Inkimbinkimbi yasemhlabeni kanye nemvelo. Izakhiwo zemvelo zaseRussia

Kubonakala kuningi ukuthi imvelo yinto engavamile futhi engathandeki. Amahlathi kanye nama-copses, ama-steppes namahlane kuthiwa yiwo wonke ama-biotopes angokwemvelo atholakale ngokweqile. Lokhu akude neze.

Zonke izinhlaka zemvelo ensimini enikeziwe zihlala zihlala esimweni sokuxhumana okuzungezile hhayi kuphela komunye nomunye, kodwa nakwamanye ama-biotopes akhiwe endaweni. Yilezi zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana kanye nama-biotopes ahlukene (ngezinye izikhathi anezici eziphikisana ngokuphelele) okuthiwa i-complex complex.

Isibonelo esiphezulu kunazo zonke zokuxhumana okunjalo yigobolondo elikhulu, evele ngenxa yokuxhumana kwe-lithosphere, i-hydrosphere, i-biosphere, kanye nengxenye ephansi yomkhathi. Yiqiniso, izingxenye zalo ziyingqayizivele kakhulu, ngoba zihlangana ngezimo ezihluke kakhulu, ezibangela ukwakheka kwezinkimbinkimbi zemvelo eziyingqayizivele.

Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yinkimbinkimbi yezimo zezulu, zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezokwelapha ezifaka isandla ekwakheni endaweni ethile ye-biotope ethize ehlukaniswa isethi esiyingqayizivele yezilwane eziphilayo. Ngokuphambene nokungaqondi kahle okuvamile, lezi zinkimbinkimbi azizinzile, zingashintsha ngokusheshayo, zenze uhlobo oluhlukile lwezwe.

Ukuthonya kwezimo zemvelo

I-latitude yesimo sezulu igqugquzela ukubunjwa kwe-biotope noma yemvelo. Akumangalisi ukuthi, endaweni efanayo ye-latitude, umuntu angathola izakhiwo ezifanayo zemvelo, ehlala ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa enezici ezifanayo. Ezilwandle kubizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo zemvelo zasemanzini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubo yokwakheka kwayo yinde kakhulu, ayixhomeke kuphela ezimweni zemvelo, kodwa futhi ezinhlotsheni ezihlala kuyo i-biotope.

Imifula yamakhorali iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu. Uma kukhona ama-polyps olwandle, khona-ke ukuphumula okuphansi kuzohluka ngokuphelele izici zesifunda esiseduze, lapho amakhorali anesizathu esithile engekho. Kodwa-ke, asikhohlwa ngezici ze-geological: izidumbu zingenziwa kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-60 edlule kwakukhona izintaba-mlilo eziqothukile. Ngendlela, lokhu kubonakaliswa nguDarwin odumile, okwenza ucaciswe ngezinkampani zemvelo nolwandle. Ngakho, singathola isiphetho esilula.

Noma yikuphi ukubunjwa kwemvelo kuqhubeka njalo, futhi ijubane lenqubo lihluke ngokuphelele. Kunezinye izigidi zeminyaka ezidingekayo, kanti kwezinye izimo kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Izinto eziyinhloko zentuthuko

Isici esiyinhloko esithinta cishe noma yikuphi ukuklanywa kwemvelo kungukukhanya kwelanga, ijubane lokujikeleza kweplanethi, kanye nalokho konke okusebenzayo emkhathini, lithosphere, i-hydrosphere. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-biotopes ahlangene kakhulu futhi ancike ekutheni, kodwa nakwezinhlelo ezikhungethekile. Uma okungenani into eyodwa ephulwa, lokhu kuzothinta ngokushesha isimo sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, kungashintsha, noma kuyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenzeke ngamathuza ePolesye.

Isibonelo esiwusizo senguquko ye-biotope

Ngokomlando, le ndawo yasungulwa ezimweni zenqwaba yemifula, eyayisondliwa njalo ngezihluthulelo eziningi. Kanti, lesi sigaba sasiboleka ukuba sibe khona ezindaweni eziningi zobumba, okwakungavumeli amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Umswakama wenyuka womoya wanikele ekudaleni isifunda nge microclimate ekhethekile. Inhlabathi kancane kancane yahlanganiswa ngamahlumela, ama-moss nama-lichens.

Lapha kwavela inombolo enkulu yezinambuzane. Futhi, bakhangisa ama-amphibians, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni.

Yini eyabangela ukubhujiswa kwayo yonke i-biotope? Futhi nje ngokwanele ukuphula ungqimba lobumba olumelana namanzi. Uma usudluliselwe umsele wokunisela, i-biotope yaqala ukushintsha ngokushesha. I-microclimate eyingqayizivele yaphulwa, izinhlobo zezintandokazi zamanzi zaqala ngokukhululeka. I-marsh yaya emadlelweni ngokulinganayo ngenhlabathi e-acidi egcwele izimila ezinemibala. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zemvelo zale ndawo zabhujiswa ngokuphelele, kodwa esinye isakhiwo safika ngokushesha.

Ukuhlukahluka kwemlando yezinkampani zemvelo

Akufanele likhohlwe ukuthi izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zakhiwa futhi zanyamalala ebusweni beplanethi yethu phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yomlando. Izilwandle kanye nomhlaba zashintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe, izigidi zezinhlobo zavela futhi zanyamalala ngaphandle kokulandelela. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo zanamuhla zemvelo zaqala ukwakha eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-10-12 ezedlule.

Nokho, lokhu kusengaphambili "isikhathi eside" sokubikezela. Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi-mlando zithi uma u-Alexander Omkhulu ekwazi ukuya kude e-Asia ngoba nje eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili noma ezintathu ezedlule i-Amudarya neSy Darya yayinemifula egcwele kakhulu. Amathanga abo axhumene nazo izingxenye eziningi zezintaba ezikhuni, lapho manje kungenzeka khona ukufinyelela emoyeni noma ngomhlaba kuphela.

Isilinganiso soshintsho ezindlini zemvelo

Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ama-biotopes anendawo yokushintsha ngokoqobo phambi kwamehlo ethu. Yiqiniso, lokhu akukona ngenxa yezimo zemvelo zemvelo (ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ezingenziwanga njalo), kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ze- anthropogenic. Ngeshwa, ukuphazanyiswa cishe okungaqondakali kuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zenkimbinkimbi yemvelo

Isakhiwo ngasinye sokwemvelo sakhiwa "izitini" ezikhethekile, ezizici lapho izakhiwo ze-biotope zixhomeke khona. Okokuqala, isimo sezwe. Leli gama liqondwa ukuthi lisho indawo efanayo, izimo ezifanayo zezulu, ezihlangene nezici zezitshalo nezitshalo. Ukubunjwa kwe-landscape ngokwayo kuhlanganisa indawo, amapheshana kanye nezici.

Ake sibheke lezi zingxenye zenkimbinkimbi yemvelo ngemininingwane encane.

Izici zezinto

I-faciation yi-biotope eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ebalulekile yezwe. Isibonelo ngephansi komfula, umthambeka wezintaba noma umhlangano wayo, ibhange lomfula noma olwandle. Kulesi simo izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziphilayo zivame ukubunjwa, ngoba izimo ze-facies zihambisana kakhulu futhi zihlala zihlala njalo.

Uma sikhuluma ngeqembu lezinsizakalo ezixhunyanisiwe, lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi ipheshana. Isibonelo, inkimbinkimbi yemvelo, ekhona eduze kombhede womfula - ipheshana. Yiqiniso, ukuba baningi futhi baxhumeke njalo phakathi kwabo, bakha ama-terrains. Lezi zihlanganisa umfula ogcwele umfula ogcweleyo ogcwele, ophazamisayo, ophakemeyo oqoshiwe.

I-landscapes ihlukaniswa kanjani?

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amathafa adinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nezici zawo ze-geological. Baxhomeke ekushintsheni kwe-tectonic kanye nomhlaba. Ikakhulukazi, izakhiwo zemvelo zaseRussia zihlanganisa izindawo ezihlala phansi nezintaba. Kukhona futhi isigaba sezintaba eziphansi ne-biotopes ephakanyisiwe. Iklasi elihlukile yizintaba ze-mountain-taiga, ezanele ezweni lethu.

Amafomu ahlukanisiwe ahlukaniswe ngalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: avulekile, ahlanganiswe-larch, i-coniferous, i-forest-steppe ne-steppe. Ukwakhiwa okuhlukile kunamabhange omfula wezikhukhula, amachibi, amaxhaphozi. Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zemvelo zaseRussia yizintambo ezigcwele amahlathi e-coniferous, amahlathi asemahlathini, ama-tundra nezintaba zezintaba ezivamile eCaucasus.

Umsebenzi womuntu uthinta kanjani indawo yokuhlala yemvelo?

Siye sabona ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imisebenzi yabantu ivame ukuholela ekushintsheni okungenakuguquka ezakhiweni zemvelo zendawo. Futhi ngalesi simo isici sezinto eziphilayo zishintsha kakhulu. Futhi hhayi kuphela ukukhululeka, kodwa futhi isimo sezulu, izici zenhlabathi, izitshalo nezilwane. Ososayensi bahlukanisa ngokucophelela ukulima, amahlathi, ukuphathwa kwamanzi, kanye nezindawo zezimboni nezokuhlala (imizi, izindawo ezinkulu).

Emkhakheni wezwe lakithi, ukungenelela kwabantu okusebenzayo kwaqala ngo-VI-V weminyaka eyi-BC. E. Ngakho-ke, amahlathi asemahlathini kanye namathafa asungulwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa komphakathi, okwaqala ukudla imithi eminingi, ngokusika phansi amahlathi. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo yayisebenza ikakhulukazi emakhulwini angu-18-19. Isibonelo, i-Udmurtia efanayo kuze kube yamuva yaziwa ngokuthi "i-volost ehlanganiswe namahlathi". Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu yePatriotic, lapho izwe lidinga amalahle amaningi, cishe akukho lutho olwalusalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuhweba zasolwandle kubonakaliswe ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamakoloni asogwini, okwakhiwa masinyane ngobukhulu bemigomo emikhulu yedolobha (uma kwenzeka amaGreki). Kusukela kuma-16 kuya kweyama-18 leminyaka. Inqubo enkulu yokuguqula amahlathi emathafeni aqala. Kusukela ekhulwini le-15, abantu baye baqonda ngokujulile ama-steppes. Konke lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi isibalo sabantu sakhula ngokushesha, abantu badinga ukudla okunye. Njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinkimbinkimbi enkulu, kwakudingeka ukulima amasimu amaningi nangaphezulu, ukuvumela izingodo ngaphansi kwe-ax.

Ngakho-ke, cishe akukho zinkimbinkimbi zemvelo nezomvelo ezibalekele ushintsho.

Kuze kube yikhulu lama-19, kwakukhona amahlathi amaningi kakhulu ensimini yezwe lakithi eya ezidingo zokuthuthukisa imboni ngokuzikhandla. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yombili, ijubane lenqubo landa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuqala imvelo yasemaphandleni yabonakala, lapho iVizbass imayini yamalahle ejulile yaqala, futhi kuBaku - ngesikhathi semithombo yamanzi yokuqala.

Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-20 ngokujwayelekile kwaphawulwa ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwemvelo kuya kwezidingo zomuntu. Kwabekwa imigwaqo emikhulu, imishini yayidla amalahle amaningi, amatshe nezinsimbi, futhi ukukhula kwesidingo kagesi kwakudingeka ukwakhiwa kwenani elikhulu lezikhungo zamanzi kagesi, okwenza ukuba inqwaba yezibi ze-biotopes ibe nezikhukhula.

Namuhla

Ngakho-ke, ensimini yanamuhla yaseYurophu, imihlaba ye-anthropogenic yezimboni ilawulwa kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, kuhlala kungaphansi kwezingu-20% zezakhiwo zemvelo ezingazange zithinte imisebenzi yabantu. Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje ukuvikelwa kwezinkimbinkimbi zemvelo sekusekuqaleni. Iminyaka yakamuva ibonise umkhuba othile othuthukayo, kodwa akusekho okuningi kule ndlela.

Umuntu angalondoloza kanjani indawo yokuhlala yemvelo?

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kule njongo kuyadingeka ukwakha izinqolobane eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Yiqiniso, ngezinga elithile lokhu kulungile, kodwa kubalulekile ukucabanga ngezindlela zomhlaba jikelele. Khumbula ukuthi sikhulume mayelana nokuxhumana okuhlangene kwezakhiwo zemvelo?

Uma ibhizinisi elikhulu lezimboni seliseduze nendawo evikelekile, zonke izinyathelo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo zingase zibe yize. Kuyadingeka ukwethula ubuchwepheshe bokulondolozwa kwemithombo yonke indawo , ukuqhuba ezolimo ngokuhambisana nezindlela zanamuhla, ezidinga ukuvunwa okuphezulu ezindaweni ezincane. Kulesi simo, lo muntu akadingi ukulima umhlaba ongeningi.

Kuyadingeka kakhulu ukunciphisa inani lokukhishwa emkhathini kanye ne-hydrosphere, ngoba kulokhu kuphela sizokwazi ukugcina ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo yemifula nolwandle kubantwana bethu.

Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi izakhiwo zendalo zemvelo zingamaphilo ahlanganiswe ngamapayipi amafektri. Imvelo ibonisa ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo, ukushintsha njalo kwimingcele eguquliwe yendawo yangaphandle.

Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zifunde ukuhlala eceleni komuntu, zisebenzisa zonke izinzuzo zokuxhumana okunjalo. Ngakho-ke, izazi ze-ornithologists ziye zaphawula isikhathi eside ukuthi emadolobheni amakhulu amakhulu ama-subspecies of tits asevele aqala ukwakha, okuyinto ngisho nasehlobo ehlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yokuhlala.

Ngamafuphi, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yindawo elawulayo engashintsha ngokuguquguqukayo.

Izilwane eziphilayo zishintsha kanjani i-anthropogenic biocenosis?

Ngokuvamile lezi zinyoni zathuthela emadolobheni kuphela ebusika, lapho kunzima ukuthola inani elidingekayo lokudla ehlathini. Namuhla baphila unyaka wonke endaweni yehlathi, ngaphandle kokubhekana nezinkinga zokudla. Ngenxa yokutholakala kokudla, inani lamaqanda libekiwe, njengoba zonke izinkukhu zinganikezwa ukudla. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ama-subspecies azobunjwa ngokucacile, okuzohluka emahlathini avamile ngamasayizi amakhulu kanye namapulangwe angabonakali.

Yilokho okwakushintsha khona izakhiwo zemvelo kuthinta izilwane. Izibonelo zinganikezwa isikhathi eside, kepha enye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu amagundane. Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, zikhulu kakhulu futhi zihlakaniphile kunezinye izilwane zasendle. Zihlukile ekukhuleni okwandayo nombala ohlukahlukene kakhulu. Lokhu kuveza ukunciphisa okukhulu kwenani lezitha zabo zemvelo, ngoba izilwane ezinokubukeka "okungavamile" zazikwazi ukusinda futhi zinike inzalo.

Kukhona nezibonelo ezingafani ngokuphelele. Esifundeni saseMoscow, iningi lezikole zezinja ezimbi zikhona manje. Banobudlova, abesabi neze umuntu. Esikhathini se-biotopes eshintshiwe lezi zilwane zithatha i-niche yemvelo yezimpisi. Abacwaningi bakholelwa nokuthi lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezilahlekile zizokwazi ukuphuma, zenze i-genotype ekhethekile kakhulu.

Njengoba ubona, izakhiwo zendalo zemvelo, nakuba zakhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile futhi zisekelwe, ziphila ngokwemithetho ejwayelekile yemvelo evumela ukugcina indawo ephilayo.