Phagocytosis - kuyini? Iyini isisekelo se-phagocytosis? Izigaba zePagocytosis

Ngakho, i-phagocytosis - iyini? Ake sizame ukuqonda incazelo yale nkulumo. Igama elithi "phagocytosis" livela emibili yesiGreki i-morphemes - phagos (idla) kanye ne-kytos (ikheji). I-term international medical term phagokytosis, ngokungafani ne-russified, ine-osis yokuphela, ehunyushwe kusuka kwisiGreki ngokuthi "inqubo" noma "into". Ngakho-ke, ngokuqondile le ncazelo isho inqubo yokwamukelwa kwe-ejenti langaphandle ngamaseli athile, ukunyakaza okuhlosiwe kulo, ukuthunjwa nokwamukelwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa okulandelayo. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngalokho okushiwo yi-phagocytosis. Siphinde sixoxe ngokuthi yiziphi ama-phagocytes, cabanga ngezigaba bese uthole umehluko phakathi kwephagocytosis ephelele futhi engapheli.

Umlando wokutholakala kwamaseli akhethekile weselula

Isazi semvelo esingumRussia ovelele - II Mechnikov ngo-1882 - 1883 gg. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ekugayeni kwe-intracellular, ukutadisha izibungu ezibonakalayo zezinkanyezi zasolwandle. Usosayensi wayezibuza ukuthi ngabe izinto eziphilayo eziningi zinekhono lokubamba ukudla ngamaseli ahlukene. Futhi futhi uyayigcina njenge-single-celled elula, isibonelo i-amoebae yenza. II Mechnikov waqhuba lo mzamo: wafaka i-carmine powder emzimbeni wezibungu futhi wabheka udonga lwamangqamuzana lukhula nxazonke lezi zinhlamvu ezincane ezibomvu zegazi. Bamba futhi bagwinya upende. Khona-ke usosayensi wayenombono wokuthi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimo kufanele kube namaseli akhethekile avikelayo angakwazi ukugaya nokugaya ezinye izinhlayiya ezilimaza umzimba. Ukuze aqinisekise ukucabanga kwakhe, usosayensi wasebenzisa ama-pink ameva, aqala emzimbeni izimpungushe ze-starfish. Esikhathini esithile kamuva, usosayensi wabona ukuthi amaseli azungeze ameva, ezama ukulwa "nezinambuzane" futhi azixoshe. Lezi zinhlayiya ezivikelekile ezitholakala emzimbeni we-larva, usosayensi wabiza ama-phagocytes. Ngenxa yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, i-II Mechnikov yembula i-phagocytosis. Ngo-1883, wabika ngokutholakala kwakhe ku-Seventh Congress of Naturalists yaseRussia. Kamuva, usosayensi waqhubeka esebenza ngale ndlela, wenza isifo sokuqhathaniswa kwesifo sokuvuvukala, kanye nenkolelo ye-phagocytic yokuzivikela. Ngo-1908, kanye nososayensi uP. Ehrlich, wathola umklomelo weNobel ngocwaningo lwakhe olubaluleke kunazo zonke.

Isimo se-phagocytosis - siyini?

I-Mechnikov ilandele futhi yacacisa indima ye-phagocytosis ekusebenzeni kokuvikela komzimba womuntu nezilwane eziphakeme. Usosayensi usungile ukuthi le nqubo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphulukiseni amanxeba ahlukahlukene. Isichazamazwi se-biological encyclopedic sinikeza incazelo elandelayo. I-Phagocytosis i-capture capture esebenzayo, kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinto zangaphandle, njengebhaktheriya, i-microfungi kanye nama-cell fragments, izinhlobo ze-unicellular noma amaseli athile (ama-phagocytes) atholakala kunoma iyiphi imithi ehlukahlukene. Iyini isisekelo se-phagocytosis? Kukholelwa ukuthi yilohlobo oludala kunazo zonke lokuvikela imvelo eminingi. Ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba, i-phagocytosis nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. Yisenzo sokuqala ekusungulweni kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene, amabhaktheriya namanye amazwe angaphandle. Ama-Phagocytes ajikeleza njalo emzimbeni wonke, efuna "izinambuzane". Lapho i-agent yangaphandle ibonakala, iboshwe yi-receptor. Emva kwalokho, i-phagocyte ithatha inambuzane futhi iyayichitha.

Amaqembu amabili aphambili amangqamuzana ephathekayo "abavikela"

Ama-Phagocyte ahlala emoyeni asebenzayo futhi alungele ukulwa nomthombo wokutheleleka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Banegunya lokuzimela, ngoba bangakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo hhayi ngaphakathi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngaphandle komzimba: ebusweni bezinambuzane eziqhamukayo nasendaweni yezicubu ezonakalisiwe. I-phagocyte yabantu ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili kusukela ekubukeni kokusebenza kwabo: "ochwepheshe" futhi "abangenzi lutho". Eyokuqala ihlanganisa ama-monocytes, ama-neutrophils, ama-macrophages, amangqamuzana omzimba namaseli we-tendue dendritic. I-phagocyte yeselula ebaluleke kunazo zonke iyingqamuzana yamangqamuzana egazi - ama-leukocytes. Bathuthela ekugxilweni kokuvuvukala futhi babone imisebenzi yokuvikelwa. I-Phagocytosis ye-leukocyte iphakamisa ukutholakala, ukumuncwa nokubhujiswa kwezinto ezihlukile, kanye namaseli abo afile noma awonakele. Ngemva kokwenza imisebenzi yayo, amanye amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe ahamba embhedeni wamasongo futhi aqhubeke ejikeleza egazini, kanti enye - iqhutshwa inguquko ye-apoptosis noma i-dystrophic. Iqembu elithi "Nonprofessional" liqukethe ama-fibroblasts, amangqamuzana e-reticular and endothelial, anomsebenzi ophansi we-phagocytic.

Inqubo ye-phagocytosis: isigaba sokuqala

Cabanga indlela inqubo yokulwa nezilwane ezilimazayo ezenzeka ngayo. Ososayensi bahlukanisa izigaba ezine ze-phagocytosis. Owokuqala ukuxhuma: i-phagocyte isondela into ehlukile. Lokhu kwenzeka noma ngenxa yokushayisana ngengozi, noma njengomphumela wokunyakaza okuqondisayo okusebenzayo - i-chemotaxis. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-chemotaxis-positive (ukunyakaza kuya ku-phagocyte) nokubi (ukunyakaza kusuka ku-phagocyte). Njengomthetho, i-chemotaxis enhle yenzelwa indawo yokulimala kwezicubu, kanye nokubangelwa yi-microbes nemikhiqizo yabo.

Ukunamathela kwama-phagocytes kummeleli wangaphandle

Ngemuva kokusondela kweseli "umvikeli" kuya kwi-particle enonya, isigaba sesibili siqala. Iyanamathela. I-phagocyte ifinyelela into, iyithinta, futhi iyazihlanganisa. Isibonelo, ama-leukocyte afike ekugxilweni okuvuvukala futhi anamathele odongeni lomkhumbi, ungawutholi kuwo ngisho naphezu kwegeyimu ephakeme yegazi. Indlela yokunamathela ingenxa yokukhokha okungenasisekelo kwephagocyte. Njengomthetho, akubi, kanti izinto zezinto ezihamba phambili zikhokhiswa kahle. Kulokhu, ukunamathela okuhle kakhulu kubonakala. Izinhlayiya ezilahla kabi, isibonelo, amangqamuzana amathumba, athunjwa ama-phagocyte kakhulu nakakhulu. Noma kunjalo, kunamathela ezinhlakeni ezinjalo. Kungenxa yesenzo se-mucopolysaccharides esivela phezu kwesikhumba se-phagocytes, futhi ngokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-cytoplasm futhi igqugquzela i-agent engaphandle nge-whey amaprotheni.

Isigaba sesithathu se-phagocytosis

Ngemuva kokunamathela entweni engaphandle, i-phagocyte iqala ukuyifaka, okungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili. Endaweni yokuxhumana, igobolondo lezinto ezingaphandle, bese kuthi into yona ngokwayo itholwe esitokisini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphetho yamahhala yelwelwesi iseduze nento, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-vacuole ehlukene isakhiwe, equkethe inhlayiya eyingozi phakathi kwayo. Indlela yesibili yokumuncwaba ukuvela kwama-pseudopods agqugquzela izinhlayiyana zangaphandle nokuvala. Ngenxa yalokho, ziba iziboshwa ezingenalutho ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Njengomthetho, ngosizo lwe-pseudopodia phagocytes ithola i-microfungi. Ukubuyisela noma ukuthungatha into enobungozi kuba khona ngenxa yokuthi imvilophu yephagocyte inikwe izakhiwo ezivumelwano.

I-intracellular cleavage ye "inkathazo"

Isigaba sesine se-phagocytosis sihilela ukungena kwe-intracellular. Lokhu kulandela. I-vacuole ene-particle yangaphandle ihlanganisa i-lysosomes enesisindo esiningi se-enzyme yokugaya esisetshenziselwa futhi sathululwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakha imvelo lapho i-macromolecules ye-biological i-ribonuclease, i-amylase, i-protease ne-lipase ibola kalula. Ngenxa ye-enzyme esebenzayo, ukubhujiswa nokugaya kwenzeka, bese kukhishwa imikhiqizo yokubola kusukela ku-vacuole. Manje uyazi ukuthi yiziphi izigaba ezine ze-phagocytosis. Ukuvikelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuyenziwa ngezigaba: okokuqala, i-phagocyte kanye nenhloso ihlangana ndawonye, ke ukukhanga, okungukuthi, indawo yezinhlayiya eziyingozi ebusweni "kumvikeli", bese - ukumuncwa nokugaya indle.

I-phagocytosis engapheli futhi ephelele. Uyini umehluko wabo?

Kuye ngokuthi kuzoba yini umphumela we-intracellular digestion yezinhlayiya zangaphandle, izinhlobo ezimbili zihlukaniswa: i-phagocytosis ephelele futhi engaphelele. Eyokuqala igcwaliswe ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwezinto kanye nokususwa kwemikhiqizo yokubola emvelweni. Phagocytosis engapheli - iyini? Leli gama lisho ukuthi amangqamuzana angaphandle abanjwe ama-phagocyte ahlala ekhona. Bangabhubhisa i-vacuole noma bayisebenzise njengenhlabathi "yokukhiqiza". Isibonelo se-phagocytosis engaphelele ukugonywa kwe-gonococci kunomzimba ongenalo igciwane kubo. Inqubo engaqediwe ye-phagocytosis pathogenic microorganisms iqhubekela phambili ngaphakathi kwe-phagocytes, futhi isakazwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngakho-ke, endaweni yokuzivikela, i- phagocytosis iba umqhubi wesifo, isiza izinambuzane zisakaze futhi zande.

Izimbangela zokuphazanyiswa kwenqubo yokugaya intracellular

Ukuphulwa kwe-phagocytosis kwenzeka ngenxa yeziphambeko ngenkathi kwenziwa ama-phagocytes, kanye nalapho umsebenzi wezingqamuzana zokuzivikela zeselula uchithelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushintsho olubi ekugayeni kwe-intracellular lungenzeka ngenxa yezifo ezifa, njengezifo ze-Alder ne-Chediac-Higashi. Ukwephulwa kokubunjwa kwamapaygocyte, kufaka phakathi ukuvuselelwa kwama-leukocytes, ngokuvamile kwenzeka nge-radiation irradiation noma ngenxa ye-neutropenia yefa. Ukucindezela umsebenzi we-phagocytes kungenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamahomoni, ama-electrolyte namavithamini. Futhi, izinhlayiya ze-glycolytic kanye ne-microbial toxins zithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwama-phagocytes. Sithemba, ngenxa yendaba yethu, ungakwazi ukuphendula kalula umbuzo: "Phagocytosis - kuyini?". Inhlanhla!