St uTheodore Ushakov biography

Ngokuzayo Admiral Fyodor Ushakov wazalwa ngo -February 13 1745 ngonyaka. Wayeyindodana wesithathu Guards Musketeers - ababevela i lwemindeni ngendlela yakudala zasebukhosini. Ubaba Fedor Ignatevich Ushakov ebusheni bakhe ukukhonzwa, kodwa akazange ukuphatha ukwenza umsebenzi. Ngo 1747 umhlala olingana Usayitsheni laphila ipilo elinganisiwe Umninindawo encane ethule (wayengumuntu abalimi mayelana 30). Ikusasa Saint Fyodor Ushakov wazalelwa edolobhaneni elincane Burnakovo zikayise yakhe.

eminyakeni yokuqala

umzalwane womfana amadala uGabriel waphelelwa uCaptain ka Dragoons, ezinye, uStepan, ukhushuliwe uLieutenant kuphela. Fedor wanquma ukuxhumanisa ukuphila kwabo nala imikhumbi. Ukuze le nsizwa isimo sakhe, kwaba choice aphambene. Nakuba izicukuthwane kubhekwe inkonzo enzima kakhulu zasolwandle nokuqashelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini esizayo Saint Fyodor Ushakov akazange ihluke impilo yensimbi namandla herculean. Nokho, izithiyo Physical, wayengekho wethukile.

Njengoba engena Marine ubusosha Corps, Ushakov waqala ukutadisha ekwelapheni isibhamu kanye inganono, ucwaningo enemininingwane bokwakha asolwandle. Umfundi ngamunye ehlobo siprakthize. Ezimfundisweni Saint Fyodor Ushakov esizayo ejwayele lezi esetshenziswa emikhunjini yezempi. Wayefanele othisha emangalisayo futhi abeluleki, kuhlanganise iqhawe ikusasa Battle of Chesma futhi Admiral Gregory Spiridov. Ngo 1764-1765 GG. Ushakov Sasuka Kronstadt ukuba uku futhi kuze esiqhingini Gotland, futhi ngo-1766 akhululwa ngaso umzimba futhi adubule UWarrant.

Maduze ke waqala enye impi Russian-Turkish (1768-1774 GG.). Ikusasa Saint Fyodor Ushakov ukhushuliwe uLieutenant kanye nokuqokwa kwakufanele eningizimu Azov-Don imikhumbi, elaliholwa engemuva Admiral Aleksey Senyavin. Isiphathiswa yahamba kusukela Pavlovsk. Khona e Azov ayenakho ukushushumbisa amabhethri elintantayo (owawenziwa).

Impi Nokuthula

Ngo-1772, ongcwele iqhawe ngakhethi Feodor Ushakov baba umlawuli lokuqala umkhumbi. Kwaba wempi encane "Courier". Isikebhe ukuqaphile Strait of Kerch, Feodosia futhi wahlamba eTaganrog. Ngonyaka olandelayo, iphansi kwesandla sika-Ushakov babe umkhumbi shestnadtsatipushechnye "Modon" futhi "ulwandle". Inkantolo ngilandela nje matasa eCrimea amasosha Russian nebutho imbozwe amabutho Turkish. Ngemva kwempi, lo saint esizayo Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich waklonyeliswa elisezingeni uLieutenant umkhuzi futhi zayiswa Petersburg.

Eminyakeni yokuthula isikhulu wakhonza e-dolobha. Ngo 1780 th wamiswa induna yezikebhe enkantolo. Lesi sikhundla lalinethezeke zonke izinhlobo careerists. Kutholwe eduze iNdlovukazi kwakusho ukuba abe amathuba okuthola ku ngokuphila kwasebukhosini, ukuhlala ngaphakathi ikhethelo umphakathi Petersburg. Nazi nje iqhawe ongcwele Feodor Ushakov akusho ukubabela enjalo izinjabulo zezwe. Nakulokhu futhi, odlulayo imikhumbi yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe ebusika, wabuza inhloko lasolwandle Ivan Chernyshev kwisi ngoxhaxha ekhona.

Ngesikhathi impande Sea Fleet

Eminyakeni 35 Fedor Ushakov waba ngukaputeni we "Victor" yempi. Kulomkhumbi ku isigaba ka engemuva Admiral Yakova Suhotina Waqhubeka uhambo eMediterranean Sea. Leli phoyisa elinde ukubuya kwakhe ukwanda elilandelayo (wathola isikhundla sokuba ukaputeni besigaba sesibili). Ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi eholidini ngenxa kuye, Ushakov wahlanganyela ukuhlolwa lwemikhumbi entsha, ukushayela nabo kusuka Reval ukuba Kronstadt. Isikhathi sokugcina ngaphambi kwekhefu elide ayeya oLwandle iBaltic ehlobo lika-1783, ngemva kwalokho wathuthela oLwandle Olumnyama.

Lapho ongcwele olungileyo Fedor Ushakov wazithola Kherson, lapho umshado ekwakhiweni imikhumbi, idolobha washaywa ubhubhane lwe-Black Death. Isiphathiswa kwadingeka ahlanganyele igenge yakhe, nethimba wafaka ngokuhlukaniswa. Ngo-1784, itilosi abanolwazi waba ngukaputeni esiseqophelweni eliphezulu. Ukuze mpi ngokumelene isifo, yena yanikezelwa Order of St uVladimir degree angu-4 th.

Ngokushesha Fyodor wethula yempi "St Paul" futhi beza kuye ku elalisanda kwakhiwa Sevastopol Black Sea Fleet isizinda. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, port ozuza entsha zinsika, izinqolobane, emafektri, ibhalekisi futhi izindlu zamaphoyisa. Lapho ukwakhiwa Sevastopol ekugcineni iphelile, idolobha kwafika Umbusikazi uCatherine II namadlelandawonye Austrian uMbusi UJoseph II. Ushakov wempumelelo yakhe wangeniswa iNdlovukazi, wahlala naye etafuleni elifanayo.

ukuhlolwa entsha

Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid ngangingeke ukuba sibekezelele ngokunqoba kwamuva izikhali Russian (kuhlanganise nokudliwa eCrimea). Wayezimisele ukubuyela le nhlonhlo. Awunayo isikhathi ukujwayela ukuba amatilosi Black Sea Fleet e Sevastopol, njengoba ekuqaleni olandelayo Russian-Turkish impi (1787-1791 GG.).

Phakathi nomkhankaso kuqala ukuthi umkhankaso Ushakov kwi "St Paul" kanye nabanye imikhumbi eziningana banqotshwa kunesivunguvungu esinamandla. Le nhlekelele yenzeke eduze Varna. "St Paul" ilahlekelwe insika futhi wagcina esephila phezu kude yayo lwasempumalanga kuze kube isitha coast Isi-Abkhazian. Kodwa le nhlekelele ayikwazanga engasiphazamisa okuyinhloko abanamakhono ezinjalo, njengoba St Fyodor Ushakov. Umlando Omfushane umlawuli abadumile wayegcwele izibonelo ngezenzo nangezimfanelo isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ngakho ngalesi sikhathi it is hhayi makasizilwe. Ukaputeni nethimba lakhe wakwazi ukubeka ku izinsalela insika futhi oseyili entsha ukubuyela umkhumbi Sevastopol.

Julayi 14, 1788 kwaba khona impi mayelana Fidonisi Isiqhingi (owaziwa nangokuthi iNyoka) - lo ezinkulu impi yokuqala asolwandle lapho yaze yaphela impi. Ngathatha ingxenye kuwo, futhi Fyodor Ushakov. Isonto Holy Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia kwaba iyahola imikhumbi waziphindiselela Esigamekweni sokuqala abaseTurkey. Black Sea Fleet zaphumelela. Strong olunembile sokudubula frigates ezilimele Flagship Turkish. Enemy isigaba kwesokunxele empini. Ngemva kwalokhu ukunqotshwa, abaseTurkey besakwazi mkhulu woLwandle Olumnyama, futhi balahlekelwa ithuba lokwenza kokwehla ogwini YaseCrimea. Ukuze umnikelo wakhe omkhulu ukuba ukunqoba ngesikhathi Snake Island Ushakov ezenziwe Umkhuzi labaqaphi elingemuva.

impi ka Kerch

impi Landelayo Fedora Ushakova (Kerch impi asolwandle) owawuse-July 8, 1790. Ngalesi sikhathi undunankulu umphathise ukulawula wonke isigaba, ukuhlangabezana isitha lamabutho Turkish. Isitha kwadingeka wezikhali wokuziphakamisa. -Turks kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala lakhipha umlilo abanolaka phezu yaphenduka amaphikankani isigaba Russian. Lokhu kuhlaselwa kwadingeka ephuthumayo ngokusondelana phikisa. Isinqumo kwakuxhomeke esicini esisodwa umuntu nokuthi umuntu kwaba Admiral engemuva Fyodor Ushakov. ONgcwele Warrior Zilungile ahlukaniswe frigates umpofu avaliwe ezinhlwini zabo, baphuthuma wokutakula we vanguard sivikele, elaliholwa uBrigadier Gabriel Golenkin imikhumbi.

With aqondisa ambalwa Ushakov ephethwe ukuyengela umkhumbi-Turkish amaphini Umkhuzi sika. umkhumbi Enemy kwadingeka adlule phakathi kwemigqa Russian bese ngaphansi kwasani obukhulu umlilo kwaqhuma. Khona-ke Ushakov, owayeseqenjini iwuhlelo "Christmas", kanye nazo zonke ezinye isigaba waya rapprochement nge Turkey.

Enemy imikhumbi yephukela kuye, wawa. Kusukela ukunqotshwa yokugcina eyabo ukulondolozwa kuphela akhululeke rapidity. Kerch impi asolwandle wabonisa oluvelele ubungoti nomlilo ukuqeqeshwa amatilosi Russian. Ngemva komunye kokunqotshwa abaseTurkey waqala ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphepha inhloko-dolobha yabo siqu Istanbul.

Tendra

Fyodor Ushakov wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke ukuphumula azithele ngabandayo yethu, wathatha inhlangano ka ukusebenza zasolwandle ezinkulu entsha. Agasti 28, 1790 isigaba sakhe, ehlanganisa imikhumbi 36, ngokungazelelwe ehlaselwa ngoxhaxha Turkish (imikhumbi 36 futhi) oluyohlala phakathi Tendra etshekile futhi Gadzhibeem. Izenzo engemuva Admiral elise emngceleni isibindi ukuzethemba. I-Turks ku ukulingana kwamanani ka eziyingozi kakhulu imikhumbi yempi kwaba 9 phezu ukuthi aphinde wabanika ukuphakama wezikhali (1360 ngezibhamu kancane kuka-800).

Noma kunjalo, kwaba isibindi budedengu yemikhumbi Russian wahola isitha ku ukudideka. AbaseTurkey, naphezu ukuphakama kwamanani, ukulungele ashona, imikhumbi iye wamuka amabanga amade uma liya. Njengoba kulindelekile, ngemuva rearguard WaseTurkey, okuyinto wayesesimweni esimenza abe sengozini kakhulu. Khona-ke Vice-Admiral Said Bey, owayala isigaba, wanquma ukuya wangisiza izinkantolo kancane. Ngenxa umkhumbi wakhe "Kapudanie" nge "Meleki Bahri" esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe. I-Turks balwa kakhulu, kodwa anqotshwa. Ngemva ukuchithwa kwegazi phezu "Christmas" kwavela Highness Prince kanye intandokazi iNdlovukazi UGrigory Potemkin. On izincomo zakhe, uCatherine II Ushakov ukhishwa Order of St George sika 2 nd degree (kuphambene nesiko, enikezwe umklomelo wanikwa kuphela izinduna GABA).

Fyodor wabuyela Sevastopol, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside. Ngo-October, ngemiyalo yezikhulu Potemkin engemuva Admiral Wayesethatha isembozo Turkish imikhumbi inguquko ukugwedla isigaba, okuyinto bekumele uthole eDanube. Ngemva kokuthathwa kwendawo emlonyeni emfuleni bekumele umbelesele ezinqabeni ezibalulekile WaseTurkey Kilia futhi Izmail. Umsebenzi wafezwa. izenzo Ushakov sasiza ibutho ukuthatha inqaba amasu ogwini Black Sea. ovelele Alexander Suvorov, ogama Storming ka Izmail futhi namuhla ubhekwa kuhlukunyezwa zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho emlandweni lempi isintu.

Kaliakria

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-Istanbul, ushintsho kwamandla. Phumelele ngu-Abdul Hamid mina Selim III waphela amandla lempumelelo Russian kolwandle futhi izindonga Ishmayeli, kodwa zangawaphatha isinqumo walala izingalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphela mkhankaso kancane imisiwe, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo impi asolwandle we impi senzeka 31 Julayi, 1791.

Ngobusuku obandulela yoMbuso wase-Ottoman imikhumbi bagxila eduze Varna, bese kuqonde iCape (Bulgaria yesimanje). Ungalindele, nangu ekubheka wawashaya isigaba Russian iphansi kwesandla sika-Fedora Ushakova. I-Turks bamangala. Ezinye emikhunjini yabo yayingazimisele ukulwa ngenxa iholide woza ka-Ramadan. Noma kunjalo, abaseTurkey bajoyine ukusekelwa ngesimo le corsairs Tunisian futhi Algeria.

Kusukela imizuzu yokuqala impi Ushakov, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isikhashana, ngaba obuseduze isitha. Ukuze ukuhamba ngemikhumbi yakhona zikleliswe izinhlu ezintathu. Lesi simo inenzuzo enkulu ngokoMthetho ukugasela. I-Turks osezwile ukubukeka yemikhumbi Russian waqala ezisheshayo usike izindophi samuka. imikhumbi eziningana ishayisane nomunye, yingakho ukwesaba nesiyaluyalu kwaqina nakakhulu.

omunye ukunqoba

I-Turkish isigaba kuqala ingeyamakhosi Algeria iwuhlelo. Lokhu umkhumbi, kanye nemikhumbi eziningana wazama circumnavigate ngoxhaxha Russian. Fyodor isikhathi bakuqaphela isitha iqhinga. umkhumbi wakhe "Christmas" yasondela waya nokunciphisa isitha unit. Lesi sinqumo kwabamangaza yena abanye. Ngokusho amasiko nemithetho engabhaliwe, induna ngakho kwadingeka ukuba ngilaliswe inhliziyo oda lwempi, lapho indlela elula ukulawula inkambo impi. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi, lapho kusengozini kwaba isiphetho ukushayisana, Ushakov wanquma udonsa ipulaki ku ukuhleleka. Yakhe umkhumbi umlilo olunembile shot Flagship pasha Algeria. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele ashona emuva.

Ngemva kwesikhashana lonke Black Sea Fleet uye wenza ubungani nabantazana abaseTurkey, futhi ekuqhumeni friendly lokuhlasela kubo. I Flagship we "Christmas" ubonakele maphakathi ngoxhaxha WaseTurkey. lwaphuka ukuhlaselwa Inamandla yokumelana wesitha. -Turks futhi abaleka.

Kwaziqondanela nje ukuthi ngosuku olufanayo, 31 July, kuthula Kwahlelwa. Fyodor Ushakov wafunda ngokuzibulala empini ngo-August 8. Lezi zindaba engemuva Admiral etholakele Field Marshal UNikolai Repnin. Yaphela ngokukhululwa umkhankaso ukhiye Ushakov ukuphila, immortalized futhi wambozwa inkazimulo yegama lakhe. Sekuyisikhathi ukuba abuyele ekhaya.

ukushaywa Mediterranean

Ngemva kokuphela elilandelayo impi Russian-Turkish of Fyodor Ushakov e 1790-1792 GG. wakhonza njengephayona induna Black Sea Fleet. Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo enkundleni yomhlaba sasilokhu simanzonzo. Russia usejoyine sokusebenzisana anti-isiFulentshi, wakhuluma ngokumelene ingozi ukuze monarchies olandelanayo inguquko. Le nqubomgomo hambisa angaphandle eyenziwe uCatherine II. Nokho, ngo-1796, wafike washonela khona. Indodana yakhe uPawulu ngaqhubeka inkambo inqubomgomo angaphandle kukamama. Ngo-1798 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile umkhuzi Fedora Ushakova Mediterranean isigaba, futhi kamuva ngonyaka wenza mkhuzi wempi.

Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona umphathi umkhankaso wazibonakalisa hhayi nje njengomuntu owaleli brilliant, kodwa futhi njengoba i ohlakaniphile oluvelele. Yena waba nendima ebalulekile ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Hellenic Republic ngaphansi protectorate Turkey neRussia, wahlanganyela izimpi ngoba ukukhululwa kuka-Ionian Islands futhi Italy i-French. Admiral oNgcwele Fyodor Ushakov kwaholela nokuvinjelwa Genoa futhi Ancona. Ngemva ekusizeni umbimbi anti-French sokusebenzisana Admiral nge isigaba wakhe babuyela Sevastopol.

Kule minyaka yamuva futhi ifa

Ngo 1802, iqhawe ongcwele Admiral Fyodor Ushakov fuza phatha of Baltic Fleet bendiza ke wamiswa yinhloko yezizwe eSt imiyalo asolwandle. Lapho eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-62, induna umhlalaphansi. Wahlala esifundazweni Tambov, lapho afike athenga khona ifa elincane. Lapha wathola neMpi Patriotic ka 1812. isifundazwe Tambov ngiswele yenduna nezidlamlilo. Wakhetha Fyodor Ushakov. ONgcwele Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, wasula ngenxa yokugula.

Umkhuzi ubudala uye wanikela ukuphila zenkolo sithobekile futhi esiza abantulayo yena. Wayevame wavakashela itholakala Awukude impahla yakhe Sanaksar Monastery. Admiral washona ngo-October 14, 1817 edolobhaneni lakubo Alekseevka endaweni ye-republic yesimanje ye Mordovia. I izinsalela iqhawe ongcwele nolungileyo Feodor Ushakov bangcwatshwa ezindongeni sezindela Sanaksar.

Bekanye Admiral Nakhimov kwaba wamasosha we- Russian Navy uphawu wenkazimulo. Emadolobheni amaningi yokumbonga kukhona ezikhumbuzo noma ezitaladini okuthiwa. Ngo-1944, iSoviet Union esungulwe Ushakov ngendondo, futhi ngo-1953 sisekelwe yomlando wakhe wenza ifilimu "Kuhamba Ayethelekela le ziyisizinda".

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi Soviet inkathi repressions kwebandla baye sekuyinsakavukela, futhi Sanaksar Monastery yavalwa, ithuna Admiral wasinda. Ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union yawa, ROC wakwazi ukululama, kwaphakama umbuzo mayelana nokunxusa umlawuli abadumile asolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho wayedume njengoba isikhulu omkhulu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqala ukuphila ukuphila zenkolo uyemukela abathobile enhliziweni yokuguga. Ngo-2001, ngesinqumo Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia abagcotshwa iqhawe elisha - Fyodor Ushakov. Saint, ogama izinsalela agcinwa namuhla Sanaksar Monastery, waba sibalo nje asolwandle kodwa futhi yokukhulekela okungokwenkolo.