ESiberia Khan Kuchum: Biography, phakathi nokubusa

Ngo 1563, ngemva kwempi eside futhi olunegazi ku ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu elele phakathi omkhulu laseSiberia emfuleni Irtysh nemingenela yayo ye Tobol, wamisa igunya lakhe Khan Kuchum - oqondile indlalifa inhlobo uGenghis Khan eyamlandela inqubomgomo yakhe enolaka. ibutho Khan, eyayihlanganisa Kazakhs, Uzbeks futhi Nogai, ethuke abakhileyo ezweni, lapho wakhokha amehlo wakhe wokuhaha.

Qala ekuthumbeni emazweni eSiberia

Kuchum Khan, ogama biography iqukethe ngokwako, ngaphezu amaqiniso angokomlando, iziqephu eyaqanjwa ezinganekwaneni, ezihlukahlukene eligoqiwe ngalokhu, ebuntwini ayo agqamile ehlukile kuze kube sekugcineni umlando eSiberia. Nokho, esemncane encane aziwayo. Ukuthini irekhodi zemihla ukubika kuphela ukuthi wazalwa ngonyaka 1510-1520 ogwini ne-Aral Sea, esifundeni, wazala igama Alti-Aul. Annals "Ngo ukuthatha eZweni laseSiberia", eyakhiwa Savvoy Esipovym ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI, wathi ngokuthi wayesendleleni Karakalpakiya ubuzwe.

Ukuze ube inkosi enkulu esifundeni laseSiberia, Khan Kuchum kwaholela amaqembu sakhiwa ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala kwamthobela waqala ngo 1555, yalwa Khan Edigera ezimathonsi isizinda indawo eseduze Irtysh. Kule ncwadi wakhuluma ubesizwa umzala wakhe, umbusi eBukhara, Abdullah Khan II. Lokhu akubona owezizwe eSiberia uthwebule izithakazelo zabo zezomnotho nezombusazwe, kanye Khan Kuchum. Izithombe okusesihlokweni esithi, ukunikeza umqondo ohlukile esifundeni laseSiberia, lapho isenzo iqhubeka oluzayo drama engokomlando.

Ukugumbuqela Khan Edigera

Le mpi, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, yaphela ngo 1563 ukunqoba Kuchum Khan ezathatha ukulawula nsimu enkulu futhi waba umbusi wawo izizwe zakwa barabintsev, izingxoxo kanye Ostyaks abahlala ngasemifuleni osebeni Irtysh. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ingcebo yakhe siqu eqala ukukhuluphala ngesivinini Amazing, njengoba abantu benqoba ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba akhokhe njalo inkokhiso - intela efomini fur eyigugu izilwane noboya ezinembewu.

Njengoba Khan Kuchum wayengumzukulu uGenghis Khan, ngomhawu ke wamgcina isiko ephephile, ehlala edolobheni Kashlyk - inhloko-dolobha Khan Edigera, waqala ngokuthi ngayo ukuthi wayebulele lona wamuva ndawonye nengane yakini Bedbulatom, nokuphindisela ngaleyo ndlela ngoba ukufa uyisemkhulu, owafa eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili izandla zabo. Life waligcina kuphela umshana Edigera - Seydyaku, kodwa kuphela ukuze, wambopha ngamaketanga, ukuthumela eBukhara njengesipho Abdullah Khan ukwesekwa lakhe lempi.

Umzamo abantu Islamization eSiberia

On ezindaweni zakhe kuncike Kuchum Khan is a Muslim ozinikele, okokuqala banakekele imiphefumulo akhonze yakhe entsha, kodwa wakwenza kwaba ngaleyo owaziwa manje emasikweni Islam nenkani - ngomlilo inkemba. Kodwa ehlathini izakhamizi ngokomlando ibangelwa izinkolelo zabo, futhi shaman ngabo wawusasondelene ngaphandle mullah.

Ngaphandle ukuzibandakanya ezimpikiswaneni zenkolo, Kuchum umane anqunywe amakhanda abo, abanokuhlangenwe ukuphikelela ethile. Zonke imibandela yokugcina umthetho Mahomet ukusoka okwenziwa noma ngokuzithandela noma amandla. Kwakuyisikhathi isimiso ukuthi uzoqhubeka ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni laseSiberia Khan Kuchum. Izithombe emathempelini amaqaba yeSiberia kungabonakala kulesi sihloko.

Riots phakathi ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala

ukunqunywa okunjalo ngempoqo Islam iye yabangela yokuvukela eziningi phakathi ayenqotshiwe, futhi kwabonakala sengathi bakwemukele isimo sakhe sabantu. Ubukhulu bale ukumelana wathatha ngesilinganiso ebanzi kangangokuthi Kuchum Khan waphoqeleka ukuba bafune usizo uyise - Murtaza. Nokho, ukuze uyithumele azowalekelela kwakunganele, futhi kuphela ngosizo amahhashi okufanayo isihlobo eBukhara, Abdullah Khan II wakwazi ukubhekana ne abangalawuleki.

Ngemva kokufika kwezithunywa amabutho ovela eBukhara eSiberia nabashumayeli eziningi Islamic, libhekisela ukholo olusha labo kokululama yataghans steel. Izenzo ezinjalo lisebenza baba nemiphumela, kodwa yize kunjalo, ngisho nangemva kokufa Khan izakhamuzi eSiberia ngo iningi zazo ezinkulu babe lalingabahedeni.

UMbusi Khanate eSiberia

Eminyakeni yokuqala wokubusa Khan Kuchum wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze sandise Holdings zayo futhi uqinise esungulwe esimweni sazo. Kulesi wakwazi impumelelo ukwamukeleka ngaphandle kokungatshazwa. Ngokushesha, ngaphezu AmaTatar kanye Kipchaks, thina ayengaphansi kokulawula zezizwe Bashkir futhi Khanty-Mansi. Mahhala kwezizwe zokuqala ifinyelele enamandla laseSiberia Khanate, kwelula enyakatho kuya loMfula ob kuya entshonalanga - ukuze Urals, naseningizimu, nangasogwini lolwandle kuya Baraba asemaqeleni. Futhi zonke kungaba kahle, uma kungenjalo inkokhiso ukuthi waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele Russian Tsar.

Han Kuchum kwaba ozalweni uGenghis Khan, owanqoba ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni ezikhathini zangaphambili, futhi nje okuncane inhliziyo yakhe, lapho ngonyaka ukuthumela izithunywa eMoscow nezinkulungwane we befuna isikhumba eyigugu kakhulu Sable. Futhi uma yengcebo UKhan liyakwazi ukusekela intela enjalo, umphefumulo - akukho. Ekugcineni ukuyiveza emaphaketheni of ukumelana emasimini ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe, Kuchum hhayi kuphela ukukhokha intela isikhundla waseRussia, kodwa futhi ufisa ukufaka e Khanate yakhe yamasimu okuqondene ke.

Kuchum Khan Ermak Timofeevich

Into yokuqala ubudlova bakhe, wakhetha Perm. Lokhu kwasusa ukuvukela Nogai AmaTatar, owazama ukusizakala isimo ukuze secede kusukela isimo Russian. Ngemva kwalokho Khan uthathé inamba yokuzama wathumba imizi Russian ngaphezulu, kodwa kuphela labo navlok ulaka Ivana Groznogo, lawo ngokushesha wathumela ukuze baqedwe wawo Cossacks oholwa edume Ermak Timofeevich.

eyodwa kuphela ukushayisana ngaphansi Isi-Chuvash entabeni, okwenzeka Okthoba 12, 1581, amabutho bakwazi ukunikeza Khan Kuchum Cossacks ukumelana dudula yokuhlasela kwawo. Kodwa kamuva ngenyanga baphihlizwa baba ngokuphelele, khona-ke impi, igcinwe bazithobe labantu eSiberia, babaleka. Emnyango inhloko-dolobha Khanate - City Isker - hhayi Ermak uye wahlangana ukumelana. Fight naye, ukuvikela zifiki futhi wonke wazonda Khan nje kwakungekho muntu.

Izizathu ukuphakama lempi Cossacks

Lokhu kunqoba lula, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ngenxa izici eziningana. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Khan Kuchum wahola ibutho abameleli bezizwe ezihlukahlukene, izibopho futhi zenkolo noma kwamasiko engahlobene, futhi ngokuvamile ephikisana nomunye.

It waba nendima futhi ukukhashelwa kweziphathimandla zempi wendawo owacabanga kuwusizo eMoscow ukuba ikhokhe intela enkosini ngaphandle khan angaphandle uncika futhi ku Esizwa amabutho Bukharian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siqaphela ukuthi nethemba impango angajeziswa idolobha Russian kwenzakala lungafinyeleleki, masinyane ukuze ohlangothini Cossacks.

Ekugcineni, kumelwe singakhohlwa ukuthi ibutho isigamu-enonya khan kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso kahle zihlelekile, zabhekana uqeqesho combat amayunithi njalo Cossack kwadingeka abanazo isibhamu, it is ngokuphelele akwaziwa ke ehlane laseSiberia. Lezi izimo wavumela lamabutho ka Ermak, babengaphansi kwenkulungwane abantu ngesikhathi esifushane ukucindezela ukumelana lesitha, okudlula kakhulu ngamandla izinombolo.

Isigaba esisha kokunqotshwa Khanate eSiberia

Kodwa ukuthunjwa impi, njengoba sazi, ukunqoba iyashintsha futhi kulula ngokuvamile uphefumulela khukhumala ezingadingekile. Ecasukile, owashonelwa yonke impi yakhe, futhi ngokulambisa wabaleka Kuchum Khan baphephela emaqeleni Ishim esisuka engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-West laseSiberia Plain. Kukhona wakwazi ukuqoqa ehlakazekile yonkana amabutho asemaqeleni nabezizwe, ebathembisa abathunjwa ocebile, iyakwazi ukulwa Cossacks phezu ukunyakaza ibikwe abendawo kuso. Ngokushesha, usebenzisa okwamanje ezifanele, Kuchum wababulala futhi iphathwe namanje ukunqoba.

Izindaba yokwehluleka wezempi safinyelela eMoscow futhi wenza Ivana Groznogo ithunyelwa Urals azowalekelela eholwa kwababusi ezimbili ezingomakadebona - Vasily no-Ivan unondindwa inyama. Ngemva konyaka, nge ihlukane ka abacibisheli ngahamba ngayohlala nabo noDaniyeli Chulkov. Yiqiniso, sekunqunyiwe umphumela kwenzeka futhi Khan bancishwa luthemba ukuba aziphindiselele ngokubulala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi alo ezempi kwehliselwe ku foray kuphela, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa-ke, ubani saba nomphumela yimpumelelo ngaye.

Ukunqotshwa futhi indiza Khan Kuchum

Ngakho, ngo-July 1591, ngemva Kokunye ukuhlasela, ekamu khan Ishim River esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe, futhi ngokushesha ethumba abacibisheli iphansi kwesandla sika-Prince uVladimir Koltsov-Mosalsk. Kuchum yena futhi wabaleka, kusale abawinile njengoba indondo labafazi bakhe ababili nendodana yakhe u-Abdul-Khair. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, nesimo esifanayo esiqhingini Black, elise sifinyelela engenhla Irtysh. Lapho, ngethemba ukuthi abaleke amabutho wenkosi, amaTartar edolobheni yasungulwa. Ngemva kokuthi kwenzeke isehlakalo, lamabutho Uzame Eletski Prince Andrew, wayiswa, futhi aphinde Khan Kuchum wanyamalala, kokushiya Musketeers empangweni.

Ekuqaphela ngobuze umzabalazo okunye, 1597 Kuchum ahlinzekwa ukwenza ukuthula. Wathatha isibopho ukuyeka le mikhuba, kodwa-ke yafuna ukubuya kweziboshwa futhi athumba impahla yakhe. Impendulo etholwe ke kusukela eMoscow, kusho ukuthi izwe kungenzeka kuphela uma aye inkonzo Tsar Russian. Kodwa njengoba inzalo uGenghis Khan kwaba Kuchum engamukeleki wenqaba futhi waqala buthelela amandla buhlungu entsha.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila Khan Kuchum

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iziphathimandla eMoscow, ayeqiniseka ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukufinyelela isivumelwano Khan, ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezimatasa ukulichitha. Ngo-August 1598, isikhulu Koltsov Mosalsk uphathe ukuba ahlasele esikanisweni at Irmen Khan River. It is ukuthi impi yabulala indodana, umzalwane nabazukulu ababili Khan eyaziwa, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wakwazi ukubaleka futhi. Abacibisheli ayeyithumbile izithunjwa kababaningi abayizikhulu ezazithunywe kuqala Tobolsk, bese e Moscow, lapho, ngesikhathi inkonzo ukunqoba ngokubonga owawuse.

Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wenza omunye umzamo ukukholisa Khan ukuba inkonzo isiRashiya, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Kuze kube yimanje, ngo-Okthoba 1598 umbusi Prince Voeikov kuma-oda enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngesikhathi Borisa Godunova ethunyelwe Kuchum owethembekile, kodwa futhi sinqatshiwe. Kwakungekhona yimpumelelo futhi balandela ukusebenza, injongo okwakufanele uthwebule Khan, usebenzisa ulwazi olutholwe ku izakhamuzi zendawo.

Ukufa sitheza us by umlando

Ukufa kwakhe ngo-1601, sizungezwe ukungaqiniseki efanayo lokuzalwa. Kunemibiko engqubuzanayo kakhulu ngezimo Khan yaphela ukuphila kwakhe Kuchum ngaphansi kwazo. Umlando wakhe kuwa endaweni ethile emaqeleni enkulu owakhiwe ngezizwe semi ayimizulane. Kusukela eminye imithombo singaphetha ngokuthi kwakuthandeka kuye Karakalpak igazi, kodwa ukuthi wayithukuthelisa kubo ukubulala once onamandla onke, futhi ngesikhathi sonke enesizungu futhi washiywa Khan - alaziwa.

ESiberia Khan Kuchum, ngesikhathi okubusa kwakhe (1563-1568) kwaqondana nenkathi ka ekunqotshweni eSiberia nokuthuthukiswa wabahloli yayo isiRashiya, kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wethu. Wangena wakhe, kanye namadodana akhe Ablaykerimom Kira emva kokufa kukayise, kwaba ababezama emashumini ambalwa ngaphezulu ukuze uzohlala emandleni ezandleni zabo emaphethelweni ehlathini futhi, njengaye, ophoqelelwe ukunikezela ukuthi ilungelo Russian Tsar.

umbusi umndeni Khanate eSiberia

Ekuphetheni, amagama ambalwa mayelana umkhaya owawuhlala endaweni lapho Khan Kuchum. Biography, ubuzwe, izici zezombangazwe kanye izigaba ngendlela yezempi - lolo lwazi, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko usiqaphelisa lapho sicabangela lokhu noma lokhuya emlandweni. Noma kunjalo, kuyobe akuphelele uma ungenawo acabangele emhlabeni nalabo ebathandayo.

Umkhaya Khan Kuchum ziyavumelana ngokugcwele isimo salo. Ekuphileni kwalo konke, wayenabafazi nanye (nezancinza, izigqila ungabali), iningi elalingelamaFilisti abazalwa yizicukuthwane. Benza wazala namadodakazi ayisishiyagalolunye namadodana nesikhombisa, waba nendima emlandweni walesi sizwe lasendulo ayimizulane. Izinganekwane mayelana efanayo Kuchumov Khan, umnqobi eSiberia, ngasinda abaneminyaka engu ngasinda Abadali zabo.