Isakhiwo ndaba

isakhiwo Atomic futhi yamangqamuzana kwendaba ubelokhu ufundwa Lomonosov. usosayensi Russian asetshenziswa nini ngokokuqala ngqá kwamakhemikhali theory, ngokuyisisekelo okwakufanele ukuthi likuphi.

1. Zonke izinto kufakwe ubulungu bayo "corpuscles". Leli gama libizwa ngokuthi Lomonosov-molecule.
2. Corpuscles yakhiwa "izakhi." Leligama lisetshenziswa selisho Lomonosov ama-athomu.
3. Zonke izinhlayiya (futhi ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane) ngokuqhubekayo ezihambayo. isimo Thermal yonke imigwamanda kuwumphumela ukunyakaza izinhlayiya ephambili.
4. Ama-athomu omoya ezifanayo ezakha i-molecule e- izinto ezilula, ama-athomu ezahlukene - molecule e izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.

imfundiso Atomistic isicelo kamuva Dalton. Ngesisekelo mbono usosayensi oyiNgisi, echaza ukwakheka ketshezi, ephinda theory Lomonosov. Nokho, Dalton ambalwa athuthukile ke. usosayensi oyiNgisi ubezama ukucacisa ezinesisindo sama-athomu izakhi, zaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho Daltons waphika ukuthi molecule izinto ezilula, abathi izidakamizwa elula iqukethe ama-athomu kuphela. Nakuba izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlanganisa "ama-athomu ayinkimbinkimbi."

Ekugcineni waqinisekisa isifundiso isakhiwo atomic yamangqamuzana ndaba kuphela nekhulu le-19.

Mpilo okuthiwa izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo kwendaba. It has zonke izakhiwo chemical timphawu. Atom - the kuyizinhlayiyana kulencane kufakwe molecule izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula. Ama-athomu omoya Ukwakheka inquma izakhiwo amakhemikhali izakhi. Ngaphansi lesi simo, kufanele yencazelo samanje izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo. Ngakho, i-athomu kuyinto kuyizinhlayiyana kagesi hlangothi. Siqukethe core, nakanjani icala, futhi ama-electron icala omubi.

Ngokuhambisana imiqondo yesimanje, amangqamuzana omoya kuthiwa vaporized futhi umzimba gaseous. Ngo ukudla okuqinile, izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo (molecule) abakhona inqobo eheleni crystal, okuyinto yena, has a ukwakheka kwama-molecule.

Kukhona amalungiselelo eziningana key efundisa.

Theory ukuchaza isakhiwo ndaba, ubonisa khona izinhlayiya lezinkathi ezithile. Ubukhulu yalezi amabanga incike izinga lokushisa futhi isimo wokuhlanganisa into. Izikhala ngobukhulu phakathi molecule ebonwe emizimbeni gaseous. Lokhu kuholela ikhono amagesi onomfutho kalula. Kakhulu kangakanani ibanga phakathi molecule e uketshezi, ngakho bathatha nzima cindezela. Ukudla okuqinile amelana kokucindezelwa, ngenxa yokuthi izikhala phakathi izinhlayiya ezincane.

La ma-molecule njalo kunyakaza. Okungenhla lokushisa komzimba, ayanda isivinini. Phakathi izinhlayiya kukhona amabutho sisakhangana futhi umuzwa wokwenyanya.

Ama-molecule aqukethe ama-athomu ephinde ku ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo.

Omunye uhlobo ama-athomu sihluke nomunye izakhiwo kanye nesisindo.

I ukwakheka kwama-molecule ye-ketshezi okuqinile isimo crystal ngamahele kukhona ISIZINDA aqukethe i-molecule. Imininingwane phakathi izinhlayiya ababuthakathaka siyakwehlela phezu bafudumale. Ngakho, anjenge ifa ongaphakeme ukuncibilika amaphuzu.

Umzimba kungase kudingeke esinye isakhiwo. I izinto kungaba ezinama-athomu nezinye izinhlayiya ukuthi bakha ngamahele crystal of ISIZINDA (isib yensimbi, nezinye izinsimbi). Phakathi lalezi zinhlobo, kukhona izibopho eziqinile kakhulu. Ukubhubhisa kubo, udinga ukuchitha amandla amaningi. Lesi sakhiwo efana eqala okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma.

Ngesisekelo le imfundiso uchaza izenzakalo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda okusheshayo. Le nqubo kusekelwe ikhono izinhlayiya, ama-molecule ama-athomu kuya ukungena interstices samanje phakathi kwama-athomu noma molecule material ezahlukene. Lokhu, kungenzeka ngenxa ezinyakazayo njalo izinhlayiya ezakha umzimba.