanzima wazivelela. amagama zomlando zibonisa noma isimo yasebukhosini kanye imibono evamile zenkolo, noma izici zokuphila wendawo. Ngakho, lomuzi lwalunezisekelo Uvuko, uZiqu-zintathu, i-Police, Isinkwa Street. Kwakunabanye isiFulentshi, abantu baseScotland beSonto, iLuthela, isiNorway Kirochnaya (kusuka elithi "Lutheran Church") - la magama alotshwe khona angaphandle umthengisi amakota.

abaningi kakhulu we ezitaladini zalelo dolobha kungaba ukuziqhayisa lonke uhla 4-5 amagama. Baguqula hhayi ngenxa yezizathu ngemibono (Uvuko ezikhathini laseSoviet yegama Engels 'futhi zintathu - Vinogradov, ilungu ukushaya we Winter, induna Severodvinsk emfuleni imikhumbi) kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokuqondene kabusha futhi ukulungiswa (kuyacaca ukuthi ukuvela Kuznechevskaya uchungechunge - Perm - Suvorov ayikwazi zingachazwa ngezinqubo yezakhi lamaKhomanisi).

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, abanye mgwaqo ithole igama zomlando emuva. Ngokuvamile manje Arkhangelsk amazwi alabo ledzinga ephelele "de-communization" komuzi, ne ukuqeda noKarla Marksa Amakhadi, u- Rosa Luxemburg, Chelyuskintsev futhi Uritsky. Kodwa iningi lezakhamuzi kuqhathaniswa. Sekuyisikhathi eside kungekho ngaphezulu engibathandayo amagama ubudala kukhona Archangelsk bomdabu kanye zanamuhla, ejwayele lemininingwane Chumbarova-Lucinschi (endleleni, lokhu ukuvakasha, abahamba ngezinyawo emgwaqeni) akaqondi ukuthi kungani kufanele iphenduke Meschanskuyu elikhulu noma Ephakathi Avenue. Futhi lokho ingasaphathwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuqanjwa kabusha ukudida nemizila ezokuthutha nemibhalo uhlelo lokubhalisa (ngokukhethekile, amalungelo izindlu kanye imibhalo yokubhaliswa amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano).

isinyathelo ezinengqondo

Kulezi zimo, Arkhangelsk mlando baye babonisa yinhlonipho futhi ukulingisa isinyathelo. On ezinye izakhiwo emi emigwaqweni zomlando, baye enamathiselwe nameplates ezengeziwe lezi imigwaqo ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene. Ayikho impendulo zokuphatha, lezi zibonakaliso azidingeki, kodwa zingasheshe ziguge futhi imenze ukunakwa imemori bomuzana amagama endaweni endala Arkhangelsk.

A zethusi Pavlin Vinogradov futhi imele emgwaqeni zintathu ... Awu, lo mgwaqo nenhle yesimanje, futhi ngokuqinisekile uthande amatilosi wamavukelambuso ...

Ngakho wazi indaba emzini Arkhangelsk (kafushane). Futhi manje wazi ukuthi kuzo zonke inkathi edolobheni wayazi inhlanhla ekhazimulayo nosizi, futhi omkhulu ...