Umlando Glass emlandweni wesintu. Ukusungulwa kanye womshini ingilazi

i material yokufakelwa - It is ukuthi ingilazi sisebenzisa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ezaziwayo. Kodwa yena unalo Analogue yemvelo - obsidian. Kuyinto eqandisiwe wentaba-mlilo lava idwala impahla noma ancibilikise. It obsidian wasetshenziswa abantu bakudala ukwenza amathuluzi ahlabayo ezihlukahlukene, kanye zokuhloba.

ingilazi umuntu, umlando umsuka iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, ekuqaleni kancane ezahlukene kusukela yemvelo. Kwakungeke kuvesane ukuziqhayisa iyiphi ubuhle noma ukucaciseleka.

Umlando kokusungulwa ingilazi: Legends kanye conjectures

isazi Antique Pliniy Starshy emibhalweni yakhe ukunika ulwazi utshani yokufakelwa ubonakele sibonga abahambi, ngubani besalungisa ukudla ogwini olunesihlabathi, futhi aba yizinto zokuphasa kubhayela usebenzisa ucezu soda zemvelo. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ikhasi ingilazi satholakala izindonga zangaphandle of kubhayela. UPliny hypothesis waba ukulahlwa kuphela ekhulwini lama-20. Ososayensi kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi igcwale amanzi ingilazi phezu umlilo evulekile akunakwenzeka. Nokho, izinkulungwane eziningana edlule, abantu waseGibhithe lasendulo nabaseMesophothamiya ngafunda ancibilike ingilazi in the imigodi. Amazinga kulezi esithandweni bakudala yayiphezulu ngokwanele ukuba isihlabathi, lime futhi alkalis kwakhiwa izinto ezintsha. Nokho, ingilazi wokuqala owenziwe umuntu, cishe ngempela sidalwe ngephutha enqubeni ukukhiqizwa zobumba.

ubuchwepheshe lasendulo

Umlando Glass e emlandweni wesintu has eminyakeni engaphezu kuka 4 ayizinkulungwane. Izithombe zobuciko atholakala emathuneni oFaro, ukunikeza umbono yezindlela endala zokukhiqiza kanye izintandokazi ukunambitheka kwabaseGibhithe. Ngakho, ingilazi ekuqaleni esasisetshenziselwa njengoba nokucwebezela okuzothile ngoba zobumba. Futhi ngoba wenza ubuhlalu, amabhodlela kanye namacici. AbaseGibhithe, ngokungafani nezakhamuzi Naharayimi ayethanda ingilazi opaque. metal wayo oxides namabala e ehlaza komkayi, ebubende ophuzi nezinye imibala. izikhulu kuphela bantu ka lunegazi lasebukhosini ayenamandla okukwenza imikhiqizo ingilazi. izinto ezincane oluqanjwe indlela elandelayo: induku metal isifakwa core zobumba, okuyinto nilimaza phezu ingilazi ashisayo.

Elikhulu kwenziwa kanje: yangaphambili wafakwa mass ingilazi futhi waphenduka. Glass nge ungqimba elincanyana imali kwi izindonga eqina, bese ifomu iyasuswa.

Ukuvela zokukhiqiza. endulo

Umlando okuvela ingilazi (ezenziwe ngesandla, yebo) uvezwe eziningi Museum amaqoqo. Uma ucabangela iqoqo zakudala waseGibhithe, singaphetha ngokuthi imikhiqizo ubudala awayona inkimbinkimbi. Yekuchumana elicibilikile eceleni, ninamathele yenqwaba main. AbaseGibhithe futhi luqhutshwa yokukhiqiza KaMose (ukuhlelwa) ingilazi, eye yasetshenziswa ukuze ahlobise impahla yasendlini. Le nqubo namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva yokutholwa phelelisa lase libhujiswa ngemaRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maduze nje ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yethu izingcweti owawuvela e-Aleksandriya wasungula blowpipe. Ngalo, nenqwaba bubble red-hot kushaywa futhi kancane kancane wabanika sona ngendlela ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene ekhethekile. Ngaphandle ekushayweni free, sandile endulo uthule matrix. Ngezinye izikhathi amakhosi esetshenziswa lahlukene amafomu, abese kuqoqwa umkhiqizo osuphelile. Indlela ivumela ukukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi ingilazi ezakhiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaRoma wafunda glazing amafasitela. Antique ingilazi yefasitelana kwaba kuhle esinamafu futhi mncane kakhulu futhi inkatho (mhlawumbe) ku umumo flat.

Ephakathi futhi Renaissance. izimpumelelo baseVenice

Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma nomthelela ukusabalala glassmaking eYurophu. Nokho, lendawo (ikakhulukazi Cologne) imikhiqizo eliphansi in izinga kuya empumalanga, kepha amakhosi German owasungula le ingilazi iflothi. Ngo ukwakheka, akusiyo ezahlukene kakhulu kusukela yesimanje. Benkathi Ephakathi Venice kuhambile olwengeziwe. Umlando Glass emlandweni isintu kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle okomnikelo baseVenice. Bona ngenjongo wasebenza yokuthuthukisa izindawo zezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya wakwenza obala ezehlukile. Umumo okhululekile maqondana ukukhiqizwa lendawo umzalele izithelo: crystal lendawo abantu babemhlonipha kakhulu eYurophu.

Futhi izitsha kanye ishidi ingilazi, izingcweti Venetian ekhiqizwa izibuko kanye nezibuko. Cishe isigamu labantu kulo muzi eyingoduso e ingilazi. Workshop babeze idluliselwe esiqhingini Murano ukuze ugweme imililo zasemadolobheni kanye ukuvuza. Yiqiniso, baseVenice babe izimbangi, ngokuyinhloko izingcweti Genoese. Kodwa isifaniso we Murano ingilazi laliqongelelwe le eyiNgisi John Ravenkroftom kuphela ekhulwini le-17.

Indaba ingilazi eRussia. ukuthuthukiswa izikebhe

Rus kwafika leli impahla ebizayo waseByzantium. Esikhathini Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, abavubukuli baye bathola workshop glassmakers eziphathelene ngekhulu le-11. Kodwa imikhiqizo wahlala izimfihlo kancane amakhono zalahleka. Ngakho-ke kunzima ukuphakamisa ukuthi umlando Russian ngengilazi. ngokuvamile kwenzeka emlandweni wesintu, ukuze izinto eziningi kwadingeka ukuba reinvent. Yezandla Revival kwenzeka kuphela ekhulwini le-17 (ngo-1639), lapho Swede Yu Koyet eyakhelwe eduze isitshalo dolobha ukwenziwa iwindi ingilazi futhi njengokwenza komthaki izitsha. wayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamuva, Izmailovo ifektri yasungulwa. Kube ayenziwa zokunethezeka, ikakhulukazi enkulu "okuhlekisayo" ku model of the nezitsha zokuphuza Venetian.

Ngekhulu le-18 glassworks eziningana wathola eduze Petersburg. Kuye kabusha yasungulwa ingilazi anemibala. Imikhiqizo zaveza ngegolide nangesiliva, ehlotshiswe enamels esobala futhi opaque.

glassmaking yesimanje

Emakhulwini eminyaka 18-19 umlando ingilazi emlandweni isintu zilawulwe izinguquko kwezezimboni. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, uyaphi ngcono inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Kwakukhona esithandweni entsha, ukushintsha ubuchwepheshe esisuka nesisindo ukucubungula. Yakha ezimbonini, ukukhiqizwa wagxilisa umuntu emgwaqweni, hhayi abantu eyayibusa. Ngamanye amazwi, lo ingilazi ibisitholakala. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eRussia emaphakathi wasebenza amabhizinisi amaningi amancane, esikhiqiza tableware namabhodlela flat. Nokho, abakwazanga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo: ivolumu sokungena wahlala okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ngo-1959, onjiniyela British baye baklama indlela entsha yokwelula kanye nokweseka ingilazi in a okugeza tin esibunjiweyo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "iflothi indlela". Lobu buchwepheshe, ngaphezulu kulayini, futhi isetshenziswa yokukhiqiza yesimanje.