Alexis de Tocqueville: nomqondo isimo ekahle

sazi French Alexis de Tocqueville wazalwa ngoJulayi 29, 1805, eParis, emndenini zasebukhosini. Lakhe ukhokho kwaba monarchist ovelele, phambi Isentha bavikela Louis XVI futhi wafa ngesikhathi Revolution Omkhulu. Umndeni babenza konke okusemandleni ukuze Alexis Uthole izinga ubuciko ovulekile imfundo. Lapho esemusha, nato Versailles ehhovisi zokwahlulela, wayekwenza kafushane umthetho. Kodwa Tocqueville sika nesithakazelo kakhulu emkhakheni setepolitiki, lapho wathuthela lapho nje kuvela ithuba wasukuma.

Imibono sazi

Ngokungafani Umkhulu noyise, u-Alexis de Tocqueville, ogama biography yisibonelo indoda konke ukuphila kwakhe ngokuzethemba okusalele emuva kwezifiso yeningi, kwakusala kude ekubeni monarchist. umqondo wakhe isimo ekahle esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa sebelazi ke kuncane okwaziwayo ngaso yi-United States eYurophu.

EMelika, Tocqueville kwaba ngo-1831. Waya kwezilwandle njengengxenye ngomsebenzi, eyayizoba uhlole amajele -United States. Njengoba u-Alexis de Tocqueville, engu-okuyinto eYurophu kwakuyoba ezahlukene uma bekungenjalo isibonelo baseMelika ukukhanya-onothando, ngangifuna ukuhlola intando yeningi owayedlalela amakoloni British kweqiniso.

Ukuvakashela e-US

Ngo America, waseFrance wahamba nomngani wakhe uGustave de Beaumont. Ahamba phezu kolwandle enza bachitha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye. Sonke leso sikhathi, comrades usuhambe emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, wakhuluma obuhle nezazi zendawo, waqoqa okuvelayo ngokuphila idivayisi nesive engajwayelekile.

Ngo uMongameli 1831 US Endryu Dzhekson kwaba Democrat. Tocqueville waba nenhlanhla - wayengumuntu ezweni othola ushintsho olukhulu letindzala bona. Ngu inyunyana yase-nantathu uthi wajoyina nanye okwamanje. Ababili babo (Missouri futhi Louisiana) kuzixazulule ngokuba omkhulu Mississippi River. isivakashi French wakwazi ukuba sizibonele ngawethu ikoloni omkhulu asentshonalanga, okuyinto wafuna izama ezweni entsha.

Ngo-1831, inani labantu US 13 million futhi laqhubeka landa ngokushesha. Abantu abaningi ushiye namazwe asempumalanga futhi bathuthele eNtshonalanga. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa capitalism. izifunda zezimboni Eastern kwahluka izimo zokusebenza abampofu ezimbonini, abangasebenzi njalo futhi le nkinga yokuntuleka kwezindlu. Esikhathini esiningi, Alexis de Tocqueville kwadingeka eNew England. Wabuye wavakashela Lakes Omkhulu, wabheka eCanada, Tennessee, Ohio, New Orleans. I engumFulentshi kwaba e-Washington, lapho wakwazi sokumazi nezimiso umsebenzi kuhulumeni wezwe.

Tocqueville wahlangana futhi ngajwayelana baseMelika eziningi ezinethonya adumile: Endryu Dzheksonom, Albert Gallatenom, Dzhonom Kuinsi Adamsom, Sparks Jerid noFrancis Lieber. Izingxoxo iDemo njengoba isihambi kwadingeka namanxusa zonke izingxenye sabantu. Tocqueville futhi Beaumont ebuzwa baseMelika eminingi. Lezi zincwadi abangane nezihlobo ziphakamisa ukulungiselela ngokungashwampuluzi izinkulumo.

"UHulumeni wentando yeningi Melika"

uhambo Tocqueville sika e-United States umzalele izithelo - incwadi "Democracy zonke eMelika." Kwakulotshiwe ukuthi impumelelo hhayi kuphela eFrance, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba idluliselwe izilimi zakwamanye amazwe kunabantu. The main izici eziphawulekayo zencwadi ethi waba sengqondo ukungabandlululwa kwawo umbhali nendaba yakhe, ngokuqonda kwakhe nokuphakama nokujula nolwazi isihloko kanye insada eqoqwe amaVangeli. Alexis de Tocqueville, "Democracy eMelika," okuyinto akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo namhlanje, sibonga lakhe lalingezwakali kufanele phakathi kwabangu-theorists engcono zezombusazwe kwekhulu XIX.

Encwadini yakhe ethi, umbhali kuqhathaniswa isimo sezombusazwe e-United States futhi France. Ngenxa isibalo somphakathi futhi ilungu esizayo ephalamende wayefuna ukuze uthumele emzini wabo ezweni best of the isipiliyoni American. Ngesisekelo intando yeningi Tocqueville wabona in the isiko amaPuritan, amela umsuka amakoloni kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe. Inzuzo enkulu umphakathi American wanaka nokulingana ithuba bonke abantu kuleli zwe.

Umqondo isimo ekahle

Umcwaningi waqhathanisa French phesheya ngokweqile yinye ekuhlukanisweni (ekubeni umsekeli uhambisane lona lolandzelako). Kuyinto ngenxa yakhe, wacabanga sazi e-United States ayizange nemizi omkhulu, uthi, nobumpofu ngokweqile yesiteleka. amathuba alinganayo eshelelayo tembangave futhi asizwa ukuba agweme revolution. Kazi Tocqueville waqhathanisa Melika hhayi kuphela eFrance, kodwa futhi eRussia, okuyinto ayekubheka njengenkinga inqaba autocracy eyinhlekelele.

Federalism kwaba olunye uphawu isimo ekahle, wacabanga Alexis de Tocqueville. "UHulumeni wentando yeningi Melika" Nokho, hhayi nje kuphela intando yeningi, kodwa futhi wagcizelela ulinganiselwe. It Tocqueville kwaba nombhali isitatimende adumile "nokucindezela kweningi." Lokhu ibinzana umbhali kunqunywa ngokulandelana inobungako amandla angase ukuyisebenzisa kahle noma yokudlulisela amandla akhe ukuze zikamashiqela.

sefilosofi French wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isihluthulelo yonke inkululeko yiyona inkululeko yokuzikhethela futhi oda ngokomthethosisekelo kuyadingeka kwasekuqaleni ukuze kukhawulwe futhi aqukethe isimo. Wayenezingane izitatimende eziphikisa. Ngakho, Tocqueville ayekholelwa ukuthi umphakathi ayikho indawo alinganayo ngokuwina art. "UHulumeni wentando yeningi Melika" funda Alexander Pushkin. imbongi Russian yahlatshwa umxhwele ngokujulile ke, njengoba asho Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe Chaadaev.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe

Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i ka "Democracy eMelika," U-Alexis de Tocqueville Waya eNgilandi, lapho incwadi yakhe iyathandwa kakhulu. Umlobi elinde khona ngezandla ezifudumele we ekufundeleni iningi. Ngo-1841, isazi sefilosofi waba ilungu French Academy of Sciences. Naye wanikelwa kuqokwa, nakuba isikhundla sakhe House akazange ihluke lutho oluvelele.

Ngaphandle kokuba ezingavamile naphezu umholi wakhe engqondweni zezombusazwe ePhalamende, u-Alexis de Tocqueville cishe awuhambanga waya endaweni yesikhulumi, kodwa ikakhulukazi wasebenza amakomiti ehlukene. Akazange basonta anoma yiliphi iqembu lezombusazwe, nakuba ngokuvamile uvotele ne isikhundla kwesokunxele-wing futhi ngokuvamile wakhuluma ngokumelene uNdunankulu olandelanayo Fransua eGizo.

Alexis de Tocqueville wagxeka njalo uhulumeni nezinqubomgomo zayo, hhayi izithakazelo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi. Izinkulumo zakhe ezingavamile osopolitiki bathini mayelana kwesiphetho zokuvukela umbuso. Empeleni kwenzeka ngo-1848. Nakuba Tocqueville kwaba umsekeli ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo, waqaphela republic entsha, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka kuzimo, indlela kuphela ukulondoloza kwenkululeko civil.

UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle French

Ngemva 1848 Revolution, Alexis de Tocqueville wakhethwa ukuba ababamele LoMhlangano. Kukhona yena wajoyina kwesokudla futhi aqala ukulwa ne Socialist. Ikakhulukazi sazi anenkani, ukuvikela amalungelo endawo. Ukuhlaselwa kwakhe Socialist, Tocqueville babekholelwa, eyayiyoholela yokungena ku nenkululeko yezakhamizi zakuleliya yezwe kanti ukwanda ngokweqile kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Esaba despotism, kuba esivuna nokukhawulela amandla kamongameli, ukusungulwa kwePhalamende bicameral, nokunye. D. Akukho namunye kulaba iziphakamiso abangu ayifakiwe practice.

Ngo 1849, u-Alexis de Tocqueville, ogama biography, kwezombangazwe, zazihlukile transience, waqokwa wezangaPhandle kuhulumeni Odilon Barrot. Umsebenzi oyinhloko umphathi walo mnyango zamanxusa wabona ekugcineni ithonya French engumakhelwane Italy. Njengoba nje ngezinye Apeninnskom inhlonhlo zigcine inqubo eside zokwakha umbuso owodwa. Kule ndaba, le mpi kwaqubuka phakathi iSonto lamaKatolika futhi iziphathimandla zezwe we-Italy entsha.

Alexis de Tocqueville, leli qiniso eliyisisekelo esokunakekela lotimele uPapa, ezama ukufeza esibushelelezi kwekuhlela kabusha yangaphakathi e-United kapapa. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu wehluleka, njengoba nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuqala Minister of Foreign Affairs lonke iKhabhinethi Barrault washiya isikhundla sakhe ngenxa yomunye scandal zezombusazwe ezihilela incwadi kumongameli ukuba Ney.

Ukupheliswa imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle

Disemba 2, 1851 eFrance, kwaba khona omunye Icebo lika. UMongameli Louis Napoleon ziyoncibilika ephalamende futhi wathola amandla cishe monarchical. Ngemva konyaka, republic uyekwa, futhi esikhundleni yamemezela ukusungulwa the Empire Okwesibili. Alexis de Tocqueville, imibiko kanye nezincwadi okuyinto nje baxwayiswa ngengozi ka ukujika ezinjalo izenzakalo, kwaba phakathi kwababusi wale mithandazo wamelana uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni. Ukuze kungamhloniphi iziphathimandla, eboshelwe ejele Vincennes. Ngokushesha Tocqueville wadedelwa, kodwa ekugcineni lathathwa nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe.

Umlobi esetshenziswa bayamsola isikhathi futhi waqala ukutadisha izenzakalo zomlando inguquko enkulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Disemba 2 Icebo lika Kwamkhumbuza Icebo lika-18 Brumaire, okwaphumela amandla kanye matsandza Napoleon. Kulesi simo, sazi vinyl uhlelo okungalungile zezombusazwe, lapho ubuningi ukujabulela inkululeko yezombangazwe kwabantu uthole amalungelo alinganayo, kuhlanganise ukhetho.

"I-oda ubudala kanye Revolution"

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana umsebenzi 1856, Tocqueville umqulu wokuqala wencwadi "Old umbuso kanye Revolution", okuyinto eyaba ngo ekupheleni komsebenzi wakhe wesibili obaluleke kakhulu (ngemva "Democracy eMelika"). Le ncwadi yayibhalwe ukuze libe izingxenye ezintathu, kodwa ukufa umbhali wayeka ngesikhathi umsebenzi walo ku Neyesibili.

Into eyinhloko isifundo inkululeko Tocqueville komuntu siqu. Wayekholelwa wokusindisa futhi isimiso efanele non-kuphazamisa umnotho. Umcabangi wangabona inkululeko abantu ngaphandle imfundo yezwe kanye nokufundisa abantu. Ngaphandle kwayo, noma yikuphi izikhungo zomthethosisekelo azisebenzi, umlobi ukholelwa. Ngokusobala ukuthi umfundi umsuka ubuqiniso lesi simiso ku isibonelo inguquko enkulu kakhulu eFrance ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII.

Alexis de Tocqueville, imishwana obuhlakani okuyinto manje esetshenziswa journalism, journalism futhi izincwadi ezibhekwa ngesisekelo inkululeko nokulingana intando yeningi. Ngakho abantu bayafuna esengeziwe yesibili kulokuqala. Abantu abaningi waphawula Tocqueville, kukhona ngisho bakulungele ukunikela ngokuphila inkululeko ngenxa ukulingana. Abanesimo sengqondo esinjalo kukhona izimo wokusungula despotism. Ukulingana ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa abantu ukuthuthukisa ubugovu babo particularism. Konke lokhu kwaphawulwa encwadini ethi, Alexis de Tocqueville.

Umsebenzi "I-oda ubudala kanye Revolution" nazo ezifakwe ngokucabangisisa uthando umphakathi ukuze athole inzuzo. Elijwayele ukudla abantu bazimisele ukunikeza uhulumeni amandla amasha kuphela ngenxa ke agcinwayo ukuthula kwabo, ukuze nokuphila okuvamile. Ngakho amandla isimo uye lwangena lwagxila umphakathi, okwenza kumuntu kancane. Kusho lena yinye zokuphatha, okuyinto eradicates uhulumeni wendawo.

Kobugqila uquqaba

I iziphakamiso of "Old umbuso kanye Revolution," yasungulwa esiqaliwe encwadini yokuqala umbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela intando yeningi. Alexis de Tocqueville kafushane kodwa imibono ngamafuphi bachazela, eziningi zazo kwakheka isisekelo yesayensi yanamuhla zezombusazwe. Esikhathini umsebenzi omusha umbhali waqhubeka efunda mkhuba nokucindezela kweningi. It buya sobala ukuthi uma isimo has ukuba ilwe impi.

I isikhathi eside wokuchithwa kwegazi, kukhona ingozi nesenzakalo umlawuli, abanquma ukuthatha izwe ezandleni zabo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwaba Napoleon. Kulesi abantu empini akhathazwe Ayakujabulela ukudela umfakisicelo isimo elikhulu kangakanani ngomholi wesizwe zonke inkululeko yabo esenana isithembiso ukuzinza Ngokuzayo of kokucetshiswa jikelele. Ngakho-ke iziqubulo populist bekusolo ethandwa, yize unfeasible yayo umgomo.

Okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuvimbela despotism - kuba inkululeko uqobo. Lokho-ke ubuyisa abantu ndawonye, buthaka ubugovu nokuthatha kunezinto ezibonakalayo. Mere ngokomthethosisekelo yentsandvo yelinyenti akwanele. Isimo ekahle kufanele esekelwe ekuhlukanisweni ezibanzi kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, ezweni elikhulu indlela engcono kakhulu ukuhlela mfelandawonye. wacabanga Ngakho, u-Alexis de Tocqueville. Umcabango esimweni ekahle, lapho esephetha ngesisekelo amaphutha omlando avunyelwe kuhlanganise lwakubo France, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Izinzuzo ekuhlukanisweni

uhulumeni wendawo kuphela unamandla okusindisa abantu abavela eqeqeshwa bureaucratic futhi uzithole ukwenza yena siqu esikhungweni semfundo zezombusazwe. Isimo ekahle Awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle izinkantolo ezimele ngokugcwele futhi endaweni ethile ye ekuphathweni esimweni ukuhlukunyezwa. Lesi sikhungo ukuthola ilungelo lokunqaba imithetho eziphikisana soMthethosisekelo kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Alexis de Tocqueville, owasheshe bahlakazeka izingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini ababephila ngesikhathi nenzalo, futhi elwela inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa nabanye bese ucindezela. Ngezinye elifanayo isiqinisekiso isikhathi isimo akusho kudle kubo ezingasizo izikhungo, futhi amasiko nemikhuba yabantu. Uma abantu Ngiyocela inkululeko, ke iqhubeka. Endabeni yokwenqaba yokuzithandela izakhamuzi amalungelo abo ngeke ubasize umthetho-sisekelo. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ukuthi lo mthetho has ekupheleni emuva. Institutions nomthelela ekwakhekeni kancane kancane imikhuba namasiko.

Ukubaluleka lokusungula Tocqueville

Ukuzama ukuthola indlela ukuba babhale incwadi futhi indlela yokwenza umbiko, Alexis de Tocqueville wafika ikhambi olandelayo. Ngo umkhiqizo Melika, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela olwandle yenziwe yaba khona intando yeningi kanye lelo qiniso ezinikelwe. Umsebenzi umcwaningi French igxile izizathu ukwehluleka kwemizamo nokuqinisa kwenkululeko civil.

I-oda ubudala, u-Alexis de Tocqueville ngokuthi uhlelo enezithombe ezazikhona ezweni bakhe ekhulwini XVIII ngesikhathi confluence lokuzalwa umphakathi amakhosi asendulo futhi absolutism wasebukhosini. Uhulumeni agcinwayo division of umphakathi zibe amakilasi, balibheka njengobufakazi isiqinisekiso ukuphepha kwabo. Bakhona ihlukaniswe ngeziNkundla kwezakhi, elimalungu alo bavame ukuhlukanisa ngokucophelela kusukela kwezinye izingqimba. Umlimi akubukeki njenge wayehlala edolobheni, kanye yomthengisi ngalesi zomninindawo umnumzana. yeningi Kancane Kancane nokukhula komnotho baye abuqede ke. Inguquko wabhubhisa oludala, esungula entsha - eyakhelwe ukulingana phakathi kwabantu.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umsebenzi ubelokhu eqashelwa bangesikhathi Tocqueville incwadi yokuqala kokungathathi hlangothi ngezenzakalo ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII eFrance. Phambi kwakhe, izazi-mlando eziye eshicilelwe izifundo, sivikele uhlangothi noma omunye kokungqubuzana wamavukelambuso.

Yingenxa yalesi umehluko iwumkhiqizo Alexis de Tocqueville, futhi ngempela zonke izincwadi zakhe efanelwe ukuqashelwa yesizukulwane sakhe, futhi kulondolozwe inkumbulo zomlando. Wayengahlezi uzama kuvunwe izenzo we monarchists nabasekeli republic - wayefuna ukuthola iqiniso, ezisekelwe emaqinisweni. Tocqueville washona ngo-April 16, 1859 ku Cannes. iminikelo yakhe ukuba kwezesayensi nasemphakathini ziye esikalini hlobo imisebenzi ephelele, izikhathi eziningi samelana ukubhalwa kabusha ezengeziwe.