Izakhiwo ze-carbohydrate. Imisebenzi kanye nezakhiwo ze-carbohydrate: itafula

Ngo izilwane zasendle zijwayelekile, izinto eziningi, ukubaluleka ezingasetshenziswa neze overestimated. Ngokwesibonelo, le nkulumo ihlanganisa carbohydrate. Zibalulekile kakhulu njengoba umthombo energy for izilwane nabantu, kanti ezinye izakhiwo carbohydrate zibenza babe impahla esisemqoka zokusetshenziswa for embonini.

Kuyini lokhu?

Lokhu konke isakhiwo izinto okungase esachazwa ifomula Cn _(H2O) m. Ziyakwazi kakhulu eziphilayo, edlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zezakhamizi eziningi eziphilayo.

Igama leli qembu ososayensi kukhuphukele emva ukuhlaziya sokuqala izinto lwenziwe abaqukethwe. Khona-ke kwatholakala ukuthi izingxenye zawo eziyinhloko carbon namanzi. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi isihloko siye saba enembile kakhulu, kusukela izakhiwo carbohydrate yokuthi isilinganiso hydrogen nomoya-mpilo-athomu omoya-kwalo kungukuchotshozwa ezifanayo ngokuphelele ukuthi emanzini. Ngamafuphi nje, kukhona omunye umoya-mpilo, ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen. Okokuqala version Russian kwegama kwahlongozwa ngo-1844 ngu Professor K. Schmidt.

abanye-add-on

Uma kancane ukusishintsha ifomula ngenhla, ukuphimisela «n» we kubakaki, inkulumo ethi kuyoba kancane ezahlukene: Bheka (H ₂ O) n. Mhlawumbe, akunakwenzeka ngcono ibonisa okushiwo "amalahle - amanzi" igama.

Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye basungula ngokuqinile ukuthi kukhona eziningi izinto babe izakhiwo carbohydrate, kodwa hhayi ngempela sihambisana ifomula echazwe yithi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ezincwadini lwakwamanye amazwe ungakwazi ngokuvamile bethola igama elithi "glycidyl", okuyinto kuyinto yinye yesimanje, 1844, okwakuyinto olunembile ngempela.

ngezigaba elula

Zonke isigaba enkulu izinto zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: glycidyl elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Yiziphi izindawo carbohydrate ezenzeka kubo? Empeleni, nabo akuzona eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu:

• izinto Simple yilezo leqembu ezingesiyo amenable ukuba hydrolysis kweqembu kulandela nezinye carbohydrate. Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi kuma-athomu e-oksijini e isakhiwo sabo namanje inombolo efanayo zama-athomu carbon. Babiza monosaccharides.
• Ngakho, kwencazelo "eziyinkimbinkimbi" kuhlanganisa wonke labo glycidyl okuyinto ukubola ngu hydrolysis ukwakha sebuningini carbohydrate elula. Yiqiniso, banayo isilinganiso sama-athomu-mpilo ne-carbon ezihlukahlukene. Baze babiza disaccharide. A indima ebaluleke kakhulu ubunjalo Ukudlala carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, uhlu okuyinto thina kancane ekhona sihloko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona esinye ngezigaba, lapho ama-carbohydrate zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu. Nampa:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Ithebula carbohydrate elandelayo ngokuqinisekile ukukusiza ukubhekana ukungezwani kwawo ezinkulu.

mono- (Mpilo 1)	oligo (	poly- (> Molecule 10)
Aldose, ketose	Kwakubonakala zihlanganisa disaccharides, trisaccharides, nokunye. D.	Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Kusukela igama uqonde ukuthi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi yamangqamuzana lezi zinhlobo amabili awafani

Yiqiniso, sinesizathu itafula esifushane carbohydrate esiye, kodwa kokuningi akunakwenzeka ukuba ifanelane nayo yonke izici ezithile ukuthi kukhona eziyizici abanye amalungu alesi sigaba ezibanzi. Ngakho sihlaziya amaqembu ayinhloko ngalunye ngokuhlukile esikhulumi ukwenaba ezinye izindawo yomuntu, izinto ezivamile. Ngakho, iziphi carbohydrate amakilasi?

monosaccharides

Khumbula ukuthi bonke abenkosi yesigaba ukudla okuqinile, kalula akwazi seningene isimo crystalline. Ziyakwazi hygroscopic kakhulu, kahle oncibilikayo emanzini ukwakha isiraphu. Khetha kubo ngesimo zinhlayiya, kukhona nzima kakhulu. izixazululo zabo ziye yokusabela hlangothi, ngokuvamile ukunambitheka elinambitheka sashukela. Nambithani umfutho lihlukile: isibonelo, fructose cishe izikhathi 3-3.5 imnandi glucose njalo kakhulu.

Kwifomu kwesakhiwo

Konke lokhu izinto - ekhuthaza isakhiwo bifunctional, okwakhiwa kwalo ngempela kuhlanganisa lwamathambo carbon, iqembu carbonyl futhi hydroxyl eziningana. Uma indima iqembu carbonyl izenzo aldehyde iqembu, into okuthiwa aldose. Ngakho, uma ketone "umsila" abizwa ngokuthi ketose.

Njengoba nesimo salezi izinto zivamile kakhulu, lapho betholakala khona kokubili isimo sabo mahhala, futhi ngesimo amafomu anhydrite. Ngokuvamile, cishe zonke carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi ngezindlela ezingafani, kukhona anhydrides ushukela elula, okuyinto impela nje etholwe babamuka ezimbalwa (noma omunye) yamanzi molecule (isiqalo "en" - akukho).

Glucose omele ejwayelekile kakhulu

Ifomula ka ummeleli ejwayelekile iningi iqembu - C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Isikhathi esining impela zikhona lezi carbohydrate plant cells. It has hhayi kuphela kwandile, kodwa futhi ibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni ngoba liwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla ngaye (ukhuluma ngezilwane futhi indoda, nakanjani). Ngomqondo onabile, lawa izakhiwo jikelele amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate namafutha ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo. Liphinde kabanzi kwezokwelapha, wezilwane, nezolimo (kubandakanya ukudla).

izakhiwo

Yiziphi jikelele Izakhiwo zanoma carbohydrate kuleli qembu? Ukubukeka - omhlophe zinhlayiya esihle, ukunambitheka elinambitheka sashukela, kalula oncibilikayo emanzini. Solubility inyuka kakhulu uma isixazululo reheat: ngale ndlela le isiraphu glucose.

ulwazi kafushane phezu isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali

Uma ubheka ifomula komugqa, ukwakheka kwalesi carbohydrate kusobala ebonakalayo eyodwa aldehyde namaqembu ayisihlanu hydroxyl. Lapho izidakamizwa lisasesimweni crystalline, amangqamuzana omoya yayo kungaba enye yezindlela ezimbili kungenzeka (α- noma β-glucose). Iqiniso lokuthi iqembu hydroxyl kuhambisana a carbon athomu yesihlanu, kungenzeka asabela ngayo nge moiety carbonyl.

Ukwanda endle

Njengoba kuye kakhulu juice kwamagilebhisi, glucose uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ushukela yamagilebhisi". Ngaphansi kwaleli gama namanje eyaziwa okhokho bethu. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthola yimuphi omunye izithelo amnandi noma imifino, emisipheni esithambile zalesi sihlahla. Ezweni isilwane, ukwanda kwalo akukho engezansi: mayelana 0.1% wegazi lethu - lena glucose. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukuthola lezi carbohydrate iseli cishe noma isiphi isitho yangaphakathi. Kodwa ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo esibindini, kusukela ukuthi kulapho ukucutshungulwa Kwenziwa glucose glycogen.

It (njengoba sishilo kakade) liwumthombo owusizo amandla ukuze umzimba wethu, siyingxenye ye cishe zonke carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi. Kanye nezinye carbohydrate elula, ngokwemvelo kwenzeka ngemva photosynthesis yokusabela ukuthi kwenzeka kuphela kumaseli zezitshalo eziphilayo:

6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

ngaleyo ndlela Izitshalo enze ngendlela emangalisayo kubalulekile umsebenzi we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ukuqongelela amandla, okuyinto etholwe elangeni. Ngokuphathelene izimo zezimboni, ushukela yamagilebhisi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo eyatholakala kusukela isitashi hydrolysis esikhiqiza ke, lapho kulethe ukuphendula bagxila sulfuric acid:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n + NH ₂ O H _{2 4 SO,} t NC ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

chemical izakhiwo

Yiziphi izindawo chemical carbohydrate zalolu hlobo? It has zonke izici ezifanayo ukuthi esivela endaweni luyingxenye alcohols futhi aldehydes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona babe ezinye izici ezithile. zamagama Okokuqala carbohydrate elula (kuhlanganise glucose) kwatholwa lo abanamakhono kakhulu wemithi A. M. Butlerovym unyaka 1861, futhi njengoba impahla eluhlaza isetshenziswa formaldehyde, yehlukanise phambi kwe-calcium hydroxide. Nangu ifomula yale nqubo:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ O ₆

Futhi manje sibheke ezinye izindawo namanye amalungu amabili eqembu, incazelo engokwemvelo engesiyo kancane kakhulu, futhi ngenxa biology yabo cwaningo. Amakhabhohayidrethi lezi zinhlobo bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.

fructose

Ifomula lokhu isomer glucose - Septhemba _12, O _v. Njengomhlaba "sikakhokho" kungaba khona ifomu komugqa futhi eyindilinga. Iza zonke ukusabela ukuthi kukhona isici alcohols polyhydric, kodwa, ngaleyo ndlela ezingafani kusukela glucose, ke akasabeli nge isixazululo ammoniacal of oxide esiliva.

ribose

Kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu isithakazelo ribose futhi deoxyribose. Uma ukhumbula uhlelo kancane biology, futhi niyazi kahle ukuthi lezi carbohydrate emzimbeni bayingxenye DNA ne-RNA, ngaphandle okuyinto kakhulu ukuphila kule planethi kungenzeka. Igama elithi "deoxyribose" kusho ukuthi i-molecule ayo okungenani eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu (uma iqhathaniswa ribose salo esivamile). Ukuba efanayo kule maqondana glucose, ungase futhi ube komugqa futhi isakhiwo eyindilinga.

disaccharides

Ngomqondo onabile, lezi izinto nesakhiwo nemisebenzi kakhulu okuphindaphindiwe ekilasini wangaphambilini, kodwa ngoba akunandaba mqondo ukuhlala kulokhu kabanzi. Yiziphi izindawo chemical carbohydrate kuleli qembu? Laba bameleli be-ebaluleke kakhulu emkhayeni sucrose, maltose kanye ne-lactose. Bonke lingachazwa nge ifomula C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11, njengoba kunjalo isomers, kodwa lokhu akusho negate umehluko omkhulu e isakhiwo sabo. Ngakho iziphi ejwayelekile carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, uhlu kanye nencazelo okuyinto ungabona ngezansi?

saccharose

i-molecule wayo yakhiwa imijikelezo ezimbili ngokushesha: eyodwa iyinhlangano ayisithupha-membered (α-glucose ezisalayo) kanye nezinye - ezinhlanu-membered (β-fructose zinsalela). It uxhuma konke lokhu ukwakhiwa glycoside hydroxyl glucose.

Ukulungiselela futhi inani

Ngokwe walondoloza idatha zomlando, okwathatha amakhulu eminyaka ngisho ezintathu ngaphambi kukaKristu ushukela umoba bafunda indlela uthole eNdiya sidilizwa. Kuphela nekhulu le-19 kwathi okuningi ka sucrose kancane ngale mizamo kungenziwa ekhishwe kuyi-sugar beet. Kwezinye izinhlobo iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 22% of the ama-carbohydrate, ngenkathi okuqukethwe mhlanga kungenzeka ngaphakathi 26%, kodwa lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo nokukhula ekahle futhi sezulu evumayo.

kakade Sithe carbohydrate zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini. Kusekelwe lesi simiso ukuze bathole sucrose lapho ukusetshenziselwa lokhu amadivayisi injongo, uma liqhathaniswa nezibani. ukungcola kungenzeka kwenze, ikhambi u elicwengekileyo ngokusebenzisa ukuhlunga okuyinto zihlanganisa lime. Ukuze ususe kusukela isixazululo okuholela-calcium hydroxide, is idlule ezivamile-carbon dioxide. I kwenze elicwengekileyo, kanye isiraphu ushukela ayahwamuka e amaziko ekhethekile, ithela ushukela kakade ajwayelekile.

lactose

Lokhu carbohydrate ikhishwe endaweni yezimboni kusuka ubisi abavamile, lapho eziqukethwe amafutha ngokweqile kanye carbohydrate. Iqukethe izinto impela eningi: isibonelo, ubisi cow liqukethe mayelana 4-5.5% we-lactose ubisi abesifazane umthamo yayo ingxenyenamba ifinyelela 5,5-8,4%.

Ngamunye molecule glycidol siqukethe izinsalela 3 futhi ifomu galactose-glucose pyranose, akha uxhumano wokuqala kanti owesine carbon athomu.

Ngokungafani nezinye ushukela e-lactose has eyodwa impahla ezehlukile. Kuyinto mayelana sokungabi nhlobo amanzi ukumuncwa, ukuze ngisho endaweni zinomswakama ukuthi glycine akuzange kuyidambise. Le mpahla is kabanzi embonini eyenza imithi: uma ingxenye izidakamizwa in ifomu powder ingxenye sucrose ezivamile, kuyadingeka ukuze ungeze ne-lactose. Kubaluleke yemvelo futhi ingozi emzimbeni womuntu, ngokungafani izithasiselo eziningi yokufakelwa ukuthi ukuvimbela caking ezimanzi. Iyini imisebenzi nezimpahla carbohydrate zalolu hlobo?

Biological lactose ukubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu, ngoba i-lactose iyona ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu umsoco ubisi izilwane nabantu. Kepha maltose, izakhiwo zalo athé ukwehluka.

maltose

Kuyinto umkhiqizo Lesisemkhatsini okuyinto etholwe hydrolysis of isitashi. Igama elithi "maltose" kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi, e eziningi ngaphansi kwethonya lwemithombo (lwemithombo e-Latin - maltum). Isakazeke hhayi kuphela izitshalo kodwa futhi izilwane. Izinto eziningi ezinkulu, akhiqizwa ipheshana wokugaya ukudla of ruminants.

Isakhiwo zamakhemikhali izakhiwo

Lokhu-molecule carbohydrate sakhiwa ezimbili amayunithi α-glucose efomini pyranose, okuyinto oxhumene by athomu lokuqala neyesine-carbon. Ngokubukeka Ayinambala, zinhlayiya emhlophe. Ukunambitheka - elinambitheka sashukela, kahle oncibilikayo emanzini.

polysaccharides

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi zonke polysaccharides angabhekwa kusukela umbono ukuthi zingabantu imikhiqizo ukufingqa monosaccharides. Yabo jikelele chemical ifomula - (C _b H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola isitashi njengoba omele ejwayelekile iningi lomkhaya.

isitashi

Kwakheka ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, inqwaba zibekwe izimpande futhi imbewu isitshalo eziphilayo. Yiziphi izindawo ezingokwenyama carbohydrate zalolu hlobo? Ngokubukeka kuyinto powder emhlophe nge crystallinity kabi evelele, zingaxazululeki ngamanzi abandayo. Lolu ketshezi ashisayo yakha isakhiwo colloidal (unamathisele, jelly). Ngo ipheshana wokugaya ukudla kwezilwane, kukhona ama-enzyme eziningi zokungabi hydrolyzed yayo glucose.

Ingabe ngobuningi polymer zemvelo, kumiswa sebuningini a-glucose izinsalela okuyinto. Emvelweni, ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili: amylose futhi amshopektin. Amylose, ekubeni i-polymer lwento kungenzeka ziyoncibilika emanzini. I-molecule siqukethe-alpha-glucose izinsalela lapho axhunyaniswa ngokusebenzisa kuqala kanti owesine carbon athomu.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lesi isitashi kuyinto umkhiqizo wokuqala ebonakalayo photosynthesis. Ngo ukolweni nezinye okusanhlamvu iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 60-80%, kanti ngo amazambane -% 15-20 kuphela. By endleleni ekhuluma, kusho okusanhlamvu isitashi ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu kungacacisa ukuthi ngokunembile zezitshalo, ngoba zihlukile.

Uma ama-carbohydrate kuyinto ngokushesha evuthayo, kuba molecule omkhulu ngeke ngokushesha zilulaza ukuba polysaccharides ezincane ezaziwa ngokuthi dextrins. Bona isitashi kuphela jikelele chemical ifomula (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₅₎ x, kodwa kukhona umehluko ukubaluleka variable "x" kuyinto ngaphansi kwenani «n» ku isitashi.

Ekugcineni sethula itafula, eveza hhayi kuphela amakilasi main carbohydrate, kodwa futhi izakhiwo zabo.

Amaqembu main	Izici ukwakheka kwama-molecule	izakhiwo ehlukile carbohydrate
monosaccharides	Ahluke kuma-athomu e-carbon: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	zinhlayiya kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma elimhlophe, encibilikayo ngokuphelele emanzini, bumnandi
oligosaccharides	Isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuye zilwane, equkethe 2-10 izinsalela ushukela elula	Ukubukeka efanayo, kancane kancane oncibilikayo emanzini, ukunambitheka kancane amnandi
polysaccharides	Zakhiwa inombolo enkulu kakhulu izinsalela monosaccharide	powder emhlophe, crystalline isakhiwo ibuthakathaka, musa chaza emanzini, kodwa ube kulo ikhono zigcwala. Ukunambitheka kwezomshado

Yilokho imisebenzi nezimpahla amakilasi main carbohydrate.